转拟南芥NPR1基因桂99 T3代植株的抗病性及农艺性状表现

以转拟南芥AtNPR1基因的恢复系品种桂99T3代纯合株系为材料,考查其农艺性状及其抗病性,并比较转基因植株与桂99侵染水稻白叶枯病菌后的农艺性状。结果表明:转基因植株表现出对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著增强77%以上;穗长、剑叶长、有效穗数、一次枝梗数、每穗实粒数、单株产量和谷粒宽等农艺性状与未转基因桂99无显著差别。在受到水稻白叶枯病菌侵染后,转基因植株的一次枝梗数、每穗粒数、每穗实粒数和单株产量等方面均比对照桂99高出13%～78%。说明AtNPR1基因增强了水稻的抗病能力,从而降低了病害引起的产量损失。转基因植株的恢复力不受影响,稻米品质比桂99更加优良。本工作为转基因水稻抗病育种的研究奠定了基础。     

粳稻穗角与谷粒性状的相关性及谷粒性状遗传分析

粳稻穗角小的品种产量高而品质差。谷粒性状与产量和品质都有关联。为培育产量与品质相协调的品种提供相关遗传信息, 测定了粳稻直立穗品种丙8979和弯曲穗品种C堡及其重组自交系349个株系的穗角和7个谷粒性状, 分析了穗角与谷粒性状之间的相关性, 并运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型, 对7个谷粒性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明, 穗角与粒厚、长厚比和宽厚比均无显著相关, 而与千粒重、粒长、粒宽和长宽比均呈极显著正相关。7个谷粒性状均受2对主基因+多基因控制, 2对主基因的作用方式因性状而异。千粒重、粒长、长厚比和宽厚比4个性状以主基因遗传为主; 粒宽、粒厚和长宽比3个性状以多基因遗传为主。     

粳稻穗角与谷粒性状的相关性及谷粒性状遗传分析

粳稻穗角小的品种产量高而品质差。谷粒性状与产量和品质都有关联。为培育产量与品质相协调的品种提供相关遗传信息,测定了粳稻直立穗品种丙8979和弯曲穗品种C堡及其重组自交系349个株系的穗角和7个谷粒性状,分析了穗角与谷粒性状之间的相关性,并运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对7个谷粒性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明,穗角与粒厚、长厚比和宽厚比均无显著相关,而与千粒重、粒长、粒宽和长宽比均呈极显著正相关。7个谷粒性状均受2对主基因+多基因控制,2对主基因的作用方式因性状而异。千粒重、粒长、长厚比和宽厚比4个性状以主基因遗传为主;粒宽、粒厚和长宽比3个性状以多基因遗传为主。     

杂交转育植酸酶phyA大豆阳性材料筛选研究

植酸及其盐类占土壤非有效态磷30%～40%,利用转基因技术结合常规育种手段培育能够分解利用植酸磷的作物新品种是解决这一问题的最新途径。本研究以农杆菌转化子叶节所获得的JL35-phyA为试材,采用PCR与RT-PCR进行目的基因检测,获得转基因阳性材料;随后将这些阳性材料与38个常规大豆杂交,实现phyA向不同大豆品种的转育。结果表明,利用农杆菌转化技术已将phyA转入吉林35,且基因在大豆根系能够正常转录表达,转基因株系的单株荚数、粒数、粒重及百粒重显著高于野生型,蛋白质和脂肪含量与野生型差异不显著;利用这些转基因株系,通过杂交转育获得F1阳性单株427个,涉及上述38个不同组合,说明目标基因phyA已转移到杂交后代;将F1阳性单株自交后筛选得到部分组合的阳性F2植株及F3子粒,经农艺性状考察,这些后代材料中存在丰富的遗传变异,并在杂交后代中选育出一些转有目标基因的优良株系,为今后培育转phyA大豆新品种(系)提供了一批重要的遗传资源。     

杂交转育植酸酶phyA大豆阳性材料筛选研究北大核心CSCD

植酸及其盐类占土壤非有效态磷30%～40%,利用转基因技术结合常规育种手段培育能够分解利用植酸磷的作物新品种是解决这一问题的最新途径。本研究以农杆菌转化子叶节所获得的JL35-phyA为试材,采用PCR与RT-PCR进行目的基因检测,获得转基因阳性材料;随后将这些阳性材料与38个常规大豆杂交,实现phyA向不同大豆品种的转育。结果表明,利用农杆菌转化技术已将phyA转入吉林35,且基因在大豆根系能够正常转录表达,转基因株系的单株荚数、粒数、粒重及百粒重显著高于野生型,蛋白质和脂肪含量与野生型差异不显著;利用这些转基因株系,通过杂交转育获得F1阳性单株427个,涉及上述38个不同组合,说明目标基因phyA已转移到杂交后代;将F1阳性单株自交后筛选得到部分组合的阳性F2植株及F3子粒,经农艺性状考察,这些后代材料中存在丰富的遗传变异,并在杂交后代中选育出一些转有目标基因的优良株系,为今后培育转phyA大豆新品种(系)提供了一批重要的遗传资源。     

