Chemiluminescence determination of gemifloxacin based on diperiodatoargentate (III)‐sulphuric acid reaction in a micellar medium

A novel flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) analysis method for the determination of gemifloxacin in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant micelles is described. Strong CL signal was generated during the reaction of gemifloxacin with diperiodatoargentate (III) in a sulfuric acid medium sensitized by CTAB. Under optimum experimental conditions, the CL intensity was linearly related to the concentration of gemifloxacin from 1.0 × 10^‐9 to 3.0 × 10^‐7 g/mL and the detection limit was 7.3 × 10^‐10 g/mL (3σ). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.7 % for a 3.0 × 10^‐8 g/mL gemifloxacin solution (11 repeated measurements). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of gemifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids. The possible mechanism of the CL reaction is also discussed briefly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of lercanidipine based on N‐chlorosuccinimide–eosin Y post‐chemiluminescence reaction

A novel post‐chemiluminescence (PCL) reaction was discovered when lercanidipine was injected into the CL reaction mixture of N‐chlorosuccinimide with alkaline eosin Y in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), where eosin Y was used as the CL reagent and CTAB as the surfactant. Based on this observation, a simple and highly sensitive PCL method combined with a flow injection (FI) technique was developed for the assay of lercanidipine. Under optimum conditions, the CL signal was linearly related to the concentration of lercanidipine in the range 7.0 × 10^‐10 to 3.0 × 10^‐6 g/mL with a detection limit of 2.3 × 10^‐10 g/mL (3σ). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.1% for 1.0 × 10^‐8 g/mL lercanidipine (n = 13). The proposed method had been applied to the estimation of lercanidipine in tablets and human serum samples with satisfactory results. The possible CL mechanism is also discussed briefly. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of carbamazepine in human urine and serum samples by high‐performance liquid chromatography with post‐column Ru(bipy)‐Ce(SO4)2 chemiluminescence detection

A novel, sensitive and rapid CL method coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography separation for the determination of carbamazepine is described. The method was based on the fact that carbamazepine could significantly enhance the chemiluminescence of the reaction of cerium sulfate and tris(2,2‐bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) in the presence of acid. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Kromasil® (Sigma‐Aldrich) TM RP‐C18 column (id: 150 mm × 4.6 mm, particle size: 5 µm, pore size: 100 Å) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol–water‐glacial acetic acid (70:29:1, v/v/v) at a flowrate of 1.0 mL/min, the total analysis time was within 650 s. Under optimal conditions, CL intensity was linear for carbamazepine in the range 2.0 × 10^?8 ~ 4.0 × 10^?5 g/mL, with a detection limit of 6.0 × 10^?9 g/mL (S/N = 3) and the relative standard detection was 2.5% for 2.0 × 10^?6 g/mL (n = 11). This method was successfully applied to the analysis of carbamazepine in human urine and serum samples. The possible mechanism of the CL reaction is also discussed briefly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Highly sensitive chemiluminescence determination of tenoxicam using a cerium(IV)–sodium hyposulphite system in micellar medium

A simple, rapid and precise flow‐injection–chemiluminescence (FI–CL) method is presented for the determination of tenoxicam in pharmaceutical preparations and biological samples. The method is based on the weak chemiluminescence signal arising from the reaction of cerium(IV) in a nitric acid medium with sodium hyposulphite being significantly increased by tenoxicam in the presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate. Several experimental parameters affecting the CL reaction were examined and optimized systematically. Under the optimum conditions, the CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of tenoxicam in the range 7.0 × 10^–11–5.0 × 10^–8 g/mL. The detection limit was 2.3 × 10^–11 g/mL tenoxicam and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.1% for 1.0 × 10^–9 g/mL tenoxicam solution (n = 11). The proposed method was applied to the determination of tenoxicam in pharmaceutical preparations, serum and human urine, with satisfactory results. The possible mechanism of the chemiluminescence reaction is also briefly discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemiluminescence determination of naproxen based on europium(III)‐sensitized KIO4–H2O2 reaction

A simple and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method combined with flow injection technique was developed for the determination of naproxen. It was based upon the weak CL signal arising from the reaction of KIO₄ with H₂O₂ being significantly increased by naproxen in the presence of europium(III) ion. The experimental conditions that affected the CL signal were carefully optimized and the CL reaction mechanism was briefly discussed. Under the optimum conditions, the increment of CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of naproxen ranging from 5.0 × 10^?8 to 5.0 × 10^?6 g/mL. The detection limit was 1 × 10^?8 g/mL naproxen and the relative standard deviation for 5.0 × 10^?7 g/mL naproxen solution was 2.1% (n = 11). The proposed method was applied to the determination of naproxen in tablets and in spiked human urine samples with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An ultrasensitive chemiluminescent method for the tanshinol borneol ester determination and its pharmacokinetic analysis

Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ), a chemical combination of danshensu and borneol, is an experimental drug that exhibits efficacious anti‐ischemic activity in animal models. In this work, an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of DBZ was established based on the inhibitory effect of DBZ on the CL signal produced from the reaction between potassium permanganate and luminol in alkaline solution. The CL intensity responded linearly to the concentration of DBZ in the range 2.0 × 10^‐10 to 4.0 × 10^‐8 g/mL with a detection limit of 7 × 10^?11 g/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.8% for 4.0 × 10^?9 g DBZ (n = 11). The proposed method showed characteristics of high sensitivity, simple device and quick. In addition, this proposed method had been applied satisfactorily to the analysis of DBZ in blood. The pharmacokinetics of DBZ in rat has also been studied using the CL method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of ferulic acid by flow injection chemiluminescence analysis based on enhancement of the N‐bromobutanimide–eosin–CrCl3 system in alkaline solution

A simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence method has been developed for the determination of ferulic acid (FA) based on the significant enhancement effect of FA on the CL signal of the N‐bromobutanimide (NBS)–eosin–CrCl₃ system in alkaline solution. Under optimum conditions, the enhanced CL intensity is linearly related to the concentration of FA in its pharmaceutical preparations and human plasma samples. The corresponding linear regression equations were established over the 4.0 × 10^–10–1.0 × 10^–7 g/mL for FA tablets and 2.0 × 10^–10–1.0 × 10^–7 g/mL for plasma samples. The limit of detection for FA tablets and limit of quantification for plasma samples were 2.8 × 10^–10 g/mL (3 σ) and 3.04 × 10^–10 g/mL (10 σ), respectively. A complete analysis could be performed within 40 s, including washing and sampling, giving a throughput of ≈90/h. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of FA in pharmaceutical preparations and human plasma samples with satisfactory results. The recoveries of pharmaceutical preparations and human plasma samples at three different concentrations were 97.8–102.6% and 96.7–104.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of CL reactions was also discussed briefly. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemiluminescence determination of bromhexine hydrochloride with morin as chemiluminescent reagent

A new chemiluminescence (CL) reaction was observed when cerium(IV) solution was injected into bromhexine hydrochloride–morin solution. Based on this, a flow‐injection CL method for the determination of bromhexine hydrochloride was established. A possible mechanism of the CL reaction was proposed via the investigation of the CL kinetic characteristics, the CL spectrum and the fluorescence spectra of some related substances. Under optimum conditions, the CL signal was correlated linearly with concentration of bromhexine hydrochloride over the range 2.0 × 10^–9–2.0 × 10^–7 g/mL, with a linear correlation of 0.9995. The detection limit was 9 × 10^–10 g/mL bromhexine hydrochloride and the relative standard deviation was 1.0% (c = 2.0 × 10^–8 g/mL bromhexine hydrochloride, n = 11). The method was applied to the determination of bromhexine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine samples with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Selective determination of human immunoglobulin G by flow‐injection chemiluminescence

A novel flow‐injection chemiluminescence method was developed for the selective determination of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the presence of thiomersal by changing the flow rates of peristaltic pump. The study was based on the independence and additivity of the CL signals of human IgG and thiomersal in the galangin–potassium permanganate–polyphosphoric acid system. In meantime, two equations relating to the concentrations of mixing solutions of human IgG and thiomersal vs the CL intensity were established and solved, on the basis of which the content of thiomersal included in samples was simultaneously determined too. The enhanced CL intensity was in proportion to concerntrations in the range 8.0 × 10^?7 to 8.0 × 10^?5 g/mL for human IgG and 1.0 × 10^?7 to 2.0 × 10^?6 g/mL for thiomersal with the detection limits of 5.0 × 10^?7 g/mL for human IgG and 6.0 × 10^?8 g/mL for thiomersal, respectively. The relative standard deviation for 1.0 × 10^?5 g/mL human IgG was 0.8% and for 2.0 × 10^?7 g/mL thiomersal it was 2.0% (n = 10). The proposed method was applied to determine three synthetic samples with recoveries of 91.5–109.5%. In addition, the possible chemiluminescence mechanisms are discussed as well. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of 6‐mercaptopurine based on a new system of potassium permanganate–thioacetamide–sodium hexametaphosphate

