自然生态系统响应气候变化的脆弱性评价研究进展

以气候变暖为标志的全球气候变化已引起各国政府、国际组织和科学工作者的高度重视.气候变化给人类及自然生态系统带来的风险和危害日趋增大.生态系统脆弱性分析和评价是适应和减缓气候变化的关键和基础,已成为近年来气候变化领域和生态学领域的研究热点.目前国内外学者正在不同领域、不同空间尺度上开展响应气候变化的脆弱性评价,其中以自然生态系统为评价对象的脆弱性研究也有了长足的发展.本文通过对脆弱性的概念、气候变化脆弱性评价研究现状、自然生态系统响应气候变化的脆弱性定量评价方法的综述,探讨了该研究领域存在的问题和未来的发展前景.     

生态系统响应气候变化脆弱性的人工神经网络模型评价

生态系统的脆弱性评价对于生态系统的管理具有重要作用。在分析生态系统脆弱性特征和影响因素的基础上 ,构建了针对森林和草地生态系统的脆弱性评价指标体系 ,涵盖了生态系统的结构、功能和生境 3个方面 ,评价指标分别是物种多样性、群落覆盖度、NPP、建群种年生长量、地表干燥度以及土壤有机碳等。评价系统将生态系统的脆弱性划分为轻微脆弱、中度脆弱、重度脆弱以及系统崩溃 4级。作为案例研究 ,构建了结构和性能优化的多层感知器 ,评价了温带落叶阔叶林生态系统的脆弱性。结果表明 ,通过人工神经网络模型评价生态系统的脆弱性是一条可行的途径     

海平面上升影响下广西钦州湾红树林脆弱性评价

全球气候变化所导致的海平面上升等现象对海岸带产生显著影响。红树林是生长在热带、亚热带沿海潮间带的生态系统,对海平面上升极为敏感。以广西钦州湾红树林生态系统为对象,采用SPRC(Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequence)评估模式分析了气候变化所导致的海平面上升对红树林生态系统的主要影响。构建了以海平面上升速率、地面沉降/抬升速率、生境高程、日均淹水时间、潮滩坡度和沉积速率为指标的脆弱性评价体系。在GIS平台上量化各脆弱性指标,计算脆弱性指数并分级,建立了定量评价红树林生态系统脆弱性方法,实现了在不同海平面上升情景(近40年来广西海平面平均上升速率、IPCC预测的B1和A1FI情景)和时间尺度下(2030年、2050和2100年),广西钦州湾红树林生态系统脆弱性的定量空间评价。研究结果表明,在近40年广西海平面平均上升速率与B1情景下,钦州湾红树林在各评估时段表现为不脆弱。而在A1FI情景下,至2050年研究区域41.3%红树林为低脆弱,至2100年增加至69.8%。研究采用的SPRC评估模型、脆弱性评价指标体系和定量空间评估方法能够客观定量评价气候变化所导致的海平面上升影响下红树林生态系统脆弱性,可为制定切实可行的应对措施和保障海岸带生态系统安全提供科学依据。     

基于潜在植被的中国陆地生态系统对气候变化的脆弱性定量评价

 陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应及其脆弱性评价研究是当前全球变化领域的重要内容之一。该研究在生态系统过程模型的基础上,耦合了潜在 植被对气候变化的动态响应,模拟气候变化对潜在植被分布格局和生态系统主要功能的影响,以潜在植被的变化次数和变化方 向定义植被分布 对气候变化的敏感性和适应性,以生态系统功能特征量的年际变率及其变化趋势定义生态系统功能对气候变化的敏感性和适应性,进而对生态 系统的脆弱性进行定量评价,分析不同气候条件下我国陆地生态系统的脆弱性分布格局及其区域特点。结果表明,我国自然生态系统气候脆弱 性的总体特点为南低北高、东低西高,气候变化将会增加系统的脆弱性。采用政府间气候变化委员会排放情景特别报告国内和区域资源情景, 即IPCC-SRES-A2气候情景进行的预测模拟表明,到21世纪末我国不脆弱的生态系统比例将减少22%左右,高度脆弱和极度脆弱的生态系统所占的 比例较当前气候条件下分别减少1.3%和0.4%。气候变化对我国陆地生态系统的脆弱性分布格局影响不大。不同气候条件下,高度脆弱和极度脆 弱的自然生态系统主要分布在我国内蒙古、东北和西北等地区的生态过渡带上及荒漠-草地生态系统中。总体而言,华南及西南大部分地区的生 态系统脆弱性将随气候变化而有所增加,而华北及东北地区则有所减小。     

