黄土高原半干旱区不同苜蓿-作物种植方式下土壤线虫群落组成及代谢足迹

线虫群落在土壤生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中起着重要的作用。本研究以宁夏南部山区3种苜蓿-作物种植方式[苜蓿连作(A-A)、苜蓿-玉米轮作(A-C)、苜蓿-马铃薯轮作(A-P)]为对象,探讨不同种植方式下土壤理化性质、线虫群落组成结构及代谢足迹特征,评价黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿-作物种植方式对土壤食物网结构和功能的影响。结果表明: 1)与苜蓿连作相比,苜蓿-玉米和苜蓿-马铃薯轮作方式下土壤有机碳含量分别增加了4.6%、7.4%,全氮含量分别增加了4.0%、5.2%,土壤微生物生物量碳和氮也有显著提高;2)在苜蓿连作方式下,线虫总多度为211 条·100 g^-1干土,植食线虫为优势营养类群(35.7%),而在苜蓿-玉米和苜蓿-马铃薯轮作方式下,土壤线虫总多度较苜蓿连作有所增加(分别增加49.5%、93.7%),捕-杂食线虫成为优势营养类群(所占比例分别为45.7%、37.6%);3)相较于苜蓿连作,苜蓿-作物轮作方式下,植物寄生线虫指数(PPI)显著降低,表明植物寄生线虫在土壤食物网中的危害减轻;而线虫通路指数(NCR)有所增加,表明苜蓿-作物轮作方式下,土壤有机质分解过程中细菌分解作用进一步增强;4)苜蓿-作物轮作方式下,土壤线虫成熟度指数(MI)及其复合足迹、富集足迹、结构足迹均显著提高,土壤线虫的生产力和代谢活性显著增强,线虫群落的结构和功能更为成熟稳定。研究表明,相比苜蓿连作,苜蓿-作物轮作改善了土壤养分状况,使得土壤食物网的资源输入和能量利用效率均有所增加,受干扰程度显著降低,土壤生态系统更为稳定健康,因而有利于农业的可持续发展。     

不同植物群丛下铜尾矿复垦地土壤线虫的分布特征

对铜陵市凤凰山铜尾矿复垦地禾本科(矛叶荩草AL、白茅IC)和豆科(野豌豆GS)等3类典型植物群丛及外围对照禾本科(毛马唐)植物群丛下的土壤线虫群落进行调查.共分离得到1277 条土壤线虫,隶属于51属,平均密度590条·100 g^-1干土.采用多样性指数和土壤食物网结构指数等分析铜尾矿复垦地土壤线虫群落的分布特征.结果表明： 铜尾矿复垦地3类植物群丛下土壤线虫群落的类群总数和Shannon〖KG-*4〗多样性指数明显小于毛马唐对照组.对比铜尾矿复垦地和邻近自然栖息地不同植物群丛下的土壤线虫群落生态指数,发现野豌豆群丛下土壤食物网结构较成熟,土壤有机质分解以细菌分解通道为主;生态系统较不稳定,低度干扰;表明该豆科植物群丛下的土壤食物网具有较大的发展潜力,从而提高铜尾矿复垦地的生态稳定性.白茅与矛叶荩草群丛下土壤食物网处于结构化状态,土壤有机质分解以真菌分解通道为主;生态系统较稳定,无干扰;表明禾本科植物群丛下的土壤食物网处于较低层次的发展状态.     

Soil Nematode Responses to Crop Management and Conversion to Native Grasses

Soil nematode community response to treatments of three, four-year crop rotations (spring wheat-pea-spring wheat-flax, spring wheat-green manure-spring wheat-flax, and spring wheat-alfalfa-alfalfa-flax) under conventional and organic management, and native tall grass restoration (restored prairie) were assessed in June 2003, and July and August 2004. The research site was the Glenlea Long-term Rotation and Crop Management Study, in the Red River Valley, Manitoba, established in 1992. The nematode community varied more with sample occasion than management and rotation. The restored prairie favored high colonizer-persister (c-p) value omnivores and carnivores, and fungivores but less bacterivores. The restored prairie soil food web was highly structured, mature and low-to-moderately enriched as indicated by structure (SI), maturity (MI) and enrichment (EI) index values, respectively. Higher abundance of fungivores and channel index (CI) values suggested fungal-dominated decomposition. Nematode diversity was low even after more than a decade of restoration. A longer time may be required to attain higher diversity for this restored fragmented prairie site distant from native prairies. No consistent differences were found between organic and conventional management for nematode trophic abundance, with the exception of enrichment opportunists of the c-p 1 group which were favored by conventional management. Although EI was lower and SI was higher for organic than conventional their absolute values suggested decomposition channels to be primarily bacterial, and fewer trophic links with both management scenarios. A high abundance of fungivores in the rotation including the green manure indicates greater fungal decomposition.     

