苦荞锌指蛋白基因FtLOL1的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的应答

根据苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum)花期转录组数据,采用RT-PCR技术和PCR技术克隆得到一个C2C2型锌指蛋白基因Ft LOL1(Ft LSD-one-like 1,Gen Bank登录号:KP260662),获得c DNA和DNA全长序列,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究Ft LOL1在3种非生物处理条件下的表达模式。结果显示,苦荞Ft LOL1基因DNA全长1 720bp,由5个外显子和4个内含子组成,符合GT-AG剪切原则;c DNA包含一个444 bp的开放阅读框,编码147个氨基酸,具有LSD1家族的典型特征;2mmol/L水杨酸、UV-B照射和4℃冷处理均能导致Ft LOL1基因表达量下降,其中水杨酸和UV-B处理均在12h达到最小值,分别为对照组(0h)的11.9%和33.8%,而4℃冷处理条件下,Ft LOL1表达量12h开始下降,至24h达到最小值,为对照组(0h)的50.7%,36h后表达量有所回升,稳定在对照组(0h)的60%左右。推测该基因可能参与苦荞抗高浓度水杨酸、UV-B照射和冷胁迫等非生物胁迫的应答反应,为探究苦荞抗逆性提供了新的视角。     

苦荞转录因子基因FtbHLH4的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的应答

根据苦荞花期转录组数据,克隆得到1个苦荞bHLH类转录因子基因,命名为FtbHLH4。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了非生物胁迫对苦荞芽期FtbHLH4基因表达的影响。序列分析表明,苦荞FtbHLH4基因DNA全长1 852bp,由7个外显子和6个内含子构成,符合GT-AG剪接原则;cDNA序列包含1个1 062bp的开放阅读框,编码353个氨基酸,具有bHLH类蛋白典型的螺旋-环-螺旋保守结构域。在脱落酸(ABA)、NaCl和PEG模拟干旱胁迫下,苦荞芽期FtbHLH4基因表达量均持续上升,至48h时达最大,分别为胁迫前的11.3倍、12.0倍和6.1倍。而在冷胁迫和UV-B胁迫下,苦荞芽期FtbHLH4基因表达量迅速下降,分别于6h和12h降低至胁迫前的24%和23%。研究推测FtbHLH4基因以不同机制参与了苦荞对非生物胁迫的应答过程。     

苦荞转录因子基因FtbHLH3的克隆及其非生物胁迫下的表达分析

根据苦荞花期转录组数据,采用RT-PCR技术和PCR技术克隆得到一条新的b HLH类蛋白基因FtbHLH3(登录号:KU296217),并分析了逆境胁迫下该基因在芽期苦荞胚轴和子叶中的表达量。结果显示,Ftb HLH3基因cDNA全长1 273 bp,包含一个957 bp的开放阅读框,编码蛋白含318个氨基酸。蛋白结构域分析表明,FtbHLH3编码蛋白N-端和C-端分别含有一个bHLH家族典型的结构域。系统进化树分析表明,FtbHLH3与其它植物参与抗逆的bHLH蛋白聚为一簇。荧光定量PCR分析表明,UV-B处理苦荞后,胚轴中FtbHLH3相对表达量在6 h内缓慢增加至1.08,12 h后显著上升至48 h的2.96;而子叶中FtbHLH3相对表达量在3 h后就显著上升,至24 h达到最大值6.64后趋于稳定。4℃冷处理苦荞后,胚轴和子叶中FtbHLH3相对表达量均随时间持续上升,并在48 h后达到最大值,分别为3.22和10.27。可见,本研究克隆的Ftb HLH3基因可能参与了苦荞对UV-B和寒冷等非生物胁迫的应答反应。     

小麦TaLEC1基因的克隆及其表达特性分析

为了探讨LEC1基因在小麦(Triticum aestivum L)非生物胁迫应答中的功能,该研究通过RT-PCR结合RACE技术克隆小麦TaLEC1基因,并采用qRT-PCR方法分析了该基因在小麦不同组织以及不同处理下的表达模式,为深入研究小麦LEC1基因在干旱、高温和高盐胁迫下的响应机制奠定基础。结果表明:(1)成功克隆到小麦TaLEC1基因,该基因cDNA序列全长为1 074 bp,其中5′端非编码区23 bp,开放阅读框为741 bp,3′端非编码区310 bp,编码246个氨基酸,具有典型的CBFD_NFYB结构域。(2)实时荧光定量分析显示,TaLEC1在不同组织间表达差异显著,10 d龄幼苗的叶中表达量最高。(3)TaLEC1基因可被植物激素ABA诱导而上调表达,属于ABA依赖型的表达调控通路。(4)PEG模拟干旱胁迫处理后的0.5～1 h,TaLEC1基因呈上调表达;42℃胁迫处理过程中,TaLEC1基因呈稳定上调表达趋势,并在胁迫处理后12 h和48 h时表达急剧上调,分别为对照的52.8倍和34.5倍;NaCl胁迫处理0.5 h时TaLEC1基因迅速上调表达。研究表明,小麦TaLEC1基因参与ABA依赖的胁迫响应,推测可能在小麦耐受高温胁迫和渗透胁迫过程中发挥着重要的脱水保护功能。     