孟印缅地区农田生产力脆弱性变化及气候影响机制——基于1982-2015年GIMMS3g植被指数

农田生产力对气候变化的敏感性决定了其脆弱性,全球气候变暖及极端气候频发将严重影响农业粮食生产,进而将可能影响区域粮食安全。科学评估农田生产力脆弱性并分析其气候影响机制有助于积极应对气候变化,保障区域粮食安全,具有重要的现实和科学意义。以"一带一路"区域的"孟中印缅经济走廊"为研究区,基于1982-2015年卫星遥感数据的归一化植被指数,根据IPCC脆弱性定义,采用年际变率及其变化趋势计算农田生产力对气候变化的敏感性、适应性和脆弱性指数,分时段分析研究区农田生态系统脆弱性空间格局变化及气候影响机制。结果表明：（1）较之1982-2000年,2000-2015年期间研究区农田脆弱性程度略有提升,高度和极度脆弱面积略有增加（分别增加0.42%和1.12%）,但其分布格局发生北移。（2）年降水、年平均气温和年辐射与年累积NDVI间线性回归分析表明,孟加拉和缅甸地区与气候因素显著相关的区域面积在本国农田面积中的比例分别增加21.3%和16.7%,而印度地区减少10.5%,全区减少8.1%;（3）线性回归方程的复相关系数（R²）表征气候变化的解释能力,整个研究区增加12%,其中印度气候解释能力从48%提升至64%,增加16%。（4）农田生产力脆弱性受气候影响的范围略有减小,但影响程度增大,且存在较大的区域性差异;高温和降水季节不均引发的旱涝灾害是农田高脆弱度形成的两个关键气候因素。为该地区农业应对气候变化适应性管理措施的提出及决策提供了科学依据,有效支撑"一带一路"建设;也为其他地区应用卫星遥感开展脆弱性研究提供了方法参考,为生态系统对全球变化响应研究提供重要知识参考。     

基于生态系统演变机理的生态系统脆弱性、适应性与突变理论

随着气候变化影响广度与深度的增加,生态系统脆弱性、适应性与突变理论逐渐被广泛应用到生态学研究领域中,探讨和评估各类生态系统对气候变化的敏感性、脆弱性和适应性,可谋求更好的方式来应对气候变化对区域生态系统带来的深远影响,服务于国家生态系统可持续管理及生态安全建设.虽然相关研究已获取许多进展,区分了气候敏感区和某些生态系统...     

青藏高原高寒生态区生态系统脆弱性时空变化及驱动机制分析

全球气候变化和人类活动胁迫下, 青藏高原高寒生态区的脆弱生态系统正在发生深刻变化。研究在充分考虑研究区生态环境本底特征(高寒、冻融侵蚀、盐渍化、水力侵蚀强烈)的基础上, 引入了极端气候事件因子(极端高温、极端低温、极端降水)和人类活动干扰因子构建了青藏高原高寒区生态系统脆弱性评价体系, 进而对研究区近13 年的生态系统脆弱性时空变化格局及其驱动机制进行了分析。研究结果表明: 青藏高原高寒生态区的生态系统脆弱性总体上属于中度脆弱状态, 其空间分布格局自东南向西北呈现递增趋势; 2000-2013 年, 青藏高原高寒生态区总体的生态系统脆弱性表现为先增加后减小的趋势; 生态系统脆弱性时空变化分异格局与地形、气候(气温、降水等)、人口密度存在显著地相关性。相关研究成果可以为青藏高原脆弱生态环境的保护和修复提供决策支持。     

海南岛生态环境脆弱性评价

基于SOPAC和UNEP所建立的环境脆弱性评价方法,从风险、抵抗力、损害与退化3个方面构建了指标体系和综合指数,对海南岛生态环境脆弱性进行了评价.结果表明：海南岛的生态环境风险处于中等水平,其风险主要源于高强度的人类活动,包括强化农业、大众旅游业、采矿业以及岛上居民和游客所排放的大量固体废弃物等;较大的土地面积、较大的海拔变化幅度、完整的地理板块及丰富的生境类型等自然地理特征,赋予了海南岛较强的生态环境风险抵抗力,但受历史上人为和自然风险的累积影响,海南岛生态系统的损害与退化已较为严重,主要体现在土地退化和生物多样性的丧失等方面;综合考虑风险、抵抗力和损害与退化三方面因素,海南岛生态环境综合脆弱性处于中等水平,部分指标表现出很低的脆弱性,但另一些指标却表现出很高的脆弱性.     