锦鸡儿属灌丛化对草原化荒漠区土壤线虫群落组成和代谢足迹的影响

调查了内蒙古草原化荒漠区3种锦鸡儿[垫状锦鸡儿(Caragana tibetica)、荒漠锦鸡儿(C.roborovskyi)和狭叶锦鸡儿(C.stenophylla)]灌丛内、外土壤线虫群落多样性、组成和代谢足迹,以及相关的土壤理化性质和植物群落特征,旨在探讨锦鸡儿属灌丛对土壤线虫群落的影响,并分析这种影响是否具有灌木种间差异,同时从线虫功能团水平上探究灌丛如何通过非生物因素和生物因素影响线虫群落组成。结果表明：锦鸡儿属灌丛对土壤线虫多度、丰富度和多样性无显著影响,但却显著影响土壤线虫群落组成。原因是灌丛对土壤线虫群落具有物种选择性;灌丛可能主要是通过根系分泌物、凋落物质量等因素,而不是通过土壤理化性质和林下植物影响线虫群落组成。土壤线虫组成的变化引起线虫代谢足迹发生明显变化。灌丛内土壤线虫功能代谢足迹大于灌丛外(除狭叶锦鸡儿外),说明灌丛内土壤线虫群落对碳的利用率更高。3种锦鸡儿属灌木中,狭叶锦鸡儿的结构代谢足迹最大,表明狭叶锦鸡儿对捕食杂食类线虫代谢活性的促进作用更强。土壤线虫组成的变化通过线虫代谢足迹导致土壤食物网结构发生显著性变化。狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤干扰程度低,营养富集状况好...     

青海海北植物群落类型与土壤线虫群落相互关系

土壤线虫是良好的指示生物, 是植物群落演替的重要驱动力, 其生态功能影响着生态系统正常生态效应的发挥。该研究以海北矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸、西藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸、暗褐薹草(Carex atrofusca)沼泽化草甸和金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛4种不同植物群落类型的土壤线虫为研究对象, 研究不同植物群落类型下的土壤线虫群落组成、分布特征、物种多样性及其营养类群组成, 分析植物类群结构与土壤线虫群落之间的相关性。主要研究结果: (1)在4种植物群落土壤样本中共分离线虫3 800条, 分属于2纲5目15科30属, 线虫平均个体密度为每100 g干土580条, 随土壤深度增加而递减, 具有明显的表聚性。不同植物群落间的土壤线虫群落组成存在一定差异, 矮生嵩草草甸0-40 cm土壤线虫总数(1 811条·392.5 cm^-3)显著高于其他植物群落类型, 暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸的土壤线虫总数最少(324条·392.5 cm^-3)。4种植物群落下土壤线虫的优势属和营养类群组成存在差异, 这种差异在矮生嵩草草甸与暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸之间表现得尤为明显。 (2)不同植物群落下土壤线虫的多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J′)均为金露梅灌丛最高, 暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸最低, 其两种植物群落间H′差异显著, 而优势度指数(λ)相反, 为暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸最高, 金露梅灌丛最低。表明金露梅灌丛土壤线虫群落多样性最高, 暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸土壤线虫群落多样性最低, 土壤线虫群落趋于单一化。4种植物群落土壤有机质的分解途径均以细菌通道为主。西藏嵩草沼泽化草甸的瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)显著高于矮生嵩草草甸, 表明从高寒沼泽化草甸过渡到高寒灌丛、高寒草甸, 土壤肥力不断降低, 沼泽化草甸有利于食微生物线虫的生长。暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸的植物寄生线虫指数(PPI)、成熟度指数(MI)均表现为最低, 表明其生态系统的成熟度较低, 这与暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸土壤含水量较高有关。不同植物群落下的富集指数(EI)、结构指数(SI)均为暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸最高, 由此可以看出暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸的食物网相对连通性较高, 食物链较长, 食物网的阻力相对较小。(3)主成分分析(PCA)结果显示4种植物群落最大贡献属不同。相关性分析表明: 食细菌性线虫数量与西藏嵩草沼泽化草甸有显著的正相关关系; 金露梅灌丛的植物多样性与线虫的H′、J′有显著的负相关关系, 与λ则有显著的正相关关系; WI与矮生嵩草草甸的植物多样性有显著的正相关关系, PPI与矮生嵩草草甸的物种多样性指数有显著的负相关关系。综上所述, 植物群落深刻地影响着土壤线虫群落的多样性。     

