杨桃叶的化学成分研究

为阐明酢浆草科植物杨桃(Averrhoa carambola)的化学成分,运用有机溶剂提取、萃取及多种色谱分离技术,从其叶中分离得到11个化合物。经光波谱分析,分别鉴定为苯基β-D-葡萄糖苷(1)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、苄基β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、2-苯乙基芸香糖苷(4)、1-O-(3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酰)-β-D-葡萄糖(5)、5-羟基麦芽酚(6)、麦芽酚苷(7)、麦芽酚3-O-[6-O-(3-羟基-3-甲基-5-丁基戊二酰)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、乙基β-D-呋喃果糖苷(9)、丁基β-D-呋喃果糖苷(10)和鲨烯(11)。化合物8是1个新的人工产物,除化合物2和3外均为首次从杨桃属植物中得到。部分化合物与杨桃叶的抗炎、抗氧化和抗肿瘤作用相关。     

法兰地草莓的芳香类和黄酮类成分

为了解草莓(Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)法兰地品种的化学成分,采用色谱分离方法,从新鲜果实的乙醇提取物中获得19个化合物。通过波谱数据分析鉴定了它们的结构,分别为对羟基苯甲酸(1)、没食子酸乙酯(2)、鞣花酸3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(3)、苄基β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、淫羊藿次苷F2(5)、苄基6-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、苯乙基6-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)、反式肉桂酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、顺式肉桂酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、反式对香豆酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、顺式对香豆酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(11)、反式阿魏酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(12)、山柰酚(13)、反式椴树苷(14)、山柰酚3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(15)、槲皮素(16)、槲皮素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(17)、槲皮素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(18)和根皮苷(19),化合物1~12为芳香类,其余为黄酮类。所有化合物均为首次从法兰地品种中报道,化合物4~9为首次从草莓中获得。     

展毛野牡丹酚类化学成分的研究

为了明确展毛野牡丹的化学成分,该研究采用Diaion HP20SS、MCI gel、Sephadex LH-20柱层析和反相高效液相色谱等方法,对展毛野牡丹根和茎的醇提物分别进行了分离纯化。结果表明:从展毛野牡丹中分离得到11个化合物,它们的结构经波谱数据分析和鉴定。它们分别是4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯酚1-O-β-D-(6'-O-没食子酰)-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、3,4-二羟基苯乙醇4-O-β-D-(6'-O-没食子酰基)-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)、龙胆酸5-O-β-D-(6'-O-没食子酰基)-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、2,4,6-三甲氧基苯酚1-O-β-D-(6'-O-没食子酰)-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、甲基6-O-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、乙基6-O-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、6'-O-没食子酰基黑樱苷(7)、没食子酸甲酯(8)、没食子酸乙酯(9)、2,6-二甲氧基对苯二酚4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10)、2-甲氧基对苯二酚4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(11)。所有化合物均为首次从展毛野牡丹中分离得到,化合物2-7、10和11为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

毛茛属刺果毛茛化学成分研究

从刺果毛茛Ranunculus muricatus Linn.全草乙醇提取物分离得到17个化合物,通过MS、NMR等方法鉴定为:小毛茛内酯(1)、阿魏酸(2)、对羟基香豆酸(3)、原儿茶酸(4)、咖啡酰基(5)、丹参素(6)、丹参素甲酯(7)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、槲皮素-3-O-(2’’’-E-咖啡酰基)-α-L-阿拉伯糖-(1→2)-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(11)、槲皮素-3-O-(2’’’-E-咖啡酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(12)、山萘酚-3-O-(2’’’-E-咖啡酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(13)、槲皮素-3-O-(2’’’-E-阿魏酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(14)、山萘酚-3-O-(2’’’-E-对羟基香豆酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(15)、芹菜素-8-C-α-L-阿拉伯糖-6-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷(16)、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-葡萄糖-8-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷(17)。除化合物4外,其他化合物均为首次从刺果毛茛中分离得到。     