基于灰色三角白化权集对分析模型的喀斯特山区农业生态环境脆弱性评价

生态脆弱性一直是全球变化与可持续发展研究的热点问题,研究农业生态环境脆弱性问题有利于合理利用区域农业资源,提出有效的农业生态环境保护措施。针对农业生态环境脆弱性评价未考虑不同评价级别内各指标之间同、异、反关系,本研究基于灰色三角白化权集对分析(SPA)模型,从生态环境外在脆弱性方面选择人口密度、人均耕地面积、人均造林面积等11个评价指标,对喀斯特山区农业生态环境脆弱性进行评价。结果表明: 研究区农业生态环境比较脆弱,以极度、高度和中度脆弱度为主;极度、高度、中度、轻度和微度农业生态环境脆弱区比例分别为32.4%、14.1%、17.7%、23.6%和12.2%;评价结果与研究区域农业生态环境脆弱性实际状况相符。说明以灰色三角白化权SPA模型评价农业生态环境脆弱性具有可行性,可为农业生态环境脆弱性评价提供一种新的方法和思路。     

近海生态系统健康状况评价的研究进展

在可持续发展观的推动下,水域生态系统健康问题已引起各界的广泛重视.其中,河流、湖泊等水域的健康评价已开展很多,但对近海生态系统健康的研究还处于探讨阶段.本文在调研国内外大量文献的基础上,对近海生态系统健康的概念进行辨析,总结了近海生态系统健康状况评价的方法、指标筛选原则和研究思路等,并系统地列举了近海生态系统状况健康评价的一些相关量化指标.最后,针对目前近海生态系统健康研究领域存在的主要问题,提出了近海生态系统健康研究的发展方向,认为今后开展近海生态系统健康状况评价研究还需在概念及内涵剖析、评价指标筛选、评价尺度选取和评价方法集成等方面进一步加强.     

甘肃省农业生态系统健康评价

通过对农业生态系统的分析,建立了农业生态系统健康状况的评价指标、评价标准及综合评估模型,并运用层次分析法对甘肃省农业生态系统健康状况进行了综合评价。结果表明,除陇南、临夏及甘南农业生态系统处于较健康状况外,其它各地市均处于一般状况。各地区涉及到系统结构的自然环境因子均处于较低水平,其中尤以河西干旱区各地市结构各指数均处于较低值,其结构综合评价值均<2,而其它各生态区虽然结构指数存在差异,但差异不大,除中部的白银市以外,其它地区结构指数综合评价值均达到2以上,其中尤以陇南、甘南较高;从经济状况看,河西干旱区各地市均较处于其它生态区的地市高,而其它地区则相对较低。     

Development and assessment of indices to determine stream fish vulnerability to climate change and habitat alteration

Understanding the future impacts of climate and land use change are critical for long-term biodiversity conservation. We developed and compared two indices to assess the vulnerability of stream fish in Missouri, USA based on species environmental tolerances, rarity, range size, dispersal ability and on the average connectivity of the streams occupied by each species. These two indices differed in how environmental tolerance was classified (i.e., vulnerability to habitat alteration, changes in stream temperature, and changes to flow regimes). Environmental tolerance was classified based on measured species responses to habitat alteration, and extremes in stream temperatures and flow conditions for one index, while environmental tolerance for the second index was based on species’ traits. The indices were compared to determine if vulnerability scores differed by index or state listing status. We also evaluated the spatial distribution of species classified as vulnerable to habitat alteration, changes in stream temperature, and change in flow regimes. Vulnerability scores were calculated for all 133 species with the trait association index, while only 101 species were evaluated using the species response index, because 32 species lacked data to analyze for a response. Scores from the trait association index were greater than the species response index. This is likely due to the species response index's inability to evaluate many rare species, which generally had high vulnerability scores for the trait association index. The indices were consistent in classifying vulnerability to habitat alteration, but varied in their classification of vulnerability due to increases in stream temperature and alterations to flow regimes, likely because extremes in current climate may not fully capture future conditions and their influence on stream fish communities. Both indices showed higher mean vulnerability scores for listed species than unlisted species, which provided a coarse measure of validation. Our indices classified species identified as being in need of conservation by the state of Missouri as highly vulnerable. The distribution of vulnerable species in Missouri showed consistent patterns between indices, with the more forest-dominated, groundwater fed streams in the Ozark subregion generally having higher numbers and proportions of vulnerable species per site than subregions that were agriculturally dominated with more overland flow. These results suggest that both indices will identify similar habitats as conservation action targets despite discrepancies in the classification of vulnerable species. Our vulnerability assessment provides a framework that can be refined and used in other regions.     