普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）DNA导入栽培稻后代主要性状的遗传变异

通过花粉管通道法将普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)DNA导入宁夏水稻品种宁粳16号和宁粳23号中,获得外源DNA导入系(以D表示),选择的导入系经4次连续自交获得D4代材料.选择其中36个株系在北京种植,进行农艺性状调查和变异类型分析.结果表明,这些导入系分别在株型、生育期、分蘖力、株高、每穗粒数、每穗粒重、穗长、千粒重等性状上发生变异;一些导入系的每穗实粒数、每穗粒重、穗长、千粒重和分蘖数等明显高于受体,表现出高产潜力.本文着重阐述导入系的每穗实粒数、千粒重、分蘖数等与产量相关性状的遗传变异.     

外源基因在一个转基因水稻四倍体变异株系中的遗传行为

在基因枪介导转化的转基因水稻植株中发现1个四倍体变异株系XIP-4N．该变异株系T₀代植株中转基因的整合模式与二倍体转基因株系XIP-2N相同,并且二者来自同一转化体系,推测XIP-4N株系是转化后的水稻愈伤组织在细胞有丝分裂过程中发生染色体加倍产生的．对外源筛选标记基因bar和非筛选基因cecropinB在转基因株系XIP-4N和XIP-2N中的遗传行为进行了比较研究．在二倍体转基因株系XIP-2N中,bar和cecropinB基因的Southern整合模式从T₀到T₂代遗传稳定,单位点整合的bar基因按孟德尔单基因显性方式向后代传递．四倍体转基因株系XIP-4N中外源基因遗传行为复杂,单位点整合的bar基因（Basta抗性）T₁代按15∶1分离,T₂和T₃代中分离行为复杂,而且bar和cecropinB基因的整合模式遗传不稳定．同源四倍体水稻植株减数分裂过程中染色体结构变异、转基因相关位点DNA片段的遗传重组与修饰,以及由此导致配子的育性降低,可能是导致外源基因遗传行为复杂的主要原因．转基因四倍体水稻变异株系XIP-4N携带易于检测的bar基因,为研究同源四倍体水稻的遗传和生殖机理提供了好材料．     

RNAi介导的OsBTF3基因沉默及其对水稻籽粒相关性状的影响

为了创制OsBTF3基因沉默的水稻植株、验证该基因在水稻籽粒相关性状中的功能、评价其在水稻遗传改良中潜在的应用价值,设计和合成OsBTF3基因序列的引物、扩增部分基因片段,构建RNAi基因沉默载体、通过农杆菌介导转化愈伤组织、植株再生、潮霉素抗性筛选和PCR验证、定量分析OsBTF3基因表达量,测定转基因水稻籽粒相关性状。结果表明,成功地获得了20个T1代OsBTF3-RNAi转基因株系,OsBTF3基因表达量得到显著的抑制和干扰,抑制效果平均达到85%;与野生型对照株相比,5个所测定RNAi转基因株系的穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和穗粒重等籽粒相关性状明显地减小或降低。因此,RNAi介导的基因沉默导致了OsBTF3基因表达水平抑制以及在籽粒性状中的功能缺失;OsBTF3可能是一个调控水稻籽粒相关性状重要的功能基因。     

虫压胁迫对抗虫转基因水稻生长发育及产量性状的影响

在大田条件下,以转基因抗虫水稻Bt63、R1和R2及非转基因水稻汕优63(对照)为材料,设置高、低两种虫压环境条件,研究虫压胁迫对转Bt抗虫基因水稻生长发育及产量相关性状的影响.结果表明： 抗虫水稻在虫压胁迫条件下可充分体现出外源基因的抗性特点.在高虫压条件下,3种转Bt基因水稻受螟虫危害程度远低于对照植株,株高、分蘖数、地上部鲜质量、穗长、穗质量、单株穗数、单株实粒数、实粒质量、结实率、千粒重等生长发育和产量指标均高于对照,但仅株高、分蘖数和穗长3个指标与对照有显著差异.因此,抗虫外源Bt基因的引入对水稻结实性不会产生负面效应,高虫压胁迫条件对抗虫转基因水稻产量的影响较小.     

玉米单株穗数及其它数量性状的基因效应与遗传变异分析

对于玉米单株穗数、籽粒产量及其他重要数量性状进行了世代平均值分析。试验包括多穗×非多穗自交系间的28个杂交组合的P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、B_1和B_2群体两年的结果。单株穗数、开花前日数和穗位高在大多数组合内表现为显著的加性基因效应。籽粒产量、开花前日数、株高和穗位高几乎在所有组合内都表现显著的显性效应。所研究的10个性状平均加性效应引起的变异比例一般都超过显性效应变异比例。三种基因效应中,上位效应对世代平均值遗传变异的贡献最小,而且往往不显著。籽粒产量的遗传变异主要由基因的显性效应所引起。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.