光因子对棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）雌蛾性住处素产生及其求偶行为的影

分为３部分：第１部分为光因子对棉铃虫雌蛾求偶行为的影响;第２部分为光因子对棉铃虫雌蛾信息素（Ｚ－１１－１６：Ａld)含量的影响;第３部分为光因子以棉铃虫雌蛾脑因子活性的影响。研究结果表明：用正常光周期、间隔光照、不间光质处理棉铃虫雌蛾后,求偶蜂值下降,求偶节律混乱,性住处素含量下降,脑因子活性受到抑制,主要研究目的的是探讨一种不使用或少使用农药的新药生态防治方法。     

光强度对棉铃虫交配行为的影响

【目的】为阐明光强度对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)交配行为的影响。【方法】本实验设置4个光照强度(0,0.5,5.0和50.0 lx),观察记录不同光照强度下棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为;分别通过单个腺体性信息素提取法和解剖雌虫受精囊的方式,检测不同光照强度下棉铃虫的雌蛾性信息素滴度和交配率。【结果】在强光(50.0 lx)下,棉铃虫雌蛾求偶起始时间最长,求偶持续时间最短,求偶次数最少,雌蛾性信息素滴度始终处于较低水平,交配率也属于最低。在微光(0.5 lx)下,雌蛾求偶起始时间最短,求偶持续时间最长,求偶次数最多;雌蛾性信息素始终处于较低水平,但暗期后段求偶率高达40%。【结论】强光(50.0 lx)可以抑制棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为、性信息素的合成及交配;微光(0.5 lx)可以促进棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为;相对黑暗环境(0 lx),微光(0.5 lx)还可以促进棉铃虫快速(1 h)完成交配,微光(0.5 lx)对棉铃虫的交配行为具有重要意义;求偶和性信息素的合成没有必然联系。本研究可为探讨光对夜蛾交配行为的影响提供一定的理论基础,也可为利用物理、化学通讯信息调控夜蛾行为提供一定的参考。     

粘虫脑-SOG对腺体产生性信息素的调控作用

根据粘虫雌蛾腺体产生性信息素的时辰节律,初步研究了其脑-SOG的促信息素活性。雌蛾去头后以及不去头在暗期4小时内和光或,腺体中性信息素Z11－16：Ald的含量很低,注射雌蛾或雄蛾的脑-SOG匀浆后,腺体中Z11－16：Ald的含量明显比对照组高,说明雌蛾和雄蛾的脑-SOGk合体中都存在一种促信息素因子,它调控着腺体中性信息素的生物合成。另外,在光期虽然脑-SOG匀浆也使腺体中Z11-16：Ald的含量比对照组高,但总水平比暗期低,可能还有其它因素的影响。     

番茄潜叶蛾求偶与交配节律研究

明确昆虫求偶及交配等生殖行为的节律,对于性信息素引诱剂的研发与田间合理应用具有重要的指导意义。本研究对番茄潜叶蛾雌虫的求偶行为和雌雄成虫的交配行为节律进行了探究。结果表明,番茄潜叶蛾雌虫主要在亮期进行求偶,亮期开始前少数个体出现求偶现象,亮期开始求偶率迅速增加,在0.5 h内达到高峰期,高峰期平均求偶率达80%以上。不同日龄求偶率不同,2～3日龄为该虫求偶最活跃龄期。番茄潜叶蛾雌雄间交配主要发生在亮期,亮期0.5 h到达高峰期,交配率达90%,与雌虫求偶高峰期吻合。番茄潜叶蛾雌、雄虫一生均可进行多次交配,雌虫7 d内最高交配4次。相对于雌雄比1∶1,雌雄比1∶2的交配率有所降低,而雌雄比2∶1的交配率和平均交配时长均有所上升。本研究证实了番茄潜叶蛾主要在亮期进行求偶和交配,且求偶和交配行为存在明显的节律性,雌、雄蛾一生均可进行多次交配。     

