嗜水气单胞菌气溶素基因的克隆与序列分析

以嗜水气单胞菌BZ和NK分离株的DNA为模板, 采用PCR技术, 扩增气溶素基因(aerA)的DNA片段, 将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上。通过序列测定, 分析结果表明：所克隆的1393 bp片段为aerA部分序列, 编码产生464个氨基酸。BZ与NK之间aerA核苷酸同源性为97.6%, 氨基酸同源性为98.3%, 与其它分离物核苷酸同源性为71.6%~97.5%, 氨基酸同源性为68.0%~98.9%。利用邻接法构建了aerA分子树状图, 树状图分析表明：气单胞菌属各分离物聚为三支, 其中嗜水气单胞菌各菌株之间关系密切, 被聚类为同一支。     

和厚朴酚对嗜水气单胞菌气溶素表达的抑制作用

为了研究不同浓度和厚朴酚对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)致病力的影响, 筛选抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的天然化合物, 通过溶血试验、免疫印记试验、荧光定量PCR试验和动物试验进行了研究。结果发现, 和厚朴酚能在亚抑菌浓度下降低嗜水气单胞菌培养物上清中的溶血活性; 蛋白免疫印迹试验发现和厚朴酚能降低嗜水气单胞菌气溶素的分泌; 荧光定量PCR试验进一步表明和厚朴酚与嗜水气单胞菌共培养后降低了气溶素编码基因aerA的转录而降低气溶素的分泌。此外, 通过动物试验发现和厚朴酚治疗能显著提高斑点叉尾鮰( Ictalurus punctatus )嗜水气单胞菌感染模型的存活率。以上研究表明, 和厚朴酚能通过降低气溶素编码基因aerA的转录而降低嗜水气单胞菌的致病力, 和厚朴酚是一种潜在的新型抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的先导化合物。     

嗜水气单胞菌菌落多重PCR方法的建立及应用

[背景]嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)对水产动物、畜禽和人类均有致病性。基因表达的溶血素、气溶素和肠毒素是重要毒力因子,在致病性嗜水气单胞菌早期检测及防治中尤为重要。目前采用菌落直接提取DNA用于多重PCR研究的相关报道较少。[目的]基于菌落PCR方法建立针对嗜水气单胞菌溶血性基因、肠毒素基因和16S rRNA基因特异性片段(5个基因片段)的多重PCR快速检测方法。[方法]采用选择性RS (Rimler-Shotts)培养基对样品中嗜水气单胞菌有效富集分离和辨认,建立并优化嗜水气单胞菌16S rRNA、ast、alt、aerA、act这5个基因的多重PCR方法,比较菌落PCR中DNA模板不同提取方法对多重PCR扩增结果的影响,并检测该方法对维氏气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌、杀鲑气单胞菌的特异性。[结果]通过对RS培养基上单菌落的16S rRNA基因鉴定,初步判定嗜水气单胞菌和其他可培养菌的菌落形态,对其富集程度进行可视化辨别。多重PCR反应体系优化结果显示,引物浓度最优配比为16S rRNA:ast:alt:aerA:act=1:2:2:3:4。菌落PCR结果显示,...     

翘嘴鳜病原嗜水气单胞菌分子特征及LAMP检测方法的建立

嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)是一种危害鳜鱼养殖生产的重要病原细菌, 为进一步明确该病原菌的分子特征及建立快速检测技术, 实验对引起翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)暴发性死亡的病原嗜水气单胞菌进行了致病性、菌株毒力特征研究, 同时以嗜水气单胞菌气溶素基因aerA为分子靶标设计引物, 利用环介导等温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)建立了病原嗜水气单胞菌的快速检测方法。结果表明, 本次引起翘嘴鳜暴发性死亡的病原嗜水气单胞菌半致死浓度为1.6×106 CFU/mL, 携带aerA等14种毒力基因, 此14种毒力基因可用于其致病性分析及分子检测。以气溶素基因aerA设计引物进行的环介导恒温扩增, 结果显示可扩增出阶梯状条带, 加入SYBR Green I染色后呈现绿色的阳性反应, 而对照组均未出现任何扩增条带且反应体系呈现橙色, 表明LAMP检测方法对于嗜水气单胞菌检测具有很好的特异性; 灵敏度检测的最低检测限为4.6×101 CFU/mL; 10种经人工感染的淡水养殖鱼虾组织匀浆增菌液, 提取DNA后进行LAMP方法检测, 结果均可获得阳性扩增结果, 而对照未染菌组呈阴性, 表明该方法具有较好的应用性, 可应用于嗜水气单胞菌引起的水生动物疾病的检测。     

