广义报春苣苔属（苦苣苔科）的染色体新计数及其分类学意义

报道了广义报春苣苔属14种3变种和7个未定名种的染色体数目,并对其近缘属-广义石山苣苔属的3个种也进行了细胞学研究。结合最近的分类处理和系统发育假设,对所得结果和以前发表的染色体数据进行了综合分析,结果表明：广义报春苣苔属的染色体数目为2n=36,基数为x=18,表现出高度稳定性。染色体相对较小,以中间着丝粒和亚中间着丝粒染色体为主。尽管一些类群的染色体大小之间存在微小差异,但是染色体形态的均一性和染色体数目的一致性有力地支持分子系统学的研究结果。另外．相同的染色体数目及相似的染色体形态也表明广义报春苣苔属和广义石山苣苔属的亲缘关系较近,与分子系统学的结果一致。     

石山苣苔属四种(含一变种)植物的染色体数目和倍性研究

石山苣苔属(苦苣苔科)约41种,主要分布于我国西南石灰岩地区。到目前为止,仅其中四种的染色体数目被研究和报道,其余绝大多数物种的染色体数目和倍性尚不清楚,染色体数目和倍性在该属及其姐妹属报春苣苔属中的演变历史及其对两属物种多样性分化的影响亦不清楚。该文以叶片水培生根法获取的四种(含一变种)石山苣苔属植物 [即石山苣苔原变种(Petrocodon dealbatus var. dealbatus)、齿缘石山苣苔(Petrocodon dealbatus var. denticulatus)、弄岗石山苣苔(Petrocodon longangensis)、石山苣苔未定名种(Petrocodon sp.)]的根尖细胞为材料开展染色体实验,探索了多种不同的实验条件对染色体制片效果的影响并获取染色体数目,在石山苣苔属和报春苣苔属的系统树上追踪了染色体数目和倍性的演变历史,同时探讨染色体数目尤其是倍性变化是否对两属物种多样性分化存在影响。结果表明:(1)长度为1～1.5 cm的根尖,0.002 mol·L^-1 8-羟基喹啉溶液预处理5 h,解离4 min为较适宜的染色体制备条件。(2)四种(含一变种)石山苣苔属植物染色体数目一致,均为二倍体(2n=2x=36)。(3)两属之间及两属各自的最近共同祖先染色体数目尚不能确定,除个别物种染色体条数或倍性有变化以外,其余已知染色体数目的物种均为2n=2x=36,在两属中高度一致,石山苣苔属与报春苣苔属物种多样性分化尤其两属物种多样性巨大差异与染色体数目和基因组倍性变化无关。综上结果为石山苣苔属植物及其近缘类群染色体制备提供了参考,也为进一步对该类群的分类、系统演化和物种形成等方面的研究提供了基础数据和启示。     

直瓣苣苔属、筒花苣苔属和吊石苣苔属4个种的核形态学研究

本文报道了苦苣苔科直瓣苣苔属Ancylostemon、筒花苣苔属Briggsiopsis和吊石苣苔属Lysionotus 中4个种的染色体数目和核形态。凹瓣苣苔A．aureus的染色体数目为n=34,与其近缘种凸瓣苣苔 A．convexus的染色体数目相同。该种的核型公式为2n=20m(1sat)+14sm,核型类型属于2A。间期核 为复杂染色中心型(complex chromocenter type);细胞有丝分裂前期的染色体为近基型(proximal type) 我国特有单种属筒花苣苔属Briggsiopsis的间期核为简单—复杂染色中心型(simple-complex chromocenter type);细胞有丝分裂前期的染色体为中间—渐变型(interstitial—gradient type);核型公式为2n=34=25m +6sm+3st,与近缘类群——粗筒苣苔属Briggsia染色体数目2n=34,68相比,无论染色体数目还是核 型均显示比较原始的特征。吊石苣苔属的蒙自吊石苣苔L．carnosus和翅茎吊石苣苔L．serratus D． Don var．pterocaulis的核型公式分别是2n=30=21m+5sm+3st+1t和2n=32=21m+10sm+1t。核 型类型分别属于2A和2B。间期核均为简单—复杂染色中心型(simple-complex chromocenter type);细胞 有丝分裂前期的染色体为渐变型(gradient type)。     