六星黑点豹蠹蛾求偶行为与性信息素产生和释放的时辰节律

六星黑点豹蠹蛾Zeuzera leuconotum Butler(Lepidoptera:Cossidae)是一种重要的园林害虫。为研究利用其性信息素防控六星黑点豹蠹蛾,在光周期L∶D=14∶10、温度19—32℃、相对湿度75%—85%条件下,对雌蛾求偶行为进行了观察;采用腺体提取法和瓶内收集法分别制备了不同日龄在同一时辰、同日龄在不同时辰的雌蛾性信息素粗提物,然后测定雄蛾触角对各种性信息素提取物的触角电位反应;以雄蛾对腺体提取物的EAG值表示性信息素的产生量,对瓶内收集物的EAG值表示释放量,检测性信息素产生与释放的时辰节律。结果表明:雌蛾求偶均发生在暗期;雌蛾求偶率与日龄有关,其中2日龄雌蛾求偶率最高,平均为86.7%;不同日龄雌蛾求偶高峰期均在进入暗期4—6h期间;随着虫龄的增加,求偶高峰期前移。雌蛾羽化当晚体内即可产生性信息素,并且向体外释放,但量较少;2日龄雌蛾产生和释放的性信息素量最大;雌蛾腺体中性信息素含量从进入暗期后逐渐增加,在暗期5h含量最高,随后逐渐减少;雌蛾释放性信息素从暗期4h开始,至暗期6h释放量最大。通过林间处女雌蛾诱捕试验证明了六星黑点豹蠹蛾的求偶行为与性信息素产生和释放在时辰节律上具有一致性。     

低剂量60Co-γ辐射对棉铃虫蛾羽化、寿命、趋光行为和性信息素滴度的影响

为阐明低剂量辐射对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)生长发育、 成虫趋光行为和性信息素滴度的影响, 本试验设置5个辐照剂量, 记录棉铃虫蛾羽化率、 畸形率及寿命; 通过趋光行为学试验和单个腺体性信息素提取法, 检测了辐照(50 Gy)前后棉铃虫蛾趋光率和性信息素滴度的变化。结果表明： (1)在20 Gy剂量辐照下, 雌雄棉铃虫羽化率与对照相比分别降低了16.67%和20.00%, 畸形率均升高了10.00%,10,30,40和50 Gy辐照对棉铃虫蛾羽化率、 畸形率、 寿命均没有显著影响。(2)无论是光期还是暗期, 辐照后的棉铃虫蛾趋光率和性信息素滴度均有所上升, 其中趋光率提升幅度最大的是光期3日龄雌虫(28.33%±3.33%至91.67%±4.41%); 性信息素滴度提升量最大的是暗期5日龄雌蛾(36.27±4.26 ng至59.13±4.63 ng)。50 Gy辐照剂量会促进棉铃虫蛾的趋光行为和信息素的合成, 且棉铃虫蛾趋光率在设置的5个辐照剂量下无显著性差异。(3)棉铃虫蛾趋光率和性信息素滴度随着羽化日龄的增加有一个先上升后下降的变化趋势, 其中趋光率变化最大的是辐照组光期雌虫和辐照组暗期雄虫(二者均为91.67%±4.41%至3.33%±1.67%); 性信息素滴度变化最大的是辐照组暗期雌虫(71.00±5.22 ng至3.63±1.47 ng)。(4)在大多数处理中, 羽化率、 畸形率、 寿命及趋光率不存在雌雄差异。本研究为探讨辐照后棉铃虫趋光行为和体内生理生化的变化提供一定的理论基础依据, 同时也为利用物理、 化学通讯信息调控棉铃虫行为提供了新思路, 对害虫综合防治具有一定的参考价值。     

Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)对亚洲玉米螟求偶行为的影响

【目的】探索农田重金属Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)污染对植食性昆虫求偶行为潜在的影响。【方法】在人工饲料中添加不同类型的重金属,设置成Cd~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Cd~(2+)-Ni~(2+)和空白对照(CK)4个处理,重金属浓度均为5 mg/kg。实验室条件下饲养亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)初孵幼虫,系统观察其各代存活雌蛾求偶行为。【结果】重金属Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)对亚洲玉米螟3代存活雌蛾求偶百分率、求偶高峰期出现的时间及求偶持续时间都产生了影响。其中第2代求偶百分率与对照组差距最大,第3代受到的影响最小,甚至表现出促进作用;各重金属处理的求偶高峰期出现的时间仅在第2代与对照组保持一致外,第1代、第3代均发生改变;存活雌蛾求偶平均持续时间随着重金属饲养亚洲玉米螟代数的增加而逐代减少。与对照组各代各暗期最长求偶持续时间为4.89 h相比,重金属处理的雌蛾平均求偶持续时间最大值出现在Ni~(2+)处理第1代的第3个暗期,值为5.56 h;最小值为Cd~(2+)处理的第2代的第2、第3个暗期,值均为3.08 h。【结论】重金属Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)对亚洲玉米螟存活雌蛾的求偶行为产生了影响。     

樟巢螟成虫的求偶及交配行为

在光周期14 L∶〖KG-*2〗10 D、温度（27±1） ℃、相对湿度（60±10）%的室内条件下,研究了樟巢螟成虫的求偶及交配行为.结果表明：樟巢螟雌蛾在光期不求偶,进入暗期后少数个体开始求偶,暗期5 h求偶个体百分率明显增加,暗期6～7 h达求偶高峰期;不同日龄雌蛾的求偶率不同,以2～3日龄雌蛾较高,高峰期求偶率达70%以上;樟巢螟雌雄蛾的交配行为依时间顺序可分为求偶和交配2个过程;雌雄蛾间的交配主要发生在暗期5～9 h,交配高峰期在暗期6～7 h,与雌蛾的求偶高峰期一致;樟巢螟雌蛾一生只交配1次;雌雄比1∶1处理的雌蛾交配率显著低于雌雄比1:2处理,但前者的交配持续时间明显高于后者.     

