东北东部森林生态系统土壤碳贮量和碳通量

土壤碳是高纬度地区森林生态系统最大的碳库,是森林生态系统碳循环的极其重要组分。研究了东北东部典型的6种次生林生态系统(天然蒙古栎林、杨桦林、杂木林、硬阔叶林、红松人工林和落叶松人工林)的土壤碳动态,包括(1)量化土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、碳密度及周转时间,(2)比较不同森林生态系统的土壤表面CO2通量(RS)年通量差异,(3)建立RS年通量及其分量与SOC的量化关系。研究结果表明:阔叶天然次生林和针叶人工林的SOC含量变化范围分别为52.63~66.29 g.kg-1和42.15~49.15 g.kg-1;平均SOC密度分别为15.57和17.16 kg.m-2;平均SOC周转时间分别为32a和48a。各个生态系统的RS依次为杂木林951 gC.m-2.a-1、硬阔叶林892 gC.m-2.-a 1、杨桦林812 gC.m-2.-a 1、蒙古栎林678gC.m-2.-a 1、红松林596 gC.m-2.-a 1和落叶松林451 gC.m-2.a-1。RS年通量及其分量(土壤异养呼吸和自养呼吸)与SOC含量呈显著的正相关,但其相关程度因土层不同而异(R2=0.747~0.933)。同一生态系统中,SOC含量随土深增加而降低,而SOC密度和SOC周转时间随深度增加而增大。采用统一规范的研究方法,获取大量有代表性的森林生态系统土壤碳贮量和RS的实测数据,是减少区域尺度碳平衡研究中不确定性的不可缺少的研究内容。     

松嫩平原玉米带土壤碳氮储量的空间特征

利用第二次全国和县级土壤普查的382个典型土壤剖面资料和1∶50万数字化土壤图建立土壤剖面空间数据库,利用土壤类型法估算松嫩平原玉米带土壤碳、氮储量,分析土壤有机碳、氮密度的空间分布特征,探讨土壤有机碳、氮密度与土壤类型和土地利用类型之间的关系.结果表明:松嫩平原玉米带土壤有机碳、氮储量分别为(163.12±26.48)Tg和(9.53±1.75)Tg,土壤碳、氮储量主要集中在草甸土、黑钙土和黑土等土类中.土壤有机碳、氮密度分别为5.51～25.25和0.37～0.80kg·m-2,土壤C/N值大致在7.90～12.67.土壤有机碳、氮密度的空间分布均表现为东部和北部高、西部低.在不同土地利用类型中,旱田土壤的有机碳密度最高,为(19.07±2.44)kg·m-2;林地土壤的氮密度最高,为(0.82±0.25)kg·m-2;水田土壤的碳、氮密度均较低.     

喀斯特山区不同植被类型土壤有机碳的变化

研究了贵州西南部典型喀斯特山区不同植被类型下常规土壤及小生境土壤中有机碳及不同粒径土壤颗粒有机碳的变化.结果表明:不同植被类型下,常规及小生境土壤有机碳含量均表现为:裸地＜草丛＜灌木林＜乔木林,常规土壤变幅在7.18 ～43.42 g·kg-1,土面和石坑土壤有机碳变幅分别为6.62 ～46.47 g· kg-1和9.01 ～52.07 g·kg-1;颗粒有机碳(POC)/矿物结合态有机碳( MOC)值均为:裸地＜草丛＜乔木林＜灌木林,同一植被类型下,与常规及土面相比,石坑中土壤POC/MOC值最高;植被在由裸地-草丛-灌木林-乔木林的变化过程中,不同粒径土壤颗粒有机碳含量增加,而土壤有机碳主要以砂粒及粉砂粒有机碳形式存在,说明喀斯特地区土壤的固碳能力及有机碳稳定性较弱,土壤易受外界干扰而引发有机碳流失,土壤质量存在下降或退化的风险.     