苦荞查尔酮合酶基因CHS的结构及花期不同组织表达量分析

采用同源克隆、染色体步移和RT-PCR技术,首次克隆到苦荞查尔酮合酶基因(CHS)的全长DNA序列和cDNA开放阅读框(ORF)序列.序列分析表明,苦荞CHS DNA序列(GU172165)全长1 632 bp,含1个445 bp的内含子;cDNA编码区(HM852753)全长1 188 bp,编码395个氨基酸,命名为FtCHS.生物信息学分析表明,FtCHS和推导的氨基酸序列与其它植物CHS基因同源率在95%以上,含有CHS多基因家族的标签序列(GFGPG)、活性位点、底物结合口袋位点和环化反应口袋位点.半定量RT-PCR分析苦荞花期FtCHS空间表达模型表明,其表达量未成熟种子叶茎花根成熟种子,与苦荞芦丁含量的分布基本一致,具有组织特异性。     

青杄PwRbcS基因克隆及对逆境响应分析

RbcS基因编码了植物光合作用中核酮糖1,5二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶的亚基,这种酶能催化二氧化碳的固定和碳氧化两者之间竞争反应。本实验中通过RACE-PCR方法成功获得了青杄RbcS的cDNA全长,对PwRbcS的cDNA序列进行了生物信息学分析预测,同时利用实时定量PCR技术测定青杄各个组织及非生物胁迫下PwRbcS的表达水平。结果表明:PwRbcS基因cDNA全长936 bp,编码区共552 bp,共编码186个氨基酸。蛋白质分子量为20.712 6 kD,等电点为9.07。组织特异性表达结果发现PwRbcS该基因主要在叶片中表达,且成熟叶表达量最高。非生物胁迫实验结果表明,ABA和NaCl以及低温处理处理下响应十分明显。在NaCl处理下,表达量先上升后下降,处理6 h时达到对照的14倍,施加ABA时,在处理8 h时上升至对照的24倍,低温胁迫下,表达量先上升后下降,6 h达到对照的12倍,而高温胁迫及PEG(polyethylene glycol)下表达量变化不明显。因此PwRbcS作为一个在木本植物青杄中发现的新的RbcS基因,可能在青杄逆境响应中行使一定的功能。     

水曲柳FmJAZ1基因在非生物胁迫中的响应模式和激素诱导表达分析

克隆FmJAZ1基因,明确其在低温和NaCl胁迫中的响应模式和激素诱导下的转录表达特性。通过基因克隆的方法得到水曲柳中的FmJAZ1基因,利用生物信息学软件对所得到的序列进行分析并构建系统进化树,对水曲柳FmJAZ1基因进行了时空表达特异性的分析,对根、茎、叶、芽、雄花、雌花、种子等7个部位以及在5-9月5个月份分别取样,对水曲柳进行低温(4℃)和盐胁迫(200 mmol/L NaCl)2种非生物胁迫处理以及脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3)、生长素(IAA)、茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)等激素信号诱导处理,然后对试验材料进行荧光定量分析。克隆出全长为684 bp的核苷酸序列。生物信息学软件分析得到JZA1基因具有完整的开放阅读框,编码227个氨基酸,JAZ1蛋白不含有信号肽,不属于跨膜蛋白,为不稳定亲水性蛋白。时空表达结果显示,FmJAZ1基因在茎中表达量最高,且在8月份表达量最高;非生物胁迫结果表明低温处理后FmJAZ1在6h、24h表达量较高;而NaCl处理后,在24 h表达量较高,且该基因响应低温胁迫较NaCl胁迫迅速;激素信号诱导结果显示,处理后不同时间,基因表达量变化较为明显,其中GA3处理后3h最为明显,为对照组的77.3倍,分析了FmJAZ1基因在低温、NaCl胁迫和激素诱导下的表达模式。FmJAZ1基因充分响应了逆境胁迫和激素信号诱导,通过蛋白和基因层面对逆境进行响应,JAZ蛋白在其中起到了桥梁的作用,并扮演了重要的角色。     