蜀柏毒蛾生殖行为及性信息素产生与释放节律

为了探索蜀柏毒蛾Parocneria orienta Chao性信息素产生和释放规律, 为利用性信息素监测和防治蜀柏毒蛾奠定基础, 本研究在野外及室内温度22±1℃、 相对湿度75%~80%、 光周期14L∶10D条件下观察研究了蜀柏毒蛾成虫的羽化、 求偶、 交尾、 产卵行为, 触角电位反应测定处女雌蛾性信息素产生与释放的时辰节律。结果表明： 蜀柏毒蛾羽化行为全天可见, 主要集中在1:00-5:00, 占总羽化量的44.94%, 7:30-11:00进行婚飞和交尾, 交尾高峰期出现在8:30左右, 交配时间少则2 h, 多则8 h, 求偶、 交配均发生在光期。随着日龄的增加, 召唤时间前移并且延长, 1日龄的处女雌蛾交尾时间较短; 雌蛾羽化当天就可交尾, 2日龄雌蛾交尾率最高, 达36.67%。雌蛾分多处产卵, 雌蛾一生最高产卵量达402粒, 最低产卵量为78粒。羽化当天的雌蛾体内性信息素含量较低, 第2天最高, 以后逐日下降; 2日龄蜀柏毒蛾处女雌蛾性信息素的产生量从7:00起逐渐增加, 8:30-9:30时最高, 9:30后逐渐减小。雄蛾对处女雌蛾腺体提取物的触角电位反应在8:30-9:00最强, 说明8:30-9:00是雌蛾产生和释放性信息素的高峰期。蜀柏毒蛾的羽化、 求偶、 交尾及性信息素的产生与释放存在一定的时辰节律, 野外处女雌蛾诱蛾试验证实了性信息素释放与交配行为在时辰节律上的一致性。     

竹织叶野螟成虫求偶行为及其雌蛾性信息素分泌腺超微结构

【目的】蛾类昆虫性信息素的合成和释放与求偶行为的发生是一致的,其合成和释放的器官是性信息素腺体。为深入了解竹织叶野螟性信息素的分泌生理,开展了竹织叶野螟求偶行为及其性信息素腺体超微结构的研究。【方法】在光周期14L:10D、温度26±2℃、相对湿度80%±10％的室内条件下,观察研究了竹织叶野螟的求偶行为;依据求偶规律研究结果,选取最活跃日龄雌蛾,在暗期求偶高峰时间段,充分挤压其腹部末端,然后于第8节处横向切下,将切下的腹末标本处理后,借助显微镜和扫描电镜观察性信息素腺体的表面特征及超微结构。【结果】竹织叶野螟雌雄蛾求偶均具一定的程序性,且求偶行为只发生在暗期,暗期前5 h内雌蛾求偶率较低,6 h后求偶率明显升高,并在暗期7-8 h达到求偶高峰;求偶率与雌蛾日龄有密切关系,3日龄雌蛾求偶率最高,持续时间也最长。竹织叶野螟性信息素分泌腺位于腹部第8-9节节间膜上,是一完整的环状结构,显微镜下观察其分泌腺为一乳白色囊状体,扫描电镜下其腹面囊状体迂回褶皱多,大体分为3个褶皱区,除第1褶皱区外,其余褶皱区表面密布乳突、凹陷沟和刺状物,且刺状物顶端有孔;背面囊状体皱褶少,其表面形态与第2和第3褶皱区相似。【结论】研究结果有助于了解竹织叶野螟性信息素合成和释放的时辰节律,也为该虫性信息素的准确提取和鉴定、性信息素的生物合成及利用提供了科学依据。     

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Female Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) to the Conspecific Female Sex Pheromone

Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings showed that female Spodoptera exigua can detect their own sex pheromones (two single components and their mixture), displaying a similar dose–response pattern to that of males, although intensities of female responses were much less at all doses compared with males. Furthermore, the female calling behavior was inhibited and late-shifted by the presence of the female sex pheromone. When the pheromone components were presented, the calling female proportion in the peak calling period was significantly reduced and the calling peak time and calling termination time postponed, compared with controls. Although the calling behavior was inhibited, the pheromone titer of treated females was not different to the control, implying a reduced pheromone biosynthesis in the pheromone glands of treated moths. However, observations during the olfactometer experiments revealed that there were no obvious behavioral responses of females exposed to sex pheromone stimuli including whole gland extracts, 0.1, 1 or 10 μg binary pheromone mixtures.     