Influence of ecological and edaphic factors on biodiversity of soil nematodes

Nematodes are the most diverse and highly significant group of soil-inhabiting microorganisms that play a vital role in organic material decomposition and nutrient recycling.Diverse geographical locations and environmental gradients show a significant impact on the diversity of nematodes. Present study aims to assess the effects of ecological (altitude, temperature, moisture) and edaphic (soil pH, nutrients, soil patches) factors on the soil nematode diversity and structure at five different landscape patches (forests, apple orchards, rice fields, pastures, and alpine zone) from ten different sites of Kashmir valley (India). Differences in the altitudinal gradients results in the shift of generic nematode population. Among the soil patches, highest nematode diversity was observed in forest soil and least in alpine soil; however, bacteriovorous nematodes dominated all the soil patches. The temperature and moisture have a significant effect on nematode diversity, the highest nematode trophic levels were observed above 21°C temperature, and 30% moisture. Nematode abundance decreased from alkaline to acidic pH of the soil. Soil nutrients such as, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have shown a detrimental effect in nematode richness at each site, where nematode diversity and richness of genera were higher at abundant soil N and P but decreased at low soil nutrients. Ecological indices like diversity index (DI), Shannon-Wiener Index (H'), enrichment index (EI), and maturity Index (MI) values demonstrated forest soil more favourable for nematodes and high soil health status than other soil patches. This study suggested that these indices may be helpful as soil monitoring tools and assessing ecosystem sustainability and biodiversity.     

线虫群落对抚顺煤矸石山周边土壤可溶性盐污染的响应

于2006年5月对抚顺西露天矿西舍场煤矸石山周边的次生盐渍化样地进行可溶性盐含量和土壤线虫调查,经淘洗-过筛-离心漂浮法提取土壤线虫,应用线虫多样性指数和功能类群指数研究该区域土壤线虫群落的特征及差异。研究结果表明,抚顺西露天矿西舍场矸石山周围环境受到了煤矸石风化产生的以硫酸钠为主的可溶性盐污染, 但污染程度不高,土壤整体健康状况良好;共鉴定出线虫29属,其中Acrobeloides、Cervidellus 和Mesorhabtidis为优势属,随采样点距矸石山距离的增加线虫优势属也有所变化;研究区域中食细菌线虫和植物寄生线虫的绝对丰度高于食真菌线虫和捕食-杂食线虫的绝对丰度;土壤pH、矿化度、HCO₃^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-与线虫生态指数间存在显著相关关系。因此,通过开展线虫群落对土壤可溶性盐污染的响应研究,能为促进土壤生态系统健康发展提供科学依据。     

Response of soil nematode community structure and diversity to long-term land use in the black soil region in China