维药洋甘菊化学成分及DPPH自由基清除活性研究

为对洋甘菊(Matricaria chamomilla L.)的化学成分进行分离纯化及化合物DPPH自由基清除的活性进行考察,本实验通过正、反相硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、半制备高效液相色谱,从洋甘菊中分离得到11个化合物,通过波谱方法进行鉴定结构为山萘酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(1)、木犀草素-3′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、6-羟基木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、异槲皮苷(4)、5-羟基-4′,7-二甲基-6,8-二甲氧基黄酮(5)、槲皮素-3′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、3-羟基苯甲醇(7)、1-(4-羟基苯基)乙烷-1,2-二醇(8)、2-(3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯基)-丙烷-1,3-二醇(9)、2-(4-羟基乙基)乙醇(10)、丁香酸(11),其中化合物1～3、5、7～11为首次从该植物中分离得到,经DPPH清除自由基活性筛选发现化合物1～3、5、6有着与对照组相当的DPPH自由基清除活性。     

中华山蓼化学成分研究

bk中华山蓼(Dxyria sinensis Hemsl.)全草中首次分离得到十四个化合物,通过波谱学方法分别鉴定为(-)-表没食子儿茶素(1)、(-)-儿茶素没食子酸酯(2)、(-)-表儿茶素(3)、(-)-表儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯(4)、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(5)、tiliroside(6)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、桷皮素(8)、2,4-二羟基-6-甲氧基-乙酰基苯-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、反-N-(4-羟基苯乙基)阿魏酸酰胺(10)、顺-N-(4-羟基苯乙基)阿魏酸酰胺(11)、icariol A2(12)、(+)-松脂素(13)、Helonioside B(14).     

水栀子醋酸乙酯部位化学成分研究CSCD

为探究水栀子(Gardenia jasminoides var.radicans)醋酸乙酯部位的化学成分。本研究采用硅胶、MCI gel CHP-20、ODS、Sephadex LH-20等柱色谱和制备液相色谱等手段对水栀子醋酸乙酯部位的化学成分展开了系统研究,根据波谱数据结合参考文献鉴定所得化合物结构,并对部分化合物进行了体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性筛选。从水栀子醋酸乙酯部位分离得到17个化合物,分别鉴定为5,3′,5′-三羟基-6,7,4′-三甲氧基黄酮(1)、5,7,3′-三羟基-6,4′,5′-三甲氧基黄酮(2)、5,7,4′-三羟基-6,3′,5′-三甲氧基黄酮(3)、黄芪苷(4)、山奈酚-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、山奈酚-3-O-洋槐糖苷(6)、表丁香树脂酚(7)、medioresinol(8)、浙贝素(9)、salicifoliol(10)、芥子酸甲酯(11)、methyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzenepropanoate(12)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基桂皮酰基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(13)、1-芥子酰基-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(14)、2,2′-oxybis(1,4-di-tert-butylbenzene)(15)、对羟基苯乙酸(16)和1-O-香草酰基-β-D-葡萄糖(17)。化合物1、3、7、9~15和17为首次从栀子属中分离得到,其余化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性测试结果显示,当浓度为100μM时,有9个化合物对该酶表现出微弱的抑制作用。     

抱茎苦荬菜水溶性成分的分离与结构鉴定

从抱茎苦荬菜的水溶性成分分离得到5个化合物,根据理化性质和光谱数据分别鉴定为木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(1),木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖1→2葡萄糖苷(2),芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(3),菊苣酸(4),(-)3,4-二羟基咖啡酰基酒石酸(5)。化合物3～5为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