A novel chemiluminescence method for the determination of 6‐mercaptopurine was established based on 6‐mercaptopurine inhibition of the chemiluminescence emission of potassium permanganate–thioacetamide–sodium hexametaphosphate system. The peak height was proportional to log 6‐mercaptopurine concentration in the range 7.0 × 10^?10 to 1.0 × 10^?7 g/mL and the detection limit was 1.9 × 10^?11 g/mL (S/N = 3). The relative standard deviation was 1.5% for the determination of 8.0 × 10^?8 g/mL 6‐mercaptopurine (n = 11). The proposed sensor was successfully applied to the analysis of 6‐mercaptopurine in human serum samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemiluminescence method for the determination of piroxicam by the enhancement of the tris‐(4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthrolinedisulphonic acid) ruthenium(II) (RuBPS)–cerium(IV) system and its application

A simple, rapid chemiluminescence (CL) method was described for the determination of piroxicam, a commonly used analgesic agent drug. A strong CL signal was detected when cerium(IV) sulphate was injected into tris‐(4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthrolinedisulphonic acid) ruthenium(II) (RuBPS)–piroxicam solution. The CL signal was proportional to the concentration of piroxicam in the range 2.8 × 10^–8–1.2 × 10^–5 mol/L. The detection limit was 2 × 10^–8 mol/L and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.7% (c = 7.0 × 10^–7 mol/L piroxicam; n = 11). The proposed method was applied to the determination of piroxicam in pharmaceutical preparations in capsules, spiked serum and urine samples with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of trace amounts of dopamine by flow‐injection analysis coupled with luminol–Ag(III) complex chemiluminescence detection

A novel flow injection analysis‐direct chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) method has been developed for determination of trace amounts of dopamine (DA) based on the enhancing effect of DA on the CL reaction of luminol with an Ag(III) complex in alkaline solution. Under optimum conditions, CL intensities are proportional to the concentration of DA in the range of 1.0 × 10^?10 to 4.0 × 10^?8 mol L^?1. The detection limit is 3.0 × 10^?11 mol L^?1 for DA (3s), with a relative standard deviation (n = 13) of 2.3% for 1.0 × 10^?8 mol L^?1 DA. This method has also been applied for the determination of DA in commercial pharmaceutical injection samples. On the basis of the CL spectra and the results of the free‐radical trapping experiment of this work, a reaction mechanism for this CL reaction is proposed and discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of dipyridamole using TCPO–H2O2 chemiluminescence in the presence of silver nanoparticles

The method is based on the fact that dipyridamole can enhance the chemiluminescence (CL) emission from the redox reaction of bis (2,4,6‐tricholorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) with H₂O₂ in the presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The CL reaction mechanism was discussed. The effect of concentrations of TCPO, H₂O₂, AgNPs and pH value on the CL reaction were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the linear dynamic range was 1.0–1000 × 10^?9 g/mL and the detection limit (3σ) was 9 × 10^?10 g/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 4.8% for 1.0 × 10^?9 g/mL dipyridamole (n = 7). The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of dipyridamole tablets and the recovery was 99–103%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow‐injection chemiluminescence determination of haemoglobin in the blood

In this study, a sensitive and simple flow‐injection chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for the quantitative analysis of haemoglobin. The method is based on the ability of haemoglobin to enhance the CL signal generated by a H₂O₂–K₄Fe(CN)₆–fluorescein alkaline system enhanced by CdTe quantum dots. Under the optimized conditions, haemoglobin can be detected in concentration range 7.35 × 10^–9–2.5 × 10^–6 mol/L, with a detection limit (3σ) of 1.8 × 10^–9 mol/L and a relative standard deviation (RSD; for 5 × 10^–7 mol/L haemoglobin) of 2.06% (n = 11). The present CL method was successfully applied for the determination of haemoglobin in three kinds of blood samples taken from an infant, an adult man, an adult woman and two reference samples. Compared with previous reports, the CL method described in this work is simple and rapid, with high sensitivity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow‐injection analysis for meloxicam based on tris(2,2′‐bipyridine) ruthenium(II)–Ce(IV) chemiluminescent system

It was found that meloxicam could enhance the chemiluminescence (CL) of the tris(2,2'‐bipyridine) ruthenium(II)–Ce(IV) system in the medium of sulfate acid. Based on this phenomenon a new flow‐injection system with chemiluminescent detection has been proposed for determination of meloxicam. Under optimum conditions, meloxicam had a good linear relationship with the CL intensity in the concentration range of 6.0  10^?4 to 1.0 µg/mL and the detection limit was 3.7 × 10^?4 µg/mL. The proposed method was applied to detect meloxicam in tablets and a satisfactory recovery was obtained. The possible mechanism for this CL system is also discussed in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Capillary electrophoresis analysis of isoniazid using luminol-periodate potassium chemiluminescence system