嗜水气单胞菌感染现状及耐药分析

目的调查湖州市中心医院嗜水气单胞菌感染现状和耐药情况。方法采用常规方法分离,用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌或豚鼠气单胞菌,依据葡萄糖产气反应鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。并根据配套药敏卡进行药敏试验。结果共分离到34株嗜水气单胞菌,主要来自痰液、胆汁、腹腔引流液或腹水。嗜水气单胞菌对哌拉西林、替卡西林、阿莫西彬克拉维酸、妥布霉素、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、环丙沙星、复方新诺明耐药率为52．9％～73．5％。结论目前嗜水气单胞菌也呈现多重耐药现象,临床上应予以重视。     

湖北地区暴发病池塘中嗜水气单胞菌的遗传多样性和毒力特征研究

为了调查引起鱼类运动型气单胞菌败血症(俗称暴发病)的嗜水气单胞菌的遗传多样性和毒力特征, 阐明其流行规律, 研究于2006-2009年度从湖北省内3个不同地区的6个发病鱼塘中分离了30株嗜水气单胞菌, 其中20株为临床株(分离自血液、肝脏、肾脏或腹水), 6株为肠道株, 4株为池水株。基于所有菌株gyrB基因序列, 构建了系统发育树; 通过ERIC (Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus, 肠道细菌基因间重复序列)指纹图谱进行菌株的遗传分型; 用PCR方法检测了7个毒力基因在菌株中的分布模式。这7个基因包括气溶素(aerA)、溶血素(hlyA)、热不稳定性细胞兴奋性肠毒素(alt)、热稳定性细胞兴奋性肠毒素(ast)、弹性蛋白酶(ahpB)、脂酶(lip)和鞭毛基因(fla)。此外, 以斑马鱼为感染对象, 通过腹腔注射测定了15株代表菌株的毒力。结果表明: 不同来源的20株临床株、1株肠道株和3株池水株具有相同的遗传特性, 体现为在系统树上聚为一枝, 序列相似性为100%, 具有相同的ERIC指纹图谱, 毒力基因分布模式为: aerA+hlyA+alt+ast+ahpB+lip+fla+, 且均为强毒株(LD50 9.74104cfu/尾)。与临床株相比, 其余5株肠道株和1株池水株或具有不同的ERIC指纹图谱或具有不同的毒力基因分布模式, 显示出了遗传多样性, 且毒力均弱于临床株(LD501.01106cfu/尾)。这说明在一定时间、一定区域内, 作为暴发病病原的嗜水气单胞菌为同一克隆系在流行, 不存在明显的变异或遗传多样性。此结果有助于阐明嗜水气单胞菌引起的暴发病的流行规律, 制定相应的防御措施。多种毒力基因在致病性菌株中的联合流行为发病机理的解析奠定了基础。此外, 鉴于毒力基因谱与致病性之间的相关性, 表明毒力基因可作为标记基因, 用于致病性菌株的检测。       

几种中药单体和抗生素对嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌的体外抑菌活性研究

考察没食子酸等6种中药单体和诺氟沙星等3种抗生素对嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌的体外抑菌活性及其联合抑菌作用。通过琼脂扩散法测定受试物的抑菌作用,用微量二倍稀释法测定受试物最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,用棋盘法考察受试物的联合抑菌作用。6种中药单体中没食子酸和槲皮素对嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌抑制作用较强,抑菌圈均达到20 mm以上,没食子酸对嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌的MIC和MBC均为250 g/mL;槲皮素对嗜水气单胞菌的MIC和MBC均为500 g/mL,对温和气单胞菌的MIC和MBC分别为250和500 g/mL;而大黄素甲醚等4种中药单体无明显的抑菌作用。嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考等抗生素均极敏感。在联合药敏试验中,没食子酸与恩诺沙星或氟苯尼考、槲皮素与氟苯尼考联合用药对嗜水气单胞菌具有相加抑菌作用;没食子酸与恩诺沙星联合用药对温和气单胞菌具有协同抑菌作用,没食子酸与诺氟沙星或氟苯尼考、槲皮素与氟苯尼考联合用药对温和气单胞菌具有相加抑菌作用。没食子酸和槲皮素对嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌具有显著的抑制作用,二者与恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、氟苯尼考等抗生素联合应用具有相加或协同作用,有助于降低抗生素的用量及残留。       