楸螟行为观察及性信息素粗提物生物活性测定

本文报道了楸螟Omphisa plagialis Wileman的羽化昼夜规律和（25±1）℃、光周期L∶D=14∶10条件下的雌蛾求偶节律,用Y形管法测定了雄蛾对雌蛾性信息素粗提物的行为反应。结果表明：楸螟的羽化发生在10：00到23：00之间;雌蛾在羽化当天即开始求偶,求偶行为集中在暗周期的23：30到01：30之间。采用正己烷提取的雌蛾性信息素粗提物存在性信息素成分,对雄蛾具有一定的引诱活性。     

Modulation of the temporal pattern of calling behavior of female Spodoptera littoralis by exposure to sex pheromone

We have examined the timing of calling behavior in the female Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis and its modification by exposure to sex pheromone. The calling rhythm of the female moth was found to be circadian, persistent for at least 4 days once it has been entrained, and could be phase shifted by altering the light:dark regime. We also found that female exposure to pheromone affected the rate and duration of calling. A brief exposure to pheromone gland extract increased the proportion of females calling in a constant dim light and this effect persisted for at least 2 days. In response to pheromone exposure, significantly more females also called late into scotophase when most unexposed control females had ceased calling. The adaptive significance of responding to conspecific sex pheromone is discussed.     

DIEL RHYTHMS OF CALLING BEHAVIOR AND SEX PHEROMONE PRODUCTION OF BEET ARMYWORM,SPODOPTERA EXIGUA (LEPIDOPTERA:NOCTUIDAE)*

Abstract Beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua, is becoming one of more and more serious pests in China in recent years. As a part of research program of sex pheromone and its application of BAW in China, the hourly and daily variation of calling behavior and pheromone production of BAW females were investigated. Both calling behavior and titers of 4 sex pheromone components showed distinct diel rhythms, and the two peak periods were synchronous. In comparison, the calling activity lasted shorter period of time with a longer peak time, whereas the production of the sex pheromone lasted throughout the whole scotophase and part of the photophase with a very short peak time. The calling behavior began at the middle scotophase, reached the maximum at the middle‐later scotophase, and continued the maximal calling activity until the end of the scotophase. When the light was on, the calling percentage reduced sharply, and all females stopped calling 1 hour later. The variation patterns of the 4 pheromone components in the glands of the 3 day old moths were similar from one to another. From 0.5 h before to 4.5 h into scotophase, the titers increased slightly, but at 6.5 h they showed a significant increase up to the peak values of the scotophase. Soon at 8.5 h into the scotophase, they decreased significantly and thereafter gradually to undetectable level at 4.5 h into the next photophase. The daily change experiment showed that BAW females began calling at 0 scotophase, became fully active in calling at 3rd scotophase, and maintained the calling activity to 7th scotophase. There was no significant difference in pheromone titers among different day‐old moths.     

甜菜夜蛾雌蛾求偶行为及性信息素产生的时间节律(英文)

研究了甜菜夜蛾雌蛾求偶行为和腺体中性信息素滴度时日变化的规律。结果表明 ,雌蛾求偶行为和性信息素滴度均呈明显的昼夜节律 ,且均在暗期的中后期达到高峰。比较而言 ,雌蛾的求偶活动期较短 ,在暗期中期开始 ,暗期结束后很快停止 ;但峰期较长 ,从中后期达到高峰后一直保持到暗期结束。而腺体内 4种性信息素组份从暗期前 0 .5h到下一个光期 4.5h均有产生 ;但峰期很短 ,暗期 6.5h显著增加达到高峰后 ,在 8.5h又迅速回落。日变化研究表明 ,甜菜夜蛾当日龄即可求偶 ,3日龄起进入求偶盛期 ,至 7日龄末有明显减退。 0～ 3日龄雌蛾的平均初始求偶时间逐日显著提前 ,以后则稳定在暗期 5h左右。不同日龄间性信息素滴度的变化较小     