石山苣苔属(苦苣苔科)花形态演化及分类学意义

石山苣苔属(苦苣苔科)约30种,主要分布于我国南部的石灰岩地区.目前该属已知物种数虽少但花形态极其多样,是该科中分类最为困难的类群之一.基于分子证据,其它8个属中花形态迥异的一些物种被并入石山苣苔属.然而,该属花形态的演化趋势缺乏系统性的研究,传统分类对属的界定与分子系统学研究结果相矛盾的原因,以及是否有形态特征支持新界定的石山苣苔属还不清楚.该研究中,总共编码了19种石山苣苔属植物和9种报春苣苔属植物的35个形态特征,其中包括26个花部形态特征,在分子系统树上追踪了它们的演化路径.结果表明:无论属内还是属间,多数花部形态特征,尤其以往属的分类界定特征,在演化过程中变化频繁且发生了高度同塑性演化,这是导致传统形态分类不自然的关键因素.此外,在观察研究的所有特征中,花丝和柱头的差异可能在石山苣苔属植物共同祖先中经历了演变,或可用于区分石山苣苔属与其姐妹报春苣苔属的大多数种类.因此,在苦苣苔科植物的分类学研究中应当慎用这些花部性状作为分类依据,而且应对形态特征进行广泛地观察研究,在密集的取样和分辨率更高、更可靠的系统树上追踪它们的演化规律.更为重要的是,需要进一步研究导致复杂形态性状演化的内在分子调控机理和外在的自然选择动力,最终更加深入地理解石山苣苔属等典型喀斯特植物的演化过程和机理.     

异叶苣苔属(苦苣苔科)的核型研究

本文首次报道了中国特有异叶苣苔属的染色体数目及核型。该属所研究种类的染色体数目均为 2n＝18,染色体长度在2.0µm以上,在尖舌苣苔族所报道的染色体中显示出较原始的性状。尖舌苣苔 族的染色体基数可能是x=9。异叶苣苔属的间期核均为复杂型;前期染色体呈渐变型。核型从对称型 向不对称型的演化主要表现在近中部着丝粒,尤其是近端部着丝粒染色体比例的增大。毕节异叶苣苔 W．bljieensis和峨眉异叶苣苔W．tsiangiana var．wilsonii的核型分别为2n=2m＋8m＋8sm(1sat)和 2n=2m＋8m(1sat)＋8sm(2sat),较为对称。紫红异叶苣苔W．purpurascens和白花异叶苣苔W. tsiangiana var. tsiangiana的核型分别为2n=4m＋6sm＋8st(1sat)和2n=4m＋8sm(2sat)＋6st,比较 特化。河口异叶苣苔W．hekouensis的核型是2n=4m+10sm(1sat)+4st,处于二者之间。峨眉异叶苣 苔和原变种白花异叶苣苔的核型差异较大,在外部形态方面二者之间的性状变异也间断较大。本文建 议将该变种从白花异叶苣苔W．tsiangiana中移出自成一种,并和毕节异叶苣苔近缘。     