嗜水气单胞菌毒力基因在传代过程中的稳定性研究

为了解嗜水气单胞菌毒力基因在传代过程中的稳定性,对传代前后嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila,A.hydrophila)的毒力和毒力基因进行测定和检测.采用急性毒性试验方法测定10株嗜水气单胞菌原代、第10代及第20代的菌株对异育银鲫(Carassais auratus gibebio)的半数致死量,通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测原代、第10代及第20代的菌株中5种毒力基因aerA、hlyA、ahpA、altA及ast的变化情况.试验结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌在传代过程中毒力基因分布相对较稳定.但是ahpA基因极易发生变异,在培养基上连续多次传代后,毒力逐渐减弱甚至消失.可推知,ahpA基因与毒力相关性最大,并易受传代影响.     

西伯利亚鲟源嗜水气单胞菌致病菌的分离及其全菌苗的免疫效果

从患细菌性败血症的西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)的体内分离到一株致病菌株X1,其对西伯利亚鲟的半数致死浓度(LC50)为5.62×105 cfu/ml,具有较强毒力;经ATB细菌鉴定仪生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA序列分析,菌株X1为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila);其系统发育分析表明,菌株X1与嗜水气单胞菌ATCC35654(登录号:X74676.1)的亲缘关系最近,其同源性为99%.用0.30%福尔马林灭活,将菌株X1制成灭活全菌苗,对西伯利亚鲟进行注射免疫.研究结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗能够明显提高西伯利亚鲟的血清抗体水平及总蛋白、免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶含量,而且在嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗中加入弗氏不完全佐剂,有利于进一步增强西伯利亚鲟血清抗体水平及总蛋白、免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶含量.此外,嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗对西伯利亚鲟抗嗜水气单胞菌X1人工感染也具有较好的免疫保护作用,其对西伯利亚鲟的免疫保护率为50%,而且在嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗中加入弗氏不完全佐剂,嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗对西伯利亚鲟抗嗜水气单胞菌X1人工感染的免疫保护作用更好,其对西伯利亚鲟的免疫保护率为70%.因此,将嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗用于西伯利亚鲟细菌性败血症的防治具有广阔的发展前景.     

嗜水气单胞菌毒力基因的研究进展

嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)隶属于气单胞菌科(Aermonadaceae)气单胞菌属(Aeromonas),为人、畜及水生动物共患的条件致病菌。该菌广泛存在于水环境中,是多种水产动物的主要致病菌。国内外学者对其进行了许多研究,现普遍认为嗜水气单胞菌的致病性与其产生的毒素密切相关。随着分子生物技术的发展,已有许多学者从分子水平上对嗜水气单胞菌进行了研究,为阐明嗜水气单胞菌的致病机理提供了一些理论依据,并建立起针对几种主要毒力因子的检测手段。本文将嗜水气单胞菌目前的研究策略、部分主要毒力因子及其检测手段作一综述,以期为嗜水气单胞菌致病机理的研究及嗜水气单胞菌病的防治提供参考和借鉴。       

Sequence analysis of amplified DNA fragments containing the region encoding the putative lipase substrate-binding domain and genotyping of Aeromonas hydrophila