Soil nematodes are sensitive to environmental changes and are used widely as indicators of soil conditions. The community structure and diversity of soil nematodes were studied in different long-term land use regimes in the black soil area in Northeast China. The land use regimes were maintained for 22?years, and included crop land (CL), grass land (GL) and bare land (BL). Soil samples were taken throughout the growing season, and nematodes were extracted and identified. A total of 39 nematode genera with relative abundance over 0.1?% were identified. Heterodera was the dominant genus in CL; Boleodorus was the dominant genus in GL, and Boleodorus, Eucephalobus and Filenchus were the dominant genera in BL. Land use had a significant effect on abundance of all soil nematode tropic groups and ecological indices. Sampling time had an effect on soil nematode abundance, but only on three of the eight nematode ecological indices MI (maturity index of free-living nematode), CI (channel index) and EI (enrichment index). SR (species richness index) was highest in GL where plant species diversity was also high. The CI was the highest in BL among three land uses, which means the soil food web dominated, with fungal decomposition channels in BL. Soil nematode community structure and diversity was shown to be an effective and informative tool for analyzing ecological aspects of land use in black soil regions. The data are inconclusive as to whether the effect of land use on soil nematode parameters is direct, or indirect via inducing changes in soil physicochemical properties.     

雪被厚度对色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤线虫群落的影响

为了解雪被覆盖对青藏高原高寒森林土壤线虫群落的影响,选取藏东南色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林为研究区,采用高通量测序技术分析不同雪被厚度0、10、20、30 cm下土壤线虫群落特征。结果表明：随着雪被增厚,有机质和全氮含量显著降低(P<0.05),全钾含量显著升高(P<0.05)。雪被增厚对线虫群落Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数以及成熟度指数、线虫通路比值(NCR)均未产生显著影响,但NCR值有升高的趋势。雪被增厚使刺嘴纲(Enoplea)及食细菌性线虫的相对丰度增多,同时使20 cm和30 cm雪被下土壤线虫群落结构发生显著变化(P<0.05)。土壤有机质、全氮和全钾含量是影响土壤线虫群落的最关键的3个土壤环境因子。研究表明雪被厚度会对青藏高原色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤线虫群落产生影响,雪被增厚意味着较为稳定和温暖的土壤环境,利于土壤细菌数量增加,继而利于土壤有机质分解及钾的释放,为刺嘴纲及食细菌性线虫的增多提供了资源与环境条件。目前仍需对青藏高原地区土壤进行系统调查,以更深入的了解该生态脆弱区土壤线虫分布及其响应环境变化的规律。     

Nitrogen Addition Regulates Soil Nematode Community Composition through Ammonium Suppression

Nitrogen (N) enrichment resulting from anthropogenic activities has greatly changed the composition and functioning of soil communities. Nematodes are one of the most abundant and diverse groups of soil organisms, and they occupy key trophic positions in the soil detritus food web. Nematodes have therefore been proposed as useful indicators for shifts in soil ecosystem functioning under N enrichment. Here, we monitored temporal dynamics of the soil nematode community using a multi-level N addition experiment in an Inner Mongolia grassland. Measurements were made three years after the start of the experiment. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the mechanisms regulating nematode responses to N enrichment. Across the N enrichment gradient, significant reductions in total nematode abundance, diversity (H' and taxonomic richness), maturity index (MI), and the abundance of root herbivores, fungivores and omnivores-predators were found in August. Root herbivores recovered in September, contributing to the temporal variation of total nematode abundance across the N gradient. Bacterivores showed a hump-shaped relationship with N addition rate, both in August and September. Ammonium concentration was negatively correlated with the abundance of total and herbivorous nematodes in August, but not in September. Ammonium suppression explained 61% of the variation in nematode richness and 43% of the variation in nematode trophic group composition. Ammonium toxicity may occur when herbivorous nematodes feed on root fluid, providing a possible explanation for the negative relationship between herbivorous nematodes and ammonium concentration in August. We found a significantly positive relationship between fungivores and fungal phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), suggesting bottom-up control of fungivores. No such relationship was found between bacterivorous nematodes and bacterial PLFA. Our findings contribute to the understanding of effects of N enrichment in semiarid grassland on soil nematode trophic groups, and the cascading effects in the detrital soil food web.     

