植物种子a-亚麻酸形成及调控机理研究进展

a-亚麻酸是人体必需但不能自身合成的ω-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸,主要来源于植物油脂。由于大宗油料作物种子油脂中ALA含量普遍较低,所以探寻新的种质资源,了解a-亚麻酸形成及调控机理,对于油脂营养膳食健康及植物油脂改良具有重要意义。种子中富含a-亚麻酸的陆生植物资源有紫苏、亚麻、杜仲、油用牡丹、奇亚、藿香、香薷、猕猴桃、星油藤等。在植物中,ω-3FAD是催化LA转化生成ALA的关键酶,ω-3FAD由在质体中FAD3及在内质网中的FAD7及FAD8组成。目前通过基因组及转录组研究已极大的丰富了ω-3FAD基因家族的鉴定及研究。其中,FAD3基因是种子ALA合成的关键基因,其表达受多个转录因子的调控,bZIP、WRI1、LEC、ABI3、FUS3、ASIL1和PKL等转录因子通过相互作用调控FAD3基因表达,决定油料作物种子中a-亚麻酸的含量。本文综述了高含量a-亚麻酸油料植物资源分布,以及主要油料植物种子中油脂脂肪组成及ALA的含量,种子ALA生物合成基本途径及关键基因,植物ω-3脂肪酸脱饱和酶类型及功能以及ω-3FAD的关键调控因子,以期为高ALA植物新资源的利用,以及油料植物脂肪酸成分改良等相关研究提供理论依据。     

红花ω3脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的分离及结构分析

采用RT-PCR和RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)技术,从红花叶片中分离到2个质体类ω3脂肪酸脱氢酶基因(CtFAD7和CtFAD8)的全长cDNA和1个微体类ω3脂肪酸脱氢酶基因(CtFAD3)的部分序列,均已提交至GenBank中。CtFAD7和CtFAD8与其他植物的质体类ω3脂肪酸脱氢酶的相似性分别为61-79 %, 63-78 %。而CtFAD3与其他植物微体类ω3脂肪酸脱氢酶的同源性较高,为60-93 %。氨基酸序列分析表明红花CtFAD3,CtFAD7和CtFAD8均含有3个富含组氨酸的保守结构域,分别为HDCGH,HXXXXXHRTHH 和HVIHH,其中CtFAD7和CtFAD8的 N-端分别含有56 和27 个氨基酸残基的质体信号肽序列。疏水性和跨膜分析表明,红花ω3脂肪酸脱氢酶氨基酸序列均包含4个疏水区域,分别跨膜1-3次。蛋白质二级结构预测结果表明,3个ω3脂肪酸脱氢酶蛋白主要由α螺旋和β折叠组成。通过对CtFAD7和CtFAD8的cDNA和DNA序列比较发现,2个基因的DNA序列中均包含有7个内含子,8个外显子。各内含子在物种间则表现出丰富的多态性,序列和长度大小均各不相同;而从第2# 到7# 外显子的长度和序列相似性在物种间非常保守。比较各内含子的位置可以发现,在内含子出现的位置,均为该基因的保守区。因此,推测ω3脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的内含子对于保证基因在物种进化过程中功能的保守性起着关键作用。     

大豆ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶基因GmFAD3C在酿酒酵母中的表达

α亚麻酸(ALA)被称为必需脂肪酸,对人体有一系列的保健作用。ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶(FAD)催化亚油酸(LA)生成ALA。大豆种子油中ALA含量较高,为了研究大豆ω3FAD的功能,用RTPCR方法从大豆未成熟种子中扩增出GmFAD3C的cDNA,克隆到酵母表达载体p416中,并用醋酸锂法转化酿酒酵母营养缺陷型K601,经筛选鉴定,得到阳性克隆。气相色谱分析脂肪酸成分,发现工程菌产生了新的脂肪成分ALA,含量占总脂肪酸的3.1%,LA含量与对照相比相应地下降,证明该基因编码的蛋白具有催化18碳多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)底物LA在Δ15位脱氢生成ALA的ω3FAD功能,首次实现大豆ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母K601p416系统中的表达,建立了一种新的高效低成本的FAD酵母表达系统。     