钟冠报春苣苔(苦苣苔科)的分类鉴定

原唇柱苣苔属(Chirita Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don)为一个人为界定的属, 2011年在分子系统学研究的基础上对该属及其近缘属开展了系统发育重建工作,其中绝大部分的原唇柱苣苔属唇柱苣苔组(Sect. Gibbosaccus C. B. Clark)的物种被并入了广义报春苣苔属(Primulina Hance)。然而,由于历史原因和早期经典分类学在研究方法上的局限性以及对现报春苣苔属部分物种的营养器官与生殖器官的认知不够,该属下一些物种的分类仍存在一些问题,亟待深入研究。比如,在对中国和越南分布的苦苣苔科植物开展研究的过程中,作者发现两个报春苣苔属的物种——广布于中国西南和华南直至中南半岛中部的钟冠报春苣苔[Primulina swinglei(Merr.)Mich. Möller & A. Weber]命名人和原被认为是中国与广西特有种的疏花报春苣苔[P. laxiflora(W. T. Wang)Yin. Z. Wang]之间的鉴定存在分类学问题,需要进一步厘清两者之间的关系。该文对这两个物种进行了形态比较,同时通过对这两种植物的原始描述对比、植物标本检查、栽培观察以及野外实地观察,确定疏花报春苣苔是钟冠报春苣苔的异名。此外,还明确了钟冠报春苣苔的后选指定模式标本。     

新分类系统下长蒴苣苔亚科(苦苣苔科)细胞学研究概述

在最新分类系统框架下对长蒴苣苔亚科(Didymocarpoideae)的染色体资料进行了详细的整理和分析,结果表明,长蒴苣苔亚科的细胞学研究仍存在不足,尤其在种级水平上的研究不足25%,且存在一些属的染色体数据空白的现象。在新的分类系统下,一些修订后的属染色体数目表现出一致性或更加具有合理性,但也存在一些属的染色体数目变异仍十分复杂,如汉克苣苔属(Henckelia)和长蒴苣苔属(Didymocarpus)。基于已有的染色体数据,对长蒴苣苔亚科内一些重要属的染色体进化模式及其对物种分化的影响进行了探讨,推测染色体数目的多倍化及非整倍化进化可能对各类群的物种分化具有重要作用,但需要今后利用基于DNA探针的荧光原位杂交技术并结合分子系统学和基因组学研究才能深入地解析染色体的进化模式及其对物种分化的影响。     

国家一级濒危植物报春苣苔核型分析

对国家一级濒危植物报春苣苔（Primulina tabacum）进行了细胞学研究,报道了该种染色体数目,并对其核型进行分析。结果表明：分裂间期构形属棒状前染色体型,分裂前期染色体属近基型,染色体数目为2n=36,核型公式为：2n=2x=24m （1SAT）＋12sm,其核型属于2A型。     

半蒴苣苔属植物染色体制片优化及染色体数目和倍性研究

染色体数目和倍性是系统与进化生物学和遗传学研究中十分重要的基础信息。为探索半蒴苣苔属染色体制片的适宜条件以及染色体数目的进化模式及其与物种的进化关系，该研究基于半蒴苣苔属染色体数目的进化历史，并根据该属植物具有叶片扦插繁殖的特性，采用叶片水培生根法获取半蒴苣苔(Hemiboea subcapitata)、弄岗半蒴苣苔(H.longgangensis)、龙州半蒴苣苔(H.longzhouensis)、江西半蒴苣苔(H.subacaulis var.jiangxiensis)、华南半蒴苣苔(H.follicularis)和永福半蒴苣苔(H.yongfuensis)6种植物的根尖材料，分析不同实验条件对染色体制片效果的影响，对染色体制片实验的条件进行优化及染色体计数，结果表明：(1)9:30—10:00取材，解离10 min以及染色15 min为半蒴苣苔属染色体制片的适宜条件。(2)上述6种半蒴苣苔属植物均为二倍体，染色体数目均为32(2n=2x=32)。(3)除个别物种染色体数目有变化以外，该属大部分物种染色体数目可能为2n=2x=32且染色体数目变化可能是非整倍化的作用，与物种进化没有明...     