DNA fragments were amplified by PCR from all tested strains of Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. sobria with primers designed based on sequence alignment of all lipase, phospholipase C, and phospholipase A1 genes and the cytotonic enterotoxin gene, all of which have been reported to have the consensus region of the putative lipase substrate-binding domain. All strains showed lipase activity, and all amplified DNA fragments contained a nucleotide sequence corresponding to the substrate-binding domain. Thirty-five distinct nucleotide sequence patterns and 15 distinct deduced amino acid sequence patterns were found in the amplified DNA fragments from 59 A. hydrophila strains. The deduced amino acid sequences of the amplified DNA fragments from A. caviae and A. sobria strains had distinctive amino acids, suggesting a species-specific sequence in each organism. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence patterns appear to differ between clinical and environmental isolates among A. hydrophila strains. Some strains whose nucleotide sequences were identical to one another in the amplified region showed an identical DNA fingerprinting pattern by repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-PCR genotyping. These results suggest that A. hydrophila, and also A. caviae and A. sobria strains, have a gene encoding a protein with lipase activity. Homologs of the gene appear to be widely distributed in Aeromonas strains, probably associating with the evolutionary genetic difference between clinical and environmental isolates of A. hydrophila. Additionally, the distinctive nucleotide sequences of the genes could be attributed to the genotype of each strain, suggesting that their analysis may be helpful in elucidating the genetic heterogeneity of Aeromonas.     

Identification of a new hemolysin from diarrheal isolate SSU of Aeromonas hydrophila

A clinical strain SSU of Aeromonas hydrophila produces a potent cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) with cytotoxic, enterotoxic, and hemolytic activities. A new gene, which encoded a hemolysin of 439-amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 49 kDa, was identified. This hemolysin (HlyA) was detected based on the observation that the act gene minus mutant of A. hydrophila SSU still had residual hemolytic activity. The new hemolysin gene (hlyA) was cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The hlyA gene exhibited 96% identity with its homolog found in a recently annotated genome sequence of an environmental isolate, namely the type strain ATCC 7966 of A. hydrophila subspecies hydrophila. The hlyA gene did not exhibit any homology with other known hemolysins and aerolysin genes detected in Aeromonas isolates. However, this hemolysin exhibited significant homology with hemolysin of Vibrio vulnificus as well as with the cystathionine beta synthase domain protein of Shewanella oneidensis. The HlyA protein was activated only after treatment with trypsin and the resulting hemolytic activity was not neutralizable with antibodies to Act. The presence of the hlyA gene in clinical and water Aeromonas isolates was investigated and DNA fingerprint analysis was performed to demonstrate its possible role in Aeromonas virulence.     

牦牛与其他物种ZFX/ZFY基因片段间的进化关系

利用PCR扩增、克隆和序列分析法对牦牛ZFX/ZFY基因第11外显子部分片段进行了研究,并同来自于NCBI GenBank中人、猩猩、普通牛等9个物种的ZFX/ZFY基因核苷酸及其氨基酸序列进行了进化分析.结果表明,牦牛ZFX、ZFY基因间核苷酸序列同源性为94.1%,显示同一物种同源基因ZFX/ZFY间存在变异;比较的10个物种间ZFX基因核苷酸序列同源性为87.7%、ZFY基因为81.7%,相应ZFX、ZFY氨基酸同源性分别为96.6%、91.0%,ZFY基因的变异性大于ZFX基因,显示X染色体与Y染色体可能是独立进化.     

我国部分地区H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因序列比较与遗传发生关系分析

为从分子水平掌握我国H9亚型AIV的遗传变异情况和流行规律,本研究汇集近年来从我国12个省、市、自治区的发病鸡群中分离到的23株H9亚型禽流感病毒,通过RT-PCR方法和核苷酸序列测定获得了23个毒株的HA基因cDNA核苷酸序列。核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列同源性比较结果表明,这些毒株HA基因的核苷酸序列同源性为94．1％～100％,氨基酸序列同源性为95．4％～100%;将这23个毒株和来自亚洲及世界其它地区的另外31株的HA基因cDNA序列同源性进行比较发现,分离自香港的HK170499株与日本的2个毒株关系较近;氨基酸序列分析发现,CKGS199、CKTJ196、CKTJ296、CKSH300和CKBJ197五个毒株各发生了一个潜在的糖基化位点的丢失。54株H9亚型AIVHA基因55bp～1152bp的氨基酸序列分析发现,裂解位点尽管有10种基序,但本研究中的23株和近年来从我国大陆和香港地区的分离的毒株则均为RSSR↓GLF;构成受体结合位点的191位氨基酸有一个规律,即所有中国大陆毒株与部分香港毒株都为N,其它毒株均为H,141aa～143aa处的糖基化位点有与191aa类似的规律,即：凡是191aa为N的毒株,该处均为NVS（CKBJ194除外）,凡是191aa为H的毒株,则该处均为NVT;遗传发生关系分析,中国大陆毒株处于欧亚谱系的第一支。本研究结果表明近年来我国鸡群中H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的感染流行可能有一个共同的来源,这为制定防治该亚型禽流感流行的有效对策提供了重要的科学依据。     