大豆ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶基因GmFAD3C在酿酒酵母中的表达

α-亚麻酸(ALA)被称为必需脂肪酸,对人体有一系列的保健作用。Ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶（FAD）催化亚油酸(LA)生成ALA。大豆种子油中ALA含量较高,为了研究大豆ω- 3FAD的功能,用RT-PCR方法从大豆未成熟种子中扩增出GmFAD3C的cDNA,克隆到酵母表达载体p416中,并用醋酸锂法转化酿酒酵母营养缺陷型K601,经筛选鉴定,得到阳性克隆。气相色谱分析脂肪酸成分,发现工程菌产生了新的脂肪成分ALA,含量占总脂肪酸的3.1％,LA含量与对照相比相应地下降,证明该基因编码的蛋白具有催化18碳多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）底物LA在Δ15位脱氢生成ALA的ω-3 FAD功能,首次实现大豆ω-3 脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母K601 p416系统中的表达,建立了一种新的高效低成本的FAD酵母表达系统。     

酿酒酵母脂酰-?9脱氢酶亚细胞定位表达及其对烟草脂肪酸合成的影响

以烟草Nicotiana tabacum L.为宿主植物,分别在细胞质内质网和质体内定位表达酿酒酵母Saccharomyees cerevisiae脂酰-CoA-Δ9脱氢酶(ScΔ9D),以期提高植物组织中棕榈油酸(16∶1Δ9)的积累量和分析该酶不同亚细胞定位表达对油脂代谢的影响。与野生型和空载体(对照)植物相比,转基因烟草植株叶片中单不饱和的棕榈油酸及顺式十八碳烯酸(18∶1Δ11)含量明显提高,而饱和的棕榈酸(16∶0)含量相应减少,多不饱和的亚油酸(18∶2Δ9,12)和亚麻酸(18∶3Δ9,12,15)含量亦降低。ScΔ9D质体定位表达烟叶中棕榈油酸及顺式十八碳烯酸含量分别是ScΔ9D细胞质内质网定位表达烟叶的2.7和1.9倍。这表明酵母脂酰-Δ9脱氢酶能在高等植物细胞中正确催化棕榈酸(16∶0)转化为棕榈油酸(16∶1Δ9),而且在质体内表达的效应显著高于在细胞质内质网上的效应。新建立了一种应用脂酰-CoA-Δ9脱氢酶代谢工程培育植物组织高水平合成积累棕榈油酸等ω-7脂肪酸的策略,有助于在生物量大的烟叶等营养器官中组装ω-7脂肪酸合成途径以生产优质生物燃油。     

10个马齿苋类型的脂肪酸和草酸含量分析

该研究采用气相色谱和比色法测定了10种不同来源马齿苋茎、叶中的脂肪酸和草酸含量。结果表明:(1)脂肪酸和草酸在10个不同类型马齿苋茎、叶中的含量均表现出一定的差异显著性。(2)与叶片相比,茎中的脂肪酸含量相对较低;马齿苋茎、叶中以多元不饱和脂肪酸为主;共测出两种多元不饱和脂肪酸,分别是亚麻酸(ω-3脂肪酸)和亚油酸(ω-6脂肪酸);不同类型马齿苋叶片和茎中ω-3和ω-6脂肪酸分别占脂肪酸总量的62.71%~70.91%和9.30%~13.31%,以及26.04%~36.02%和31.61%~43.19%,‘金湖’‘南阳’马齿苋叶片和‘金湖’马齿苋茎中!-3脂肪酸含量显著高于其他类型;国产马齿苋类型,尤其是茎中的!-6/!-3比例明显小于国外马齿苋类型。(3)马齿苋茎中的草酸含量明显高于叶;除‘山东’‘Iran’和‘Pakistan’马齿苋茎中的草酸显著积累外,其他类型马齿苋茎中的草酸含量差异不显著。因此,马齿苋适宜早采收;‘金湖’和‘南阳’,尤其是‘金湖’类型的马齿苋是一种值得研究和推荐的马齿苋类型。     

转基因哺乳动物细胞自合成多不饱和脂肪酸

亚油酸、亚麻酸是哺乳动物体内的必需脂肪酸,但哺乳动物由于缺乏△12和ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶而自身不能合成．△12和ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶存在于真菌、植物和一些低等动物中．为了实现哺乳动物细胞亚油酸的自身合成,克隆了线虫编码△12脂肪酸脱氢酶的FAT-2基因eDNA序列,通过优化密码子,构建真核表达载体,稳定转染细胞,经抗生素筛选获得稳定整合FAT-2基因的CHO细胞．PCR和RNA印迹（Northern blot）验证了基因的整合和表达．气相色谱分析细胞的脂肪酸含量表明,FAT-2基因的表达显著提高了转基因细胞中亚油酸的含量,亚油酸含量为阴性对照细胞的2．4倍．研究结果表明,低等动物△12脂肪酸脱氢酶可以重建哺乳动物多不饱和脂肪酸合成途径,并利用细胞中的油酸合成亚油酸．上述研究为进一步利用转基因技术促进农业动物合成多不饱和脂肪酸从而提高食品营养价值奠定基础．     