广西苦苣苔科一新记录属——报春苣苔属

报道了广西苦苣苔科植物一新记录属——报春苣苔属,该属为中国特有的单型属,仅报春苣苔一种。报春苣苔分布狭域,数量稀少,已被列为国家一级重点保护植物。报春苣苔在广西境内仅知一个分布点,对其野外种群进行了实地调查。     

Chromosome numbers of Turkish Crocus (Liliiflorae,Iridaceae) and their geographical distribution

The genus Crocus is known for its widely varying chromosome numbers (from 2n = 6 to 2n = 70) with varying numbers occurring even within species, as it is the case for Crocus biflorus Miller (2n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24). After we found morphological diverse C. biflorus populations in Turkey doubts arose about their rank of being subspecies of the Italian C. biflorus (2n = 8). Here we publish the chromosome numbers for 76 populations of C. biflorus sensu lato distributed all over Turkey. The chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 8 to 2n = 36, with the higher numbers occurring in the mountain ranges of the Anatolian Diagonal and east of it, while lower numbers were found only southwest of these mountains. Closely related taxa with similar distribution mostly differ in their chromosome numbers. This led us to assume that chromosomal changes influence speciation processes in the genus. Therefore, chromosome numbers may represent an important character for the establishment of a new taxonomic treatment of the Crocus species, especially within section Nudiscapus. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

广义竹叶青蛇属Trimeresurus (sensu lato)的分类和系统学研究进展

广义的竹叶青蛇属于Trimeresurus(sensu lato)包含有40多个物种,广泛分布在南亚和东南亚国家和地区。目前,该类群已经相继被划分为6个属：Trimeresurus(sensu stricto)、Tropidolaemus、Ovophis Protobothrops,Triceratolepidophis,Zhaoermia本文从形态、细胞以及分了系统学等方面对Trimeresurus(sensu lato)的分类和系统学研究进行综述。     

广义竹叶青蛇属的系统学研究新进展

2004年以来,广义竹叶青蛇的系统学研究取得了较大的进展。本文对这近一年来的最新进展进行概括和报道。     

Diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Russian Far East

Thirty strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato have been isolated from Ixodes persulcatus ticks and from skin lesions of Lyme disease patients in the Russian Far East from 1997 to 2003. We amplified full-length outer surface protein A (ospA) gene of all strains. BLAST search and following phylogenetic analysis showed that strains form four well-defined groups. Four strains belong to Borrelia afzelii species. Other strains distributed into tree major groups, identified as Borrelia garinii. Indeed, based on the ospA gene comparison, phylogenetic relationship of these groups among each other does not differ from relationship among other previously defined groups inside B. burgdorferi sensu lato genogroup, such as B. afzelii or Borrelia bissettii. Further investigations of genetic and serologic properties of the strains belonging to those groups are required in order to clarify their taxonomic status.     

17种李属(广义)植物果实表皮微形态

应用蔡司荧光倒置显微镜观察17种(包含7栽培种)李属(广义)植物的果实表皮微形态特征。结果显示,果实表皮微形态多样,气孔复合体类型、气孔器形状、气孔大小、气孔密度及气孔周围纹饰等在李属(广义)植物不同类群中表现出各自独立的特点;一些性状如表皮细胞垂周壁式样、角质层纹饰和气孔复合体类型在属内各类群中出现分化规律,在各亚属之间表现出过渡性和连续性。研究表明,果实表皮微形态特征部分性状可作为李属(广义)植物识别的依据。果实表皮微形态特征在各类群之间变化,反映了不同类群对生态环境的适应。     

Origin and relationships of the tarweed-silversword lineage (Compositae-Madiinae)