湖北海棠MhPR1a基因的克隆与表达特性分析

以水杨酸诱导的湖北海棠[ Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.]全长cDNA文库和基因组DNA为模板,克隆其PR1a基因(MhPR1a)的全编码区序列,并对该序列进行生物信息学分析;在此基础上利用荧光定量RT-PCR技术对湖北海棠根、茎和叶中该基因的表达特性及经过10μmol·L-1ABA、4℃低温处理及苹果蚜虫(Aphis citricola van der Goot)侵染后叶中该基因的表达特性进行了测定.结果表明:克隆获得的MhPR1a基因全长518 bp,最大开放阅读框为492 bp,编码162个氨基酸残基;编码的蛋白质为酸性蛋白,其相对分子质量为16 960,等电点pI 5.46;其基因组DNA序列与cDNA序列完全一致,说明MhPR1a基因内部没有内含子.湖北海棠MhPR1a基因与苹果(M.domestic Borkh.)和沙梨[Pyrus pyrifolia( Burm.f.)Nakai] PR1基因的cDNA序列及其编码的氨基酸序列同源性均较高,其中cDNA序列的同源性均为97％,氨基酸序列的同源性分别为95％和97％;系统树也显示MhPR1a基因编码的氨基酸序列与苹果和沙梨的亲缘关系最近,聚为一类.MhPR1a基因编码的氨基酸序列具有SCP保守结构域,含有1个信号肽和6个保守的半胱氨酸残基.在湖北海棠的叶、茎和根中MhPR1a基因均能表达,在根中的表达量最高.10 μmol·L-1ABA和4℃低温处理48 h后均可诱导MhPR1a基因的表达,且相对表达量明显高于对照(处理0h);苹果蚜虫也可诱导MhPR1a基因的表达,说明MhPR1a基因在湖北海棠抵抗植食昆虫和低温胁迫的过程中可能发挥着重要作用.     

龙眼DlPPO1基因的克隆及其表达调控分析

该研究根据同源克隆技术,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,以‘四季蜜’龙眼叶片cDNA为模板,获得龙眼多酚氧化酶基因(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)的3个转录本DlPPO1-a、DlPPO1-b和DlPPO1-c的cDNA全长序列(KM387405、KM516087和KM516088)和1条DNA序列DlPPO1(KU837229)。DlPPO1-a、DlPPO1-b和DlPPO1-c的全长分别为1 969、1 960和1 920bp,包含相同的完整开放阅读框1 800bp并编码599个氨基酸;该基因与荔枝、橄榄和枣等物种的PPO基因同源性较高。生物信息学分析表明,DlPPO1保守结构域具有多酚氧化酶的典型结构域特征。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测DlPPO1表达结果表明,在龙眼体胚发生过程中,DlPPO1从心形胚时期开始上调表达至子叶胚时期达到最高,推测其在龙眼体胚发生中后期可能发挥重要作用;DlPPO1在龙眼叶片中表达量最高,其次是花芽,而在其他组织部位表达量较低。激素和非生物胁迫处理下的表达分析表明,水杨酸(SA)、低浓度茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、NaCl、甘露醇及PEG可诱导DlPPO1基因上调表达,这些表达模式暗示其可能参与多种非生物胁迫应答过程。     

陆地棉GhPS2基因的克隆和表达分析

卤代酸脱卤酶(HAD)在调节植物生长发育和响应磷缺乏胁迫方面具有重要作用。该研究基于前期陆地棉根部低磷胁迫基因差异表达序列数据分析，以陆地棉新陆早19为材料，对GhPS2基因进行克隆，并对其基因组DNA与cDNA测序分析，借助生物信息学方法分析GhPS2的基因结构和进化关系；采用荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的方法检测该基因于根、茎、叶、花4个器官的基因表达量变化和低磷胁迫下0,4,12,24,72 h的相对表达。结果表明，(1)成功获得陆地棉GhPS2基因，该基因的开放阅读框序列长度813 bp,编码270个氨基酸，存在3个内含子，属于HAD家族，其中存在1个保守结构域名为Put-Phosphatase。(2)序列比对和进化分析显示，陆地棉GhPS2与其他棉种PS2、榴莲PS2的相似性分别为93%和83.15%。(3)qRT-PCR结果表明，GhPS2基因在根中表达量最高，其次是茎和花，在叶中表达量最低，该基因在低磷胁迫4 h时相对表达量达到最高值，低磷胁迫72 h时是适磷处理的16.66倍。研究表明，GhPS2基因属于低磷胁迫响应基因，在棉花响应低磷胁迫过程中具有重要作用。     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Doc and copia instability in an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster stock

A high degree of heterogeneity and an overall increase in number of insertion sites of the mobile elements Doc and copia were revealed in one substock of an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster stock, while in two other substocks the distribution of copia sites was highly homogenous, but that of Doc sites was again heterogenous. We therefore concluded that copia was unstable in one of the substocks and Doc was unstable in all. Doc instability presumably arose earlier than copia instability. Doc and copia transpositions were directly observed in experiments with one substock. An abundance of copia insertions was revealed in the X chromosome where insertions with deleterious effects are exposed to selection in hemizygous condition. The locations of many other mobile elements (mdg1, mdg2, mdg3, mdg4, 297, B104, H.M.S. Beagle, I, P, BS, FB) were found to be conserved in each substock and did not differ between them, indicating that these mobile elements were stable. This homogeneity is a strong argument against any possibility of inadvertent contamination.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.