红花的化学成分及DPPH自由基清除活性研究

从红花中分离得到14个化合物,通过波谱数据和理化性质分别鉴定为:异光黄素(1)、(2S)-4',5,6,7-四羟基二氢黄酮-6-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、新红花苷(3)、山柰酚(4)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5)、山柰酚-3-O-β-芸香糖苷(6)、6-羟基山柰酚(7)、6-羟基山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、槲皮素(9)、对羟基苯甲酸(10)、对羟基桂皮酸(11)、尿嘧啶(12)、腺嘌呤(13)、β-谷甾醇(14),其中化合物1首次从红花属植物中分离得到。采用TLC-DPPH生物自显影法筛选单体化合物及红花醇提物各萃取部位的自由基清除活性,结果表明乙酸乙酯萃取物及化合物4、9、11具有明显的DPPH自由基清除活性。     

秋枫化学成分的研究

利用各种色谱技术从秋枫(Bischofia javanica)的根中分离得到11个化合物。通过波谱学方法鉴定为3,4-二羟基苯乙醇(1),2-(3,4-dihydroxy)-phenylethyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2),tachioside(3),isotachioside(4),儿茶素(5),表儿茶素(6),没食子儿茶素(7),4-羟基-2-甲氧基苯酚1-O-β-D-(6’-O-没食子酰基)葡萄糖苷(8),4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenol-β-D-[6-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxylbenzoate)]glucopyranoside(9),maesopsin-6-O-glucopyranoside(10),β-香树脂醇乙酸酯(11)。所有化合物均为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.     

Molecular identification of Taenia spp. in wolves (Canis lupus), brown bears (Ursus arctos) and cervids from North Europe and Alaska

Taenia tapeworms of Finnish and Swedish wolves (Canis lupus) and Finnish brown bears (Ursus arctos), and muscle cysticerci of Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), Alaskan Grant's caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and Alaskan moose (Alces americanus) were identified on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a 396 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Two species were found from wolves: Taenia hydatigena and Taenia krabbei. The cysticerci of reindeer, caribou and one moose also represented T. krabbei. Most of the cysticercal specimens from Alaskan moose, however, belonged to an unknown T. krabbei-like species, which had been reported previously from Eurasian elks (Alces alces) from Finland. Strobilate stages from two bears belonged to this species as well. The present results suggest that this novel Taenia sp. has a Holarctic distribution and uses Alces spp. as intermediate and ursids as final hosts.     

中国石蕊科地衣研究之四石蕊属地衣新种及中国新记录

摘要:本文报道了中国横断山地区石蕊属地衣12种,其中新种1个:贡嘎石蕊(Cladonia ngganensis S.Y. Guo & Wei),中国新记录11种:类黄粉石蕊(Cl. bacilliformis),比蒙氏石(Cl. beaumontii),小棍棒石蕊(Cl. clavulifera),圆筒石蕊(Cl. cylindrica),具粉石蕊(Cl. farinacea),北海道石蕊(Cl. hokkaidensis),厚叶石蕊(Cl. incrassata),大叶石蕊(Cl. macrophylla),丛杯石蕊( Cl. mateocyatha),多孔石蕊(Cl. multiformis)和亚石蕊(Cl. subrangiformis)。对于每一种的化学成分及地理分布进行了测定和分析。     

Fungal Thyroiditis: An Overview

The authors review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal thyroiditis cases previously reported in the medical literature. Aspergillus was by far the most common cause of fungal thyroiditis. Immunocompromised patients, such as those with leukemia, lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, and organ-transplant patients on pharmacological immunosuppression were particularly at risk. Fungal thyroiditis was diagnosed at autopsy as part of disseminated infection in a substantial number of patients without clinical manifestations and laboratory evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Local signs and symptoms of infection were indistinguishable from other infectious thyroiditis and included fever, anterior cervical pain, thyroid enlargement sometimes associated with dysphagia and dysphonia, and clinical and laboratory features of transient hyperthyroidism due to the release of thyroid hormone from follicular cell damage, followed by residual hypothyroidism. Antemortem diagnosis of fungal thyroiditis was made by direct microscopy and culture of a fine-needle aspirate, or/and biopsy in most cases. Since most patients with fungal thyroiditis had disseminated fungal infection with delay in diagnosis and treatment, the overall mortality was high.     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。