新疆长期棉花连作对土壤理化性状与线虫群落的影响

土壤线虫群落特征是评价和指示土壤生态系统健康状况的重要依据。本研究选取不同连作年限(5、10、15、20和25年)的棉田为样地,采用高通量测序技术,探究土壤性状和线虫群落对棉田长期连作的响应。结果表明: 棉田连作10～15年后,土壤pH、电导率显著升高,有机碳、全氮、有效磷、有效钾、硝态氮含量和土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)显著降低。在连作棉田中共鉴定出土壤线虫3纲7目18科25属,其中螺旋属在不同连作年限的棉田土壤中均为优势属;土壤植物寄生类线虫在不同连作年限中均为优势营养类群,呈现先降低后增加的趋势,连作25年较其他连作年限植物寄生类线虫增加9.1%～208.6%,其中螺旋属线虫增加了392%。随着连作年限的增加,矮化属、茎属、Discopersicus、中环属和中轮属等植物寄生类线虫被检出。连作15年的棉田土壤中,土壤线虫丰富度指数和自由生活线虫成熟度指数显著降低,植物寄生线虫成熟度指数/自由生活线虫成熟度指数显著升高,Shannon多样性指数和瓦斯乐斯卡指数最低;有效磷和MBC是影响土壤线虫群落变化的主要环境因子。这说明棉田连作10～15年会发生土壤养分失衡,土壤线虫多样性降低,土壤食物网稳定性变差,棉花致病类植物寄生线虫增加,产生连作障碍。     

线虫区系分析指示土壤食物网结构和功能研究进展

土壤食物网结构复杂,功能众多,直接测定土壤食物网各功能群生物量并结合数学模型来推断土壤食物网结构和功能,工作量大且分析过程繁琐。线虫生态学的发展为土壤食物网的研究开辟了一条新的思路,即利用线虫区系分析来定性推断食物网的结构和功能。线虫作为土壤中数量最丰富的后生动物,占据着土壤食物网的中心位置,其物种多样性、食性多样性、生活史策略多样性、功能团多样性奠定了其作为土壤食物网结构和功能指示生物的生态学基础。线虫区系分析根据发展历史可以分为个体分类、生活史策略分类、功能团分类和代谢足迹分类四个时期,其中后两个时期主要用于推断土壤食物网结构和功能。基于功能团的线虫区系分析将线虫的食性和生活史策略结合起来,发展出一系列指数来判断土壤食物网的连通性、食物网链长度、外界养分投入情况、分解途径及对外界干扰的响应等。基于代谢足迹的线虫区系分析在功能团分析基础上,加入线虫能流分析,从而定性反映了土壤食物网功能的大小。两者在指示土壤食物网自下而上调节及对植物线虫控制等方面起着重要的作用。     

Granite Rock Outcrops: An Extreme Environment for Soil Nematodes?

We studied soil nematode communities from the surface of granite flatrock outcrops in the eastern Piedmont region of the United States. The thin soils that develop here experience high light intensity and extreme fluctuations in temperature and moisture and host unique plant communities. We collected soils from outcrop microsites in Virginia (VA) and North Carolina (NC) in various stages of succession (Primitive, Minimal, and Mature) and compared soil properties and nematode communities to those of adjacent forest soils. Nematodes were present in most outcrop soils, with densities comparable to forest soils (P > 0.05). Nematode communities in Mature and Minimal soils had lower species richness than forest soils (P < 0.05) and contained more bacterial-feeders and fewer fungal-feeders (P < 0.05). Primitive soils contained either no nematodes (NC) or only a single species (Mesodorylaimus sp., VA). Nematode communities were similar between Mature and Minimal soils, according to trophic group representation, MI, PPI, EI, SI, and CI (P > 0.05). Forest soils had a higher PPI value (P < 0.05), but otherwise community indices were similar to outcrop soils (P > 0.05). Outcrop nematode communities failed to group together in a Bray-Curtis cluster analysis, indicating higher variability in community structure than the Forest soils, which did cluster together. A high proportion of the nematodes were extracted from outcrop soils in coiled form (33-89%), indicating that they used anhydrobiosis to persist in this unique environment.     

Changes in plant species richness induce functional shifts in soil nematode communities in experimental grassland

Background

Changes in plant diversity may induce distinct changes in soil food web structure and accompanying soil feedbacks to plants. However, knowledge of the long-term consequences of plant community simplification for soil animal food webs and functioning is scarce. Nematodes, the most abundant and diverse soil Metazoa, represent the complexity of soil food webs as they comprise all major trophic groups and allow calculation of a number of functional indices.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We studied the functional composition of nematode communities three and five years after establishment of a grassland plant diversity experiment (Jena Experiment). In response to plant community simplification common nematode species disappeared and pronounced functional shifts in community structure occurred. The relevance of the fungal energy channel was higher in spring 2007 than in autumn 2005, particularly in species-rich plant assemblages. This resulted in a significant positive relationship between plant species richness and the ratio of fungal-to-bacterial feeders. Moreover, the density of predators increased significantly with plant diversity after five years, pointing to increased soil food web complexity in species-rich plant assemblages. Remarkably, in complex plant communities the nematode community shifted in favour of microbivores and predators, thereby reducing the relative abundance of plant feeders after five years.