Sequence analysis of NS3 protease gene in clinical strains of hepatitis C virus

The amino terminal region of the non structural gene 3 (NS3) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a chymotripsinlike serine-protease responsible for cleavage of the non structural proteins of Hepatitis C virus (HCV). In order to investigate the genetic variation of this region, we developed a nested PCR to obtain NS3 protease sequences from 54 patients chronically infected with HCV genotypes 1a, 1b and 3, respectively. Comparison of nucleotide and amino acids sequences of NS3 protease domain with consensus sequence obtained within the same genotype, showed 3.73% nucleotide divergence and 1.64% amino acid divergence in isolates of genotype 3a, whereas isolates 1a exhibited 4.45% nucleotide and 4% amino acid change, respectively. Finally, NS3 sequence from 1b isolates revealed 6.47% nucleotide and 3.5 % aa changes. Comparison of consensus amino acid sequences derived from isolates 1a, 1b and 3, with the HCV prototypes showed a low amino acid sequence diversity. However, the consensus sequence of HCV genotype 3 isolates showed an amino acid changed from the prototype, that was located within a region important for enzyme structure and activity. These results indicated that the NS3 protease gene is highly conserved within the same HCV genotype. The domains involved in enzyme function were highly conserved in 1a and 1b strains, whereas consensus sequence of isolates 3a showed that the majority of these strains were not perfectly conserved in one of such regions. These findings altogether suggested that the NS3 protease enzyme of HCV may constitute an important target for antiviral therapy, but the NS3 protease variability of isolates 3 within a region that is a potential target for antiviral therapy could pose a problem for structure based drug development.     

The cDNA sequence and chromosomal location of the murine GABAA alpha 1 receptor gene.

The murine GABAA/benzodiazepine (GABAA/BZ) receptor alpha 1 subunit cDNA has been isolated from a BALB/c mouse brain library and sequenced. The cDNA is 2665 nucleotides long with an open reading frame of 455 amino acids. It shows significant homology to the GABAA receptor alpha 1 subunit cDNA sequences of other species. Excluding deletions, the murine GABAA alpha 1 receptor exhibits 96% nucleotide and 100% amino acid sequence homology to the rat alpha 1 receptor cDNA and over 91% nucleotide and 98% amino acid sequence homology to the bovine and human alpha 1 receptor cDNAs in the protein coding region. This murine cDNA was used to locate the alpha 1 receptor subunit gene, Gabra-1, to murine Chromosome 11 between Il-3 and Rel. This assignment extends proximally the segment of mouse Chromosome 11 with known homology to human chromosome 5.     

Cloning, expression, and mapping of the Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin gene determinant in Escherichia coli K-12.

DNA sequences corresponding to the aerolysin gene (aer) of Aeromonas hydrophila AH2 DNA were identified by screening a cosmid gene library for hemolytic and cytotoxic activities. A plasmid containing a 5.8-kilobase EcoRI fragment of A. hydrophila DNA was required for full expression of the hemolytic and cytotoxic phenotype in Escherichia coli K-12. Deletion analysis and transposon mutagenesis allowed us to localize the gene product to 1.4 kilobases of Aeromonas DNA and define flanking DNA regions affecting aerolysin production. The reduced hemolytic activity with plasmids lacking these flanking regions is associated with a temporal delay in the appearance of hemolytic activity and is not a result of a loss of transport functions. The aerolysin gene product was detected as a 54,000-dalton protein in E. coli maxicells harboring aer plasmids and by immunoblotting E. coli whole cells carrying aer plasmids. We suggest that the gene coding aerolysin be designated aerA and that regions downstream and upstream of aerA which modulate its expression and activity be designated aerB and aerC, respectively.