大螟成虫性信息素生物合成和释放及求偶和交配行为的昼夜节律

【目的】探索大螟Sesamia inferens性信息素顺11-十六碳烯乙酸酯(Z11-16∶Ac)和顺11-十六碳烯醇(Z11-16∶OH)的合成和释放及求偶和交配行为的昼夜节律,及其与田间性信息素诱捕的关系。【方法】通过溶剂浸提和固相微萃取(solid phase microextraction, SPME)分析大螟雌蛾性信息素Z11-16∶Ac和Z11--16∶OH的滴度,结合行为观测和多地田间实时性信息素诱捕数据,调查大螟性信息素的生物合成、释放及求偶和交配行为的昼夜节律。【结果】大螟雌蛾腺体内性信息素Z11-16∶Ac和Z11-16∶OH含量可检测到的时间始于暗期前1 h,暗期后4 h快速增加,暗期8 h为第1次高峰,但光期1h又一次高峰,光期5 h还可以被显著检测到。分泌至腺体外的性信息素化合物可检测到的时间始于暗期后6 h,高峰期在暗期后10 h,光期后1 h性信息素Z11-16∶Ac滴度达到96.9±20.9 ng/雌。采用溶剂浸提法获得的Z11-16∶Ac和Z11-16∶OH的比例在暗期平均为2.8±1.9,在光期平均为2.5±0.9,统计上二者没有显著差异,而SPME法获得的Z11-16∶Ac和Z11-16∶OH的比例在暗期平均为8.5±1.2,在光期平均为5.7±0.6,统计上二者差异显著。产卵器伸出时间发生在暗期6-8 h,产卵器伸出持续时间平均为80.8±4.4 min。大螟的交配发生在暗期4-10 h,交配持续时间平均为83.4±5.0 min。广东、四川、浙江、江苏四省性诱自动计数的田间每日每小时实时计数数据显示,越冬代诱蛾比较集中,之后的世代则比较分散,田间雄蛾的性诱昼夜节律受地理环境、季节和世代等因子的影响。【结论】本研究发现大螟交配和性信息素释放的昼夜节律在时间上不一致,交配时间在暗期较早时段。雌蛾性信息素有效的释放时间范围比雄蛾对性信息素反应的要小。产卵器伸展与雌蛾性信息素化合物的释放速率加快和扩散 范围有关。     

Juvenile hormones: Their role in the regulation of the pheromonal communication system of the armyworm moth,Pseudaletia unipuncta

Recently, much effort has been devoted to the elucidation of the neuro-endocrine mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis and emission of sex pheromones in the Lepidoptera. The available data indicate that the hormonal mechanisms involved vary considerably among species. For example, compelling evidence that juvenile hormones (JH) play a role in the control of sex pheromone production has been presented only for the armyworm moth, Pseudaletia unipuncta. In this species, females that are allatectomized at emergence neither produce nor release pheromone, but both activities are restored following replacement therapy with synthetic JH. However, injection of synthetic JH into neck-ligated females does not induce pheromone biosynthesis, whereas treatment with either a brain homogenate or synthetic PBAN results in a rise in the pheromone titer. These results indicate that the role played by JH is an indirect one and that the tropic factor is a PBAN-like substance. Studies on in vitro JH biosynthesis by isolated corpora allata of P. unipuncta have shown that the low JH output observed early in the life of adult females coincides with the absence of both calling behavior and pheromone production. The subsequent increase in the rates of JH biosynthesis correlates with the onset of pheromone production and release. We have therefore proposed that JH titers must pass a threshold level before the circadian release of PBAN and calling behavior can begin. Furthermore, recent experiments suggest that the continuous presence of JH is necessary for calling behavior to be maintained once initiated. Lastly, we present data suggesting a role for JH or JH acids in the receptivity of P. unipuncta males to the female sex pheromone. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL ESERINE ON THE CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF ASIAN CORN BORER,OSTRINIA FURNACALIS (GUENEE)*

Abstract Topically applied sublethal doses of eserine may interrupt chemical communication between the two sexes of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee), by affecting calling and sex pheromone titre released by the females. (1) Studies on the effects of sublethal eserine on the chemical communication system of O. furnacalis indicated that there was a decreasing probability of females calling and sex pheromone titre as the eserine dosage increased from 0.27 to 2 700 ng, with no effect on the periodicity. However, at 2 700 ng, the E/Z ratio of the sex pheromone components was affected. The sexual chemical communication system could not control within narrow level. (2) The recovery test of 27ng‐treated female indicated that the calling percentages of the 1st, 2nd and 4th day post‐treatment were 50%, 78% and 84% respectively. Sex pheromone titre was 40%, 40% and 80% of control female repectively. There was a trend toward recovery. The sexual chemical communication system could control within narrow level from the 2nd day post‐treatment.