The use of specialisation indices to predict vulnerability of coral‐feeding butterflyfishes to environmental change

In the absence of detailed assessments of extinction risk, ecological specialisation is often used as a proxy of vulnerability to environmental disturbances and extinction risk. Numerous indices can be used to estimate specialisation; however, the utility of these different indices to predict vulnerability to future environmental change is unknown. Here we compare the performance of specialisation indices using coral‐feeding butterflyfishes as a model group. Our aims were to 1) quantify the dietary preferences of three butterflyfish species across habitats with differing levels of resource availability; 2) investigate how estimates of dietary specialisation vary with the use of different specialisation indices; 3) determine which specialisation indices best inform predictions of vulnerability to environmental change; and 4) assess the utility of resource selection functions to inform predictions of vulnerability to environmental change. The relative level of dietary specialisation estimated for all three species varied when different specialisation indices were used, indicating that the choice of index can have a considerable impact upon estimates of specialisation. Specialisation indices that do not consider resource abundance may fail to distinguish species that primarily use common resources from species that actively target resources disproportionately more than they are available. Resource selection functions provided the greatest insights into the potential response of species to changes in resource availability. Examination of resource selection functions, in addition to specialisation indices, indicated that Chaetodon trifascialis was the most specialised feeder, with highly conserved dietary preferences across all sites, suggesting that this species is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate‐induced coral loss on reefs. Our results indicate that vulnerability assessments based on some specialisation indices may be misleading and the best estimates of dietary specialisation will be provided by indices which incorporate resource availability measures, as well as assessing responses of species to changes in resource availability.     

Sustainable livelihood framework-based indicators for assessing climate change vulnerability and adaptation for Himalayan communities

This study evaluated the climate change vulnerability of Himalayan communities, and their potential to adapt to these changes, through assessing their perceived reactions and counter-actions to climate change. The evaluation was conducted through proposing and testing indices for vulnerability (Climate Vulnerability Index – CVI) and adaptation (Current Adaptive Capacity Index – CACI) based on the assumption that a community is an active dynamic entity and has tremendous capability to address the impacts of climate change through an ability to make adjustments based on perceived experiences. Both CVI and CACI include the five forms of capital leading to sustainable livelihood, i.e. human, natural, financial, social and physical capital, and were assessed for each of these forms of capital based on the IPCC framework of vulnerability assessment and its three dimensions (exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity). Data for the analysis were collected from randomly selected households located away from district headquarters (ADH) and near district headquarters (NDH). Each dimension was measured based on associated socio-environment-specific indicators for assessing vulnerability and sustainability at community level. The results showed that ADH households had higher human capital and natural capital vulnerability than NDH households. In contrast, NDH households had higher social capital and financial capital vulnerability than ADH households. Overall, ADH households had greater vulnerability than NDH households.These results improve understanding of the environmental and socio-economic changes affecting rural livelihoods and the measures needed to address their specific vulnerabilities by addressing bottlenecks in education and training facilities for skill up-grading, increasing interaction opportunities through local functions and creating opportunities for income generation and effective market and farm linkages. An attempt was made to reduce the gap between bottom-up understanding and top-down policies by suggesting precautionary and ongoing adaptation practices for the communities studied, leading to effective and efficient addressal of vulnerabilities. Vulnerability in the study context was taken to mean externally driven change leading to disturbance in the human environment that could alter internal and external livelihood settings.     

Bringing indices of species vulnerability to climate change into geographic space: an assessment across the Coronado national forest

Indices that rate the vulnerability of species to climate change in a given area are increasingly used to inform conservation and climate change adaptation strategies. These species vulnerability indices (SVI) are not commonly associated with landscape features that may affect local-scale vulnerability. To do so would increase their utility by allowing managers to examine how the distributions of vulnerable species coincide with environmental features such as topography and land use, and to detect landscape-scale patterns of vulnerability across species. In this study we evaluated 15 animal species that had been scored with the USDA-Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station’s system for assessing vulnerability of species to climate change. We applied the vulnerability scores to each species’ respective habitat models in order to visualize the spatial patterns of cross-species vulnerability across the biologically diverse Coronado national forest, and to identify the considerations of spatially referencing such indices. Across the study extent, cross-species vulnerability was higher in higher-elevation woodlands and lower in desert scrub. The results of spatially referencing SVI scores may vary according to the species examined, the area of interest, the selection of habitat models, and the method by which cross-species vulnerability indices are created. We show that it is simple and constructive to bring species vulnerability indices into geographic space: landscape-scale patterns of vulnerability can be detected, and relevant ecological and socioeconomic contexts can be taken into account, allowing for more robust conservation and management strategies.     