土地利用变化对土壤有机碳贮量的影响

通过对比分析六盘山林区典型天然次生林(杂灌林、山杨和辽东栎林)与农田、草地及农田、草地与人工林(13、18和25年生华北落叶松)邻近样地土壤有机碳含量和密度及其在土壤剖面上分布的差异,研究了天然次生林变成农田或草地及农田或草地造林后对土壤有机碳贮量的影响,结果表明,土壤有机碳含量方面,农田和草地比天然次生林分别低54％和27％,差异主要在0～50cm土层;农田和草地比人工林分别低42％和26％,差异主要在0～40cm土层,土壤有机碳密度方面,农田和草地比天然次生林分别低35％和14％,差异主要在0～50cm土层;农田比人工林低23％,草地比人工林高4％,差异主要在0～30cm土层．天然次生林和人工林土壤有机碳含量和密度随土层加深而递减的幅度比农田或草地大．这些差异主要由土地利用变化引起的土壤有机碳输入与输出及根系分布的变化所致．结果说明六盘山林区天然次生林破坏变成草地或农田后土壤有机碳含量和密度(主要是0～50cm土层)将下降,而农田中造林后土壤有机碳含量和密度(主要是0～30cm土层)又将增加,草地上造林后土壤有机碳含量增加而密度变化不大。另外,土壤有机碳含量和密度在土壤剖面上的分布也将随土地利用变化而发生改变。     

围栏放牧下土壤-植被碳密度空间分布格局

对围封13年且放牧的冷季高寒矮嵩草草甸,进行了从围栏入口到内部不同距离植被和土壤碳密度状况的调查.结果表明:1)入口到50 m植被现存碳密度平均为1298.0gC·m-2,60～180m有所下降(平均为997.3 g C·m-2),200～300 m反而升高(平均为1285.5 g C·m-2).当年净初级生产碳密度分布趋势与其相同,0～50 m、60 ～180 m和200～300 m平均分别为742.5、571.0和745.7 g C·m-2.这种分布趋势与放牧过程中绵羊觅食频度和强度有关.一般在中央地带放牧强度大,绵羊觅食时间长,边缘地带受围栏效应或围栏外环境因素影响,放牧强度相对较弱,一定程度上对植被生长发育起到了保护作用,使边缘地带植被碳密度得到提高.2)从围栏入口到草场内部土壤碳密度变化趋势表现复杂,入口到100 m增加,100～170 m减小,然后略有升高.土壤碳密度最高值出现在95 m处(15.42 g C·m-2),最低值出现在170 m处(14.12 gC· m-2).目前尚不清楚为何出现这种格局,但至少认为,土壤有机质的动态转化过程受多种因素影响,与植被碳密度相比具有一定的迟滞效应.具体如何影响有机质的动态转化及其迟滞效应,有待进一步研究.     

土地利用方式对黑土剖面有机碳分布及碳储量的影响

以典型黑土区29年长期定位试验处理下的土壤为对象,研究了农田、裸地、自然草地和落叶松林地4种土地利用方式下土壤剖面(0~200 cm)有机碳及碳储量的分布特征.结果表明:不同土地利用方式下表层(0~10 cm)土壤有机碳含量差异最大,表现为草地>农田>林地>裸地.农田10~120 cm各土层有机碳含量均低于草地、林地和裸地.与农田相比,自然草地对土壤有机碳提升作用明显,其0~60 cm各层土壤有机碳含量均显著高于农田;裸地表层(0~10 cm)土壤有机碳含量显著低于农田;落叶松林地0~20 cm有机碳含量与农田相比无明显变化,但其20~140 cm土层有机碳含量均高于农田.土壤剖面有机碳含量与p H值、容重、粉粒和粘粒含量呈显著负相关,与全氮和砂粒含量呈显著正相关.农田0~200 cm剖面有机碳储量显著低于其他3种利用方式,分别比草地、裸地和林地低13.6%、11.4%和10.9%.农田黑土在增加碳储量及改善环境方面具有很大潜力.     