A rapid and simple capillary electrophoresis method coupled with chemiluminescent (CL) detection was proposed for analysis of isoniazid (ISO) based on the enhancement effect of ISO to CL emission of luminol‐periodate potassium reaction. Under the optimal conditions, ISO can be assayed in the range of 7.0 × 10^?7 to 3.0 × 10^?5 g mL^?1 (R² = 0.9990) with a limit of detection of 3.0 × 10^?7 g mL^?1 (signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3). The whole analysis process can be completed within 2.5 min with a theoretical plate number of 6258. The relative standard deviations of the signal intensity and the migration time were 3.1 and 1.4% for a standard sample at 1.0 × 10^?5 g mL^?1 (n = 5), respectively. The presented novel strategy was successfully applied to the determination of ISO in commercial pharmaceutical preparations and spiked human serum samples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow‐injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of chloramphenicol based on luminol–sodium periodate order‐transform second‐chemiluminescence reaction

A new chemiluminescence (CL) reaction was observed when chloramphenicol solution was injected into the mixture after the end of the reaction of alkaline luminol and sodium periodate or sodium periodate was injected into the reaction mixture of chloramphenicol and alkaline luminol. This reaction is described as an order‐transform second‐chemiluminescence (OTSCL) reaction. The OTSCL method combined with a flow‐injection technique was applied to the determination of chloramphenicol. The optimum conditions for the order‐transform second‐chemiluminescence emission were investigated. A mechanism for OTSCL has been proposed on the basis of the chemiluminescence kinetic characteristics, the UV‐visible spectra and the chemiluminescent spectra. Under optimal experimental conditions, the CL response is proportional to the concentration of chloramphenicol over the range 5.0 × 10^?7–5.0 × 10^?5 mol/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9969 and a detection limit of 6.0 × 10^?8 mol/L (3σ). The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 11 repeated determinations of 5.0 × 10^?6 mol/L chloramphenicol is 1.7%. The method has been applied to the determination of chloramphenicol in pharmaceutical samples with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Post‐chemiluminescence determination of chloramphenicol based on luminol–potassium periodate system

A post‐chemiluminescence (PCL) phenomenon was observed when chloramphenicol was injected into a mixture of luminol and potassium periodate after the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of luminol–potassium periodate had finished. The possible reaction mechanism was proposed based on studies of the CL kinetic characteristics, the CL spectra, the fluorescence spectra and the UV‐vis absorption spectra of the related substances. Based on the PCL reaction, a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of chloramphenicol was established. The linear response range was 6.0 × 10^?7–1.0 × 10^?5 mol/L, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9986. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 5.0 × 10^?6 mol/L chloramphenicol was 2.3% (n = 11). The detection limit was 1.6 × 10^?7 mol/L. The method has been applied to the determination of chloramphenicol in pharmaceutical samples with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of estradiol valerate in pharmaceutical preparations and human serum by flow injection chemiluminescence

A novel method for the detection of trace estradiol valerate (EV) in pharmaceutical preparations and human serum was developed by inhibition of luminol chemiluminescence (CL) by estradiol valerate on the zinc deuteroporphyrin (ZnDP)‐enhanced luminol‐K₃Fe(CN)₆ chemiluminescence system. Under optimized experimental conditions, CL intensity and concentration of estradiol valerate had a good linear relationship in the ranges of 8.0 × 10^‐8 to 1.0 × 10^‐5 g/mL. Detection limit (3σ) was estimated to be 3.5 × 10^‐8 g/mL. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of estradiol valerate in pharmaceutical preparations and human serum and recoveries were 97.0‐105.0% and 95.5‐106.0%, respectively. The possible mechanism of the CL system is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel chemiluminescence system for the determination of daidzein and its hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) system was established for the determinations of daidzein in pharmaceutical preparations and to assess its ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. It was shown that a strong CL signal generated when eosin Y was mixed with Fenton reagent was decreased significantly when daidzein was added to the reaction system due to partial scavenging of the hydroxyl radicals in the solution. The extent of decrease in the CL intensity had a good stoichiometric relationship with the daidzein concentration. Based on this, we developed a new method for the determination of daidzein, using a flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI–CL) technique. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of daidzein concentration was 8.0 × 10^–8–3.0 × 10^–6 mol/L (R = 0.9982), with a detection limit of 9.0 × 10^–9 mol/L (S:N = 3), and the RSD was 5.8% for 1.0 × 10^–6 mol/L daidzein (n = 11). This method was successfully used in the determination of daidzein in tablets and for evaluation of the hydroxyl radical‐scavenging capacity of daidzein. The possible reaction mechanism of the CL system is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.