Conclusions/Significance

The results suggest that species-poor plant assemblages may suffer from nematode communities detrimental to plants, whereas species-rich plant assemblages support a higher proportion of microbivorous nematodes stimulating nutrient cycling and hence plant performance; i.e. effects of nematodes on plants may switch from negative to positive. Overall, food web complexity is likely to decrease in response to plant community simplification and results of this study suggest that this results mainly from the loss of common species which likely alter plant – nematode interactions.     

长期施用不同无机肥对旱地红壤线虫群落的影响

红壤生态系统中土壤生物群落对于维持土壤功能的正常发挥具有重要作用.本研究基于持续25年的红壤旱地化肥定位试验,研究不同无机肥组合,包括氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾补充石膏(NPKCaS)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)和磷钾(PK)对花生生长季土壤线虫群落的影响.结果表明： 土壤线虫总数、营养类群以及各生态指数在处理间差异显著(P<0.01).线虫总数由高到低的顺序为PK>NPKCaS>NPK>NP>NK.除5月外,NPK、NP、NK处理的线虫总数均显著低于NPKCaS和PK处理.NPKCaS处理的优势类群为食细菌线虫,平均丰度为42.1%,其他处理均以植食性线虫为优势营养类群,其平均丰度为38%~65%.NPKCaS处理线虫群落较高的成熟度指数、瓦斯乐斯卡指数和结构指数说明土壤食物网结构较为成熟和稳定,同时表明氮磷钾补充石膏通过缓解土壤酸化创建了良好的土壤健康状况.仅施氮钾的处理则相反.本研究证实了施用石膏和磷肥是改善红壤质量的有效措施,土壤线虫群落分析能较好地反映不同无机肥对红壤旱地生态系统的影响.
     

地上部植食者褐飞虱对不同水稻品种土壤线虫群落的影响

地上和地下部生物群落的交互作用对于调控陆地生态过程具有重要作用。在盆栽条件下利用2×2析因设计研究了褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)取食不同水稻品种后对土壤线虫群落的影响。结果表明, 褐飞虱侵害水稻9 d后, 感虫品种(广四和汕优63)的土壤线虫总数、属数及自生线虫(食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫和捕食性线虫)数量增加, 并且一般达到显著水平(P<0.05); 而上述指标在抗虫品种(汕优559和IR36)土壤中则呈现相反的趋势。植食性线虫数量在强感虫品种广四上显著增加(P<0.05), 而在强抗虫品种IR36上显著减少(P<0.05)。褐飞虱和水稻品种对土壤线虫的生态指数(线虫通道指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、成熟度指数、富集指数和结构指数)没有明显影响, 可能与供试土壤线虫群落组成单一及褐飞虱作用时间较短有关。总之, 褐飞虱强烈影响土壤线虫数量、群落组成和营养结构, 并且作用的方向(促进或抑制)和程度依赖于水稻的品种特性, 揭示出地上部植食者的短期侵害将对稻田土壤生态系统的结构和功能产生深远影响。     

黄土高原半干旱区不同林龄柠条人工林土壤线虫群落特征

为了解柠条人工林对半干旱地区脆弱生态环境的改善作用,在黄土高原柠条种植的重点区域——宁夏南部山区,选取4个林龄(4、14、24和34年生)的柠条人工林作为对象,调查林中土壤线虫群落的组成、结构与多样性特征,并分析它们与土壤理化性质之间的关系,探明黄土高原半干旱区柠条林植被恢复过程中土壤线虫群落的演变特征及其环境影响因素...     