中国蚕桑生态系统能值分析

蚕桑生态系统是我国农业生态系统的重要组成部分.本文采用能值评估原理和方法,系统研究了中国蚕桑生态系统的内部结构及其与外界自然、环境、经济之间的关系,定量计算了反映中国蚕桑生态系统的能值指标,并与中国农业生态系统相比较.结果表明,中国蚕桑生态系统能值投入率(EIR)为3.78,能值产出率(EYR)为4.68,环境负载率(ELR)为0.18,系统能值可持续指标(ESI)为26.0,表明中国蚕桑生态系统环境压力小,生态效益良好,但需进一步提升科技水平,以降低劳动力投入,促进蚕桑资源综合利用.     

Morphological and Stress Vulnerability Indices for Human Coronary Plaques and Their Correlations with Cap Thickness and Lipid Percent: An IVUS-Based Fluid-Structure Interaction Multi-patient Study

Plaque vulnerability, defined as the likelihood that a plaque would rupture, is difficult to quantify due to lack of in vivo plaque rupture data. Morphological and stress-based plaque vulnerability indices were introduced as alternatives to obtain quantitative vulnerability assessment. Correlations between these indices and key plaque features were investigated. In vivo intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) data were acquired from 14 patients and IVUS-based 3D fluid-structure interaction (FSI) coronary plaque models with cyclic bending were constructed to obtain plaque wall stress/strain and flow shear stress for analysis. For the 617 slices from the 14 patients, lipid percentage, min cap thickness, critical plaque wall stress (CPWS), strain (CPWSn) and flow shear stress (CFSS) were recorded, and cap index, lipid index and morphological index were assigned to each slice using methods consistent with American Heart Association (AHA) plaque classification schemes. A stress index was introduced based on CPWS. Linear Mixed-Effects (LME) models were used to analyze the correlations between the mechanical and morphological indices and key morphological factors associated with plaque rupture. Our results indicated that for all 617 slices, CPWS correlated with min cap thickness, cap index, morphological index with r = -0.6414, 0.7852, and 0.7411 respectively (p<0.0001). The correlation between CPWS and lipid percentage, lipid index were weaker (r = 0.2445, r = 0.2338, p<0.0001). Stress index correlated with cap index, lipid index, morphological index positively with r = 0.8185, 0.3067, and 0.7715, respectively, all with p<0.0001. For all 617 slices, the stress index has 66.77% agreement with morphological index. Morphological and stress indices may serve as quantitative plaque vulnerability assessment supported by their strong correlations with morphological features associated with plaque rupture. Differences between the two indices may lead to better plaque assessment schemes when both indices were jointly used with further validations from clinical studies.     

中国农业生态系统的生产潜力和人口承载力

中国农业生态系统的生产潜力和人口承载力是全球关注的问题。本研究将农业生态系统的生产潜力定义为由生物遗传特性和4大宏观生态条件(太阳辐射、温度、水资源和土地资源)共同决定的生产力上限;以无机环境-第一性生产-第二性生产之间的结构适应性和能量-物质流平衡为主线,发展了对农业生态系统生产潜力和人口承载力的综合评价模型,它包括第一性生产潜力子模型和第二性生产潜力与人口承载力优化子模型;并应用该模型把中国农业生态系统分为603个区域单元,进行第一性生产潜力,第二性生产潜力和人口承载力的评价。     

天山北坡生态经济的脆弱性

根据脆弱性的理论内涵,以土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务功能变化为影响力;从资源、经济与社会发展水平三方面选取了14个指标,利用层次分析法、模糊综合评价法确定了社会经济系统的适应能力.在此基础上,应用GIS等手段评价了天山北坡15个市、县生态经济的脆弱性.按级数越大,区域越具有脆弱性的原则,将研究区的生态经济脆弱性划分为5级：一级区为乌苏市和昌吉市;二级区包括呼图壁县、米泉县、阜康市、吉木萨尔县、奇台县和木垒县;三级区为克拉玛依市和乌鲁木齐市:四级区为奎屯市和沙湾县;五级区包括精河县、石河子市和玛纳斯县.生态经济系统脆弱性是区域生态环境变化与社会经济发展的综合反映,脆弱性评估是深化可持续发展理论研究的重要途径.各区域应以降低区域脆弱性为目标,从自身脆弱性影响因素入手制定生态经济协调发展策略,以促进区域的可持续发展.