酿酒酵母脂酰-△9脱氢酶亚细胞定位表达及其对烟草脂肪酸合成的影响

以烟草Nicotiana tabacum L.为宿主植物,分别在细胞质内质网和质体内定位表达酿酒酵母Saccharom,ees cerevisiae脂酰-CoA-△9脱氢酶(Sc△9D),以期提高植物组织中棕榈油酸(16∶1△9)的积累量和分析该酶不同亚细胞定位表达对油脂代谢的影响.与野生型和空载体(对照)植物相比,转基因烟草植株叶片中单不饱和的棕榈油酸及顺式十八碳烯酸(18∶1△11)含量明显提高,而饱和的棕榈酸(16∶0)含量相应减少,多不饱和的亚油酸(18∶2△9,12)和亚麻酸(18∶3△9,12,15)含量亦降低.Sc△9D质体定位表达烟叶中棕榈油酸及顺式十八碳烯酸含量分别是Sc△9D细胞质内质网定位表达烟叶的2.7和1.9倍.这表明酵母脂酰-△9脱氢酶能在高等植物细胞中正确催化棕榈酸(16∶0)转化为棕榈油酸(16∶1△9),而且在质体内表达的效应显著高于在细胞质内质网上的效应.新建立了一种应用脂酰-CoA-△9脱氢酶代谢工程培育植物组织高水平合成积累棕榈油酸等ω-7脂肪酸的策略,有助于在生物量大的烟叶等营养器官中组装ω-7脂肪酸合成途径以生产优质生物燃油.     

紫苏硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶基因家族鉴定及表达分析北大核心CSCD

硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶(SAD)催化硬脂酸脱氢生成油酸,是形成不饱和脂肪酸的关键酶。该研究从紫苏转录组数据库中筛选鉴定紫苏硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶(PfSAD)家族基因,并进行生物信息学分析及保守功能域分析,用qRT-PCR技术检测PfSADs各成员在不同组织中的表达特性,以探讨PfSAD家族基因在调控种子脂肪酸组分中的作用,为紫苏脂肪酸组分的遗传改良提供基因元件。结果显示:(1)从该课题组前期自测的紫苏转录组数据库中共检测出6个PfSAD家族基因,其编码蛋白的氨基酸长度介于367~396 aa之间,均具有SAD的保守结构域和二铁中心,预测其基因编码蛋白均定位于叶绿体。(2)多序列比对结果显示,紫苏PfSADs蛋白序列与拟南芥、蓖麻及可可等植物的SAD蛋白序列相似性均在50%以上;系统进化分析显示,6个紫苏SAD蛋白被分为3个亚组,其中第一个亚组包含PfSAD1,第二亚组包含PfSAD2、PfSAD3,第三亚组包含PfSAD4、PfSAD5和PfSAD6。(3)实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,PfSADs各成员在‘晋紫苏1号’不同组织中的表达量差异显著,其中PfSAD1主要在叶中表达,PfSAD2、PfSAD3、PfSAD4和PfSAD5在种子中表达量较高,PfSAD6在花中具有显著表达优势。研究表明,PfSADs具有典型的保守基序及催化SAD的活性中心,其各成员在不同的组织中高表达,推测这6个基因均参与了硬脂酰ACP(C18∶0-ACP)脱氢生成油酰基ACP(Δ9C18∶1-ACP)的过程,在紫苏油脂合成代谢过程中发挥重要作用。     

植物脂肪酸去饱和酶及其编码基因研究进展

脂肪酸去饱和酶是催化脂肪酸链特定位置形成双键和产生不饱和脂肪酸的酶类。植物脂肪酸去饱和酶主要有5种（FAD2、FAD3、FAD6、FAD7和FAD8）,可分为ω-3型（FAD2、FAD6）和ω-6型（FAD3、FAD7、FAD8）两大类。其编码基因（FAD2、FAD3、FAD6、FAD7和FADS）在植物中一般有多个拷贝。同种基因在不同植物中拷贝数不同,同一植物中相同基因的不同拷贝间在序列特征、表达调控和功能等方面也存在显著差异。本文根据国内外对脂肪酸去饱和酶基因及编码产物的研究现状,分别从它们的分类、拷贝数、结构、作用机制、表达调控等方面的研究进展进行了详细的分类阐述。     