Plant species identity and diversity effects on different trophic levels of nematodes in the soil food web

Previous studies on biodiversity and soil food web composition have mentioned plant species identity, as well as plant species diversity as the main factors affecting the abundance and diversity of soil organisms. However, most studies have been carried out under limitations of time, space, or appropriate controls. In order to further examine the relation between plant species diversity and the soil food web, we conducted a three-year semi-field experiment in which eight plant species (4 forb and 4 grass species) were grown in monocultures and mixtures of two, four and eight plant species. In addition there were communities with 16 plant species. We analyzed the abundance and identity of the nematodes in soil and roots, including feeding groups from various trophic levels (primary and secondary consumers, carnivores, and omnivores) in the soil food web.
Plant species diversity and plant identity affected the diversity of nematodes. The effect of plant diversity was attributed to the complementarity in resource quality of the component plant species rather than to an increase in total resource quantity. The nematode diversity varied more between the different plant species than between different levels of plant species diversity, so that plant identity is more important than plant diversity. Nevertheless the nematode diversity in plant mixtures was higher than in any of the plant monocultures, due to the reduced dominance of the most abundant nematode taxa in the mixed plant communities. Plant species identity affected the abundances of the lower trophic consumer levels more than the higher trophic levels of nematodes. Plant species diversity and plant biomass did not affect nematode abundance. Our results, therefore, support the hypothesis that resource quality is more important than resource quantity for the diversity of soil food web components and that plant species identity is more important than plant diversity per se.     

川西亚高山/高山森林土壤线虫多样性

为了解青藏高原东缘亚高山/高山森林土壤线虫多样性,于2015年7月以该地区岷江冷杉原始林、混交林和次生林为研究对象,采用淘洗-过筛-蔗糖离心的方法分离土壤线虫,研究了3个海拔森林土壤线虫群落的组成与结构特征.结果表明: 共捕获线虫37950条,隶属于20科27属,平均为4217 条·100 g^-1干土,原始林以丝尾垫刃属为优势属,混交林和次生林以丝尾垫刃属和拟盘旋属为优势属,且优势属个体数量受林型的影响显著.原始林和次生林的优势营养类群为食真菌线虫,混交林则为食细菌线虫.土壤线虫c-p (colonizer-persister)类群c-p 1、c-p 2、 c-p 3和c-p 4数量分别占总数的6.1%、51.1%、30.0%和12.7%.3个海拔森林土壤线虫的自由生活线虫成熟度指数(MI)、总成熟度指数(∑MI)和植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)随海拔增加而逐渐降低.土壤线虫通路指数(NCR)在混交林高于0.5,在原始林和次生林低于0.5.林型显著影响了土壤线虫成熟度和NCR指数,但林型、土层及二者的交互作用对多样性指数影响不显著.川西亚高山/高山不同森林土壤线虫的组成、营养结构和能流通道存在明显差异,为深入理解土壤线虫在该区森林土壤生态过程中的作用提供了参考.     

乔木根系和凋落物对南亚热带3种人工林土壤线虫群落的差异化影响

根系分泌物和凋落物为土壤食物网提供了基础的养分资源。然而,不同树种纯林和混交林地下根系和地上凋落物对土壤线虫群落的影响机制尚不清楚。2019年9月在广西凭祥热带林业实验中心选取格木(Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.)纯林、马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)纯林和格木×马尾松混交林3种林分类型,分别设置对照、阻断乔木根系、去除地上凋落物和阻断乔木根系并去除地上凋落物四组实验处理,于2021年3月对3种林分类型不同处理下的土壤线虫群落和土壤理化性质进行了调查。研究结果表明,无论哪种林分类型,阻断根系改变了土壤线虫群落的营养类群组成,显著降低了食真菌线虫相对多度,增加了植物寄生线虫相对多度;去除凋落物显著降低了土壤线虫密度、类群数、线虫通路比值和结构指数,增加了基础指数,表明去除凋落物降低了土壤食物网的稳定性。无论哪种林分类型,人工林中树木地下根系输入是构建土壤线虫群落营养类群组成的主要驱动因素,地上凋落物在维持土壤食物网稳定性方面发挥着重要的作用。此外,阻断根系和去除凋落物对混交林中土壤线虫群落没有显著的影响,表明含固氮树种的格木×马尾松混交林比人工...