祁连山北麓山体垂直带土壤碳氮分布特征及影响因素

以祁连山北麓自然垂直带(2600～3600 m)阴、阳坡为研究对象,研究了表层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳和全氮分布及与海拔、地形、植被和土壤特性的关系.结果表明：阴坡土壤的有机碳和全氮含量(101.2和6.6 g·kg^-1)显著高于阳坡(61.3和5.9 g·kg^-1),且随海拔上升呈增加趋势.不同植被类型下土壤有机碳含量为:高山灌丛草甸>青海云杉林>高山草甸>祁连圆柏林;全氮含量为:高山灌丛草甸>高山草甸>青海云杉林>祁连圆柏林.土壤有机碳含量与海拔、土壤含水量、土壤全氮和年均降水量呈显著正相关关系,与土壤pH值和年平均气温呈显著负相关关系.整个垂直带土壤碳氮比在6.7～23.3,有利于有机质矿化过程中养分的释放.年均气温、年均降水量和土壤含水量是影响土壤有机碳含量的第1主成分,土壤碳氮比是第2主成分,累计解释率为71%,说明气候因子对有机碳和全氮在垂直带上的空间分布起决定作用.     

火烧迹地不同恢复方式土壤有机碳分布特征

以大兴安岭1987年重度火烧后恢复的兴安落叶松人工林、樟子松人工林、人促杨桦林和天然次生杨桦林为对象,研究不同恢复方式林分土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤微生物生物量碳的分布特征.结果表明: 4种恢复方式林分的土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤微生物生物量碳分别为9.63～79.72 g·kg^-1、33.21～186.30 mg·kg^-1和200.85～1755.63 mg·kg^-1,且随土层深度增加而降低.不同恢复方式间土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤微生物生物量碳差异显著,以人促杨桦林最高,兴安落叶松人工林和天然次生杨桦林次之,樟子松人工林最低.各恢复方式林分的土壤微生物熵为1.1%～2.3%,以人促杨桦林最高,樟子松人工林最低,不同林分土壤微生物熵的垂直分布特征不同.土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳含量均呈显著正相关.人促杨桦林土壤有机碳活性高于其他林分,火烧迹地采用人工促进天然恢复的方式较人工恢复和天然恢复的土壤碳循环能力更强.     

黄土高原不同植被类型土壤微生物残体碳的积累及其对有机碳的贡献

微生物残体碳是土壤有机碳的重要来源。黄土高原自退耕还林(还草)以来土壤碳储量显著增加,但不同植被类型土壤微生物残体碳对有机碳积累的贡献及其影响因素尚不明晰。本研究利用生物标志物(氨基糖)技术,测定黄土高原天然草地、柠条灌丛、辽东栎林地0～5和5～20 cm土层土壤中的微生物残体碳含量,并分析其与土壤理化指标的关系,探究不同植被类型土壤中微生物残体碳对有机碳的贡献及其影响因素。结果表明：1)同一土层,土壤pH值由草地、灌丛至林地依次显著降低,而有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮表现为林地>灌丛>草地,差异显著,且0～5 cm土层显著高于5～20 cm土层。2)土壤微生物残体碳含量在3种植被类型的两个土层中的变化范围为0.69～16.41 g·kg^-1,其中,在0～5 cm土层,细菌、真菌和微生物残体碳含量均由草地、灌丛至林地依次显著增加,林地微生物残体碳含量是灌丛的2.9倍,灌丛是草地的4.2倍;在5～20 cm土层,林地真菌和微生物残体碳含量显著高于灌丛和草地。真菌残体碳含量高于细菌残体碳含量,是细菌残体碳的2.16～10.83倍。3)微生物...     

广东省桉树人工林土壤有机碳密度及其影响因子

研究了广东省粤北、粤东、粤西和珠江三角洲4个地区桉树人工林土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度,以及土壤有机碳密度的主要影响因子.结果表明:土壤A层和B层有机碳含量分别为(23.94±2.97)g·kg-1和(9.68±1.05)g·kg-1,二者差异显著;A层和B层有机碳密度分别为(27.64±7.72)t·hm-2和(108.36±9.37)t·hm-2,有显著差异;0～50 cm土层有机碳密度为(66.72±6.53)t·hm-2,略高于同一地区马尾松和杉木人工林.有机碳密度与海拔、A层和B层土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量和全氮含量呈显著正相关;土壤毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量和pH值是影响有机碳密度的主导因子.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.