Based on results from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear 18S-26S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences, we suggest that the monophyletic tarweed and silversword subtribe (Madiinae) is phylogenetically nested among epaleate, x = 19 species of helenioid Heliantheae. Strong bootstrap support (100%) was obtained for a sister-group relationship between Madiinae and Arnica (including Mallotopus and Whitneya) in an analysis including representatives of recognized genera in a principally Californian clade (Madieae sensu Baldwin) identified from a phylogenetic investigation of Heliantheae s.l. (sensu lato) and Eupatorieae. In all minimum-length trees, the robust lineage comprising Madiinae and Arnica (x = 19) is part of a larger clade that also comprises Eatonella s.s. (sensu stricto), Hulsea, and Venegasia, all with x = 19. The phylogenetic position of Madiinae within a group of genera based uniformly on x = 19 leads us to conclude that the modal numbers of n = 7 and n = 8 (and other numbers, as low as n = 4) in Madiinae are the results of extreme dysploidy. Among the x = 19 "arnicoid" taxa, the near-universal characteristics of perenniality (except in the monotypic Eatonella s.s. and a minority of hulseas) and montane or high-latitudinal occurrence (except in the monotypic Venegasia) lead us to suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the tarweeds (a principally annual group of seasonally dry, low-elevation habitats) was probably a montane, herbaceous perennial resembling the unusual subalpine and alpine tarweeds constituting Raillardella s.s. (x = 17), an arnica-like genus. In Madiinae, Raillardella s.s. may be plesiomorphic in habit, capitular and ecological characteristics, and high base chromosome number. Shifts to an annual habit and to low chromosome numbers in Madiinae have been followed by subsequent episodes of polyploidy and descending dysploidy. We conclude that genome evolution in Madiinae has been marked by wide swings in chromosome number that confuse identification of diploids and polyploids.     

Timing of host-seeking behaviour of the mosquitoes Anopheles annulipes sensu lato Walker and Coquillettidia linealis (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Murray River Valley, South Australia

Abstract  The timing of host-seeking behaviour was studied in two mosquito species, Anopheles annulipes sensu lato and Coquillettidia linealis at Mundic Creek, near the Upper River Murray in South Australia. Hourly sampling using carbon dioxide-baited traps revealed consistent patterns in the timing of host-seeking. Coquillettidia linealis displayed a very large peak in host-seeking activity at sunset, followed by a much reduced level throughout the night and a smaller peak at sunrise. Anopheles annulipes s.l. differed by displaying a significantly smaller peak at sunset, followed by higher amount of activity throughout the night compared with Cq. linealis . The two taxa, while both crepuscular and nocturnal, spread their host-seeking effort out differently throughout the night, indicating that they have different resource requirements.     

Phylogenetic inference of the genus Bupleurum (Apiaceae) in Hengduan Mountains based on chromosome counts and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences

pleurum of Apiaceae in China. This paper reports chromosome numbers of six species and two varieties of Bupleurum, and for four species and two varieties their chromosome numbers are reported for the first time. The phylogeny of Bupleurum was investigated based on the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) of 14 taxa from the Hengduan Mountains, 3 taxa from the North China (Hebei and Heilongjiang), and 16 taxa from Africa and the Mediterranean region. Varia-tions in chromosome numbers and the ITS sequences were used to infer phylogenetic relationships between Bupleurum species in Hengduan Mountains. The results showed that the Hengduan Mountains might represent one of the frequency and diversity centers for Bupleurum. The ancestors of Bupleurum species in the Hengduan Mountains may be related to the woody B. fruticosum in North Africa, or the species in the western Mediterranean region. It is postulated that the ancestral population migrated into Hengduan Mountains through the Middle East and the Caucasus. Furthermore, the neo-endemic B. mundtii in South Africa appeared to be a close relative of the species in the Hengduan Mountains. In the trend of basic chromosome number evolution, x = 8 should be regarded as the ancestral basic number, while x = 6, 7 as the derived ones. The Bupleurum species in the Hengduan Moun-tains have been undergoing changes in the basic chromosome numbers or the ploidy level. The ITS phylogenetic tree showed that the Chinese species were divided into two clades: one with the basic chromosome number x = 8, and the other with x = 6, 7. The results rejected the previous infrageneric classification of Bupleurum in China. We further suggested to raise B. marginatum var. stenophyllum to species rank based on the combined evidence from morphology, karyology, pollen morphology, and the ITS phylogenetic tree.