Traits of fatty acid accumulation in dimorphic seeds of the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa in saline conditions

The mechanism on of how salinity affects seed fatty acids accumulation remains unclear in halophytes. The present results revealed that the content of total unsaturated fatty acids in black seeds was higher than in brown seeds in the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa under controlled saline conditions. Salinity (200?mM NaCl) significantly increased the total oil content, unsaturated acid/saturated acid ratio, and content of α-linolenic acid (C18:3) (ALA), especially in brown seeds. The most abundant fatty acid in dimorphic seeds is linoleic acid (C18:2) (>70%). It appears that more ALA accumulated in brown seeds compared to black seeds. The enzyme activity of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (ω-3 FAD) in brown seeds was much higher than that in black seeds, but salinity had no significant effect on the activity of ω-3 FAD in both brown and black seeds. The relative expression of SsFAD7 was increased by salinity, and the value in brown seeds was much higher than that in black seeds. This means salinity can, salinity can improve the quantity of fatty acids in dimorphic seeds of S. salsa, and the enzyme of ω-3 FAD and SsFAD7 may involve in the accumulation of ALA in dimorphic seeds under salinity.     

The Family of Peanut Fatty Acid Desaturase Genes and a Functional Analysis of Four ω-3 AhFAD3 Members

Plant Molecular Biology Reporter - The synthesis of α-linolenic acid (ALA) requires the activity of ω-3 fatty acid desaturases (ω-3 FADs). The quality of peanut oil would be much...     

Functional characterization of two microsomal fatty acid desaturases from Jatropha curcas L.

Linoleic acid (LA, C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3) are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and major storage compounds in plant seed oils. Microsomal ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acid (FA) desaturases catalyze the synthesis of seed oil LA and ALA, respectively. Jatropha curcas L. seed oils contain large proportions of LA, but very little ALA. In this study, two microsomal desaturase genes, named JcFAD2 and JcFAD3, were isolated from J. curcas. Both deduced amino acid sequences possessed eight histidines shown to be essential for desaturases activity, and contained motif in the C-terminal for endoplasmic reticulum localization. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed that the isolated JcFAD2 and JcFAD3 proteins could catalyze LA and ALA synthesis, respectively. The results indicate that JcFAD2 and JcFAD3 are functional in controlling PUFA contents of seed oils and could be exploited in the genetic engineering of J. curcas, and potentially other plants.     

A constitutively expressed Myc-like gene involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis from Perilla frutescens: molecular characterization,heterologous expression in transgenic plants and transactivation in yeast cells

The coordinate expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in leaves and stems of a red forma of Perilla frutescens is presumably controlled by regulatory gene(s). A Myc-like gene (Myc-rp) was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the leaves of red P. frutescens, and its deduced amino acid sequence shows 64% identity with that of delila from snapdragon. The Myc-rp gene was expressed in leaves and roots of both red and green P. frutescens equally. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequence of Myc-rp with that of Myc-gp, the second allele isolated from a green forma of P. frutescens, indicates that the 132nd amino acid, alanine, existing in MYC-RP was changed to serine in MYC-GP. The heterologous expression of these two alleles of Myc-like gene in tobacco and tomato resulted in an increase of the anthocyanin contents in flowers of tobacco and vegetative tissues and flowers of tomato. However, the flowers of transgenic tobacco expressing the fragment with a partial deletion (encoding 1–115 amino acids deleted) of Myc-gp gave no change in anthocyanin accumulation, but some morphological changes of the flower were observed. In yeast, the MYC-RP/GP and Delila protein exhibited transactivation activity on the GAL-1 promoter from yeast and the promoter of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene from P. frutescens. A transactivation domain of MYC-RP/GP and Delila could be located in the region between the 193rd and the 420th amino acid of MYC-RP/GP proteins. Our data indicate that this Myc-like gene presumably functions in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis similarly in different tissues of dicot plants.     

Elevated α-Linolenic Acid Content in Extra-plastidial Membranes of Tomato Accelerates Wound-Induced Jasmonate Generation and Improves Tolerance to the Herbivorous Insects Heliothis peltigera and Spodoptera littoralis

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - In tomato, desaturation of linoleic acid (18:2) to α-linolenic acid (18:3) is mediated in the plastidial membranes by the ω-3 fatty acid desaturases 7...     

Cold-induced accumulation of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in a liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha L

The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. synthesizes various long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids including arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, neither of which is produced by higher plants. Here we report the effects of temperature on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation in the liverwort. The accumulation of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased significantly as the growth temperature decreased. Specifically, the relative content of eicosapentaenoic acid to total fatty acids at 5 °C was approximately 3-fold higher than at 25 °C. On the other hand, the accumulation of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased at low temperatures. An analysis of gene expression indicated that the mRNA of the MpFAD3 gene for ER ω-3 desaturase increased significantly at 5 °C. These results indicate that in the liverwort the n-3 pathway was enhanced at low temperature, mainly via expression of the cold-induced ω-3 desaturase gene, leading to increased accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid.     

不同海拔‘凤丹'牡丹籽粒油脂品质形成及代谢相关基因差异表达

通过对洛阳地区海拔100、650和1010 m‘凤丹'牡丹籽粒发育过程中形态指标、营养成分和关键基因的表达分析,研究了不同海拔条件下‘凤丹'牡丹籽粒产量性状变化和可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白质与脂肪酸间的转化规律,以及相关酶活性和油脂代谢关键基因差异表达。结果表明: ‘凤丹'牡丹单果籽粒产量性状随海拔的升高而升高,且高海拔‘凤丹'籽粒生长期长于低、中海拔。成熟籽粒中可溶性糖和淀粉含量随海拔的升高而增加,可溶性蛋白质和粗脂肪含量差异不显著。籽粒发育过程中蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性呈现先降后升的趋势,花后90 d活性最低;丙酮酸脱氢酶(PDH)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性均在花后50～90 d快速增加,花后90 d达到最大值。牡丹籽粒中乙酰CoA羧化酶基因(ACCase)和硬脂酰ACP脱氢酶基因(SAD)相对表达量在花后50 d达到最大值,而ω-6脂肪酸去饱和酶2(FAD2)相对表达量在花后90 d达到最大值。籽粒发育过程中可溶性糖和淀粉与蛋白质和粗脂肪的积累呈负相关;SPS活性与可溶性糖和淀粉呈正相关,与可溶性蛋白质和粗脂肪呈极显著负相关;GPT、GOT与可溶性糖呈负相关,与淀粉呈极显著负相关,与可溶性蛋白质和粗脂肪呈极显著正相关;PDH与可溶性蛋白质、GPT、GOT呈正相关,与可溶性糖呈负相关,与淀粉呈极显著负相关。表明牡丹籽粒发育过程中养分积累是由糖类向粗脂肪和蛋白质的方向转化,SPS、PDH、GPT、GOT等在此过程中起重要作用。籽油中的棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚油酸与亚麻酸相对增量呈负相关,说明牡丹籽油中脂肪酸去饱和过程是向亚麻酸合成的方向进行。ACCase、SAD和FAD2相对表达量与亚麻酸的相对增量呈正相关,均在亚麻酸合成过程中起重要作用。不同海拔条件下牡丹籽粒油脂品质相对稳定,籽粒生产性能随海拔的升高而升高,故在洛阳中高海拔地区种植油用牡丹是边际土地高效利用的重要策略。     

Cloning and expression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Perilla frutescens FAD2</Emphasis> gene and polymorphism analysis among cultivars

?12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD2) is a key enzyme for linoleic acid and linolenic acid biosynthesis. Perilla frutescens is a special oil plant species with highest linolenic acid content. In this study, based on RACE, two alleles for one FAD2 gene were isolated from P. frutescens cultivar C2: the 3956 bp PfFAD2a and the 3959 bp PfFAD2b, both with a full-length cDNA of 1526 bp, and both encoding a 382aa basic protein. The alleles have identities of over 98%, and their encoded proteins differ only by substitution of a strongly similar residue. Saccharomyces cerevisiae heterologous expression suggested that PfFAD2a/b both encode a bio-functional FAD2 enzyme. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that PfFAD2 shows the highest homologies to FAD2 genes from dicots such as Boraginaceae and Burseraceae. PfFAD2a/b expressions are mainly restricted to developing seeds. PfFAD2a/b expression in the seedling leaf is upregulated by cold (4 °C) and repressed by heat (42 °C). Each of the eight cultivars contains two alleles for one PfFAD2 and 40 SNP sites are found. One allelic gene in cultivars C1 and P1 is pseudogene because of premature stop codon mutation in 5′ coding region. All other normal PfFAD2 genes/allelic genes encode identical or very similar proteins. PfFAD2a/b expression level in developing seeds also varies among the eight cultivars. This study provides systemic molecular and functional features of PfFAD2 and enables its application in the study of plant fatty acids traits.