斜纹夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯不同抗性水平与解毒代谢酶的关系

为探讨斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)对氯氟氰菊酯抗性水平与解毒代谢酶之间的关系, 以泰安郊区对氯氟氰菊酯抗性为543.7倍的斜纹夜蛾田间种群为材料, 研究了药剂汰选与否的抗性动态及不同抗性水平的解毒代谢酶活性变化。结果表明: 室内继代饲养至第30代, 不接触任何药剂的抗性下降至102.3倍, 用氯氟氰菊酯汰选28代后, 抗性上升到3 049.3倍, 而在药剂汰选至第14代, 抗性已至2 593.8倍时, 停止用氯氟氰菊酯汰选, 到第30代的抗性又降至786.3倍。表明斜纹夜蛾抗氯氟氰菊酯田间种群, 在无药剂选择压力时抗性水平会显著下降, 继续给予药剂汰选会使抗性水平显著上升。检测斜纹夜蛾田间种群5龄幼虫中肠酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性, 发现与敏感种群有显著性差异, 而多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性与敏感种群的差异不明显; 给予氯氟氰菊酯药剂汰选, 酯酶、谷胱甘肽S 转移酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基3种酶的活性均呈显著增加趋势; 停止用氯氟氰菊酯汰选后, 3种酶的活性又呈显著下降趋势; 不接触任何药剂, 随着饲养世代数的增加, 其酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性也呈下降趋势。结果提示斜纹夜蛾幼虫酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性的提高是斜纹夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯抗性上升的重要原因。     

甜菜夜蛾对甲氧虫酰肼抗药性选育及其抗性生化机理初探

在室内用甲氧虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)幼虫进行抗药性选育,经过13代汰选,甜菜夜蛾抗性种群(Met-R)对甲氧虫酰肼的抗性倍数为4.19倍;交互抗性测定发现,Met-R甜菜夜蛾对毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、虫螨腈、虫酰肼、甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐等药剂的交互抗性比值在1.05～2.07之间,不存在交互抗性。离体酶活性测定结果表明,Met-R甜菜夜蛾5龄幼虫中肠谷胱甘肽S-转移酶比活力是相对敏感种群(SS)甜菜夜蛾的2.44倍,存在显著性差异,说明谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性增强可能与甜菜夜蛾对甲氧虫酰肼产生抗药性有关;但Met-R甜菜夜蛾全酯酶催化活性与SS的无显著性差异,说明其抗药性可能与酯酶无关。     

kdr突变和解毒代谢在B型烟粉虱对高效氯氰菊酯抗性中的作用

本研究明确了kdr突变和解毒代谢在B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci对高效氯氰菊酯抗性中的作用。B型烟粉虱NJ品系相对于烟粉虱敏感品系（SUD-S,非B型）对高效氯氰菊酯有266倍的抗性。对NJ品系用高效氯氰菊酯进行群体筛选获得抗性为811倍的NJ-R1品系,对NJ品系进行单对交配筛选获得抗性达2 634倍的NJ-R2品系。在NJ,NJ-R1和NJ-R2品系间,酯酶、多功能氧化酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性无显著差异,说明在筛选过程中解毒代谢没有发生变化。PASA检测结果表明,NJ-R2品系钠离子通道基因L925I突变（kdr突变）频率为100%,NJ-R1品系为80.6%,NJ品系为55%。由此可见,kdr突变频率的增加是B型烟粉虱种群对高效氯氰菊酯抗性上升的主要原因。在NJ,NJ-R1和NJ-R2品系中,增效醚（PBO）对高效氯氰菊酯的增效作用均为20倍左右,而PBO对SUD-S品系没有任何增效作用。PBO能同时抑制烟粉虱的多功能氧化酶和酯酶,通过与TPP增效作用进行对比表明,在B型烟粉虱中PBO所产生的增效作用主要来源于对酯酶的抑制。因此,B型烟粉虱品系（NJ-R2,NJ-R1和NJ）与非B型SUD-S品系相比存在20倍左右的先天抗性,该先天抗性主要与B型烟粉虱的特有酯酶有关。在B型烟粉虱品系对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性中,抗性水平完全由kdr突变频率高低所决定。     

甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性机理

通过对活体增效作用进行测定和生化分析,探讨了甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性机理.结果表明:增效醚(PBO)、增效磷(SV1)、磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)对甜菜夜蛾抗氰戊菊酯品系(Fen-R)和敏感品系(S)的增效倍数之比分别为10.2、7.8、12.5和1.1,对抗顺式氯氰菊酯品系(Cyp-R)和敏感品系(S)的增效倍数之比分别为21.6、15.5、8.6和1.2.PBO、SV1和TPP对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯均有显著增效作用,表明多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶均参与了甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性.Fen-R品系和Cyp-R品系4龄幼虫羧酸酯酶的活性分别是S品系的1.9和2.2倍,而谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性与S品系差异不显著,表明羧酸酯酶活性的提高是甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯产生抗性的重要原因,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶与两种药剂的抗性无关.Fen-R品系和Cyp-R品系的Na-K-ATPase活性与S品系均无显著差异,但在相同浓度下氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯对S品系Na-K-ATPase的抑制作用显著高于抗性品系,表明抗性品系Na-K-ATPase对杀虫剂的敏感性已明显降低.     

甜菜夜蛾抗氯氟氰菊酯品系相对适合度、抗性生化机理及抗性遗传方式

比较了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua 抗氯氟氰菊酯品系和敏感品系的繁殖和生长发育特征。结果表明：抗性品系幼虫发育历期延长、蛹重减轻、化蛹率和产卵量降低,抗性品系的适合度为0.61,抗性品系在繁殖和生长发育上存在明显的生存劣势。用两品系3龄幼虫分别测定胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、增效磷SV₁）、脱叶磷（DEF）和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯（DEM）对氯氟氰菊酯的增效作用,抗性品系增效倍数与敏感品系增效倍数之比分别为14.1、14.8、2.3和2.3倍,胡椒基丁醚和增效磷对氯氟氰菊酯增效作用最明显,表明多功能氧化酶参与了甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性。抗性品系3龄幼虫酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性分别为敏感品系的1.05倍和0.91倍, 抗性品系5龄幼虫多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性为敏感品系的1.05倍,两品系间3种酶的活性差异不显著,表明甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性与酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶及多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基酶活性无关。用剂量对数死亡机率值回归线分析法研究甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性遗传规律,表明甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性为常染色体遗传、多基因控制;正、反交后代的显性度分别为0.61和0.43,抗性遗传为不完全显性。     

抗吡虫啉棉蚜对其他新烟碱类药剂的交互抗性及相关酶的活性变化

为明确抗吡虫啉棉蚜Aphis gossypii对其他新烟碱药剂交互抗性及相关酶活性的变化, 本研究以室内筛选的棉蚜吡虫啉抗性种群、山东夏津县田间多抗种群和敏感种群为材料,采用生测法测定了这3种不同抗性种群棉蚜对呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺的交互抗性,以及3种解毒酶抑制剂对吡虫啉等药剂的增效作用,采用生化分析法测定了这3个种群棉蚜解毒酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性和药剂的抑制作用。结果表明：吡虫啉抗性种群、夏津田间多抗种群的棉蚜对呋虫胺均无交互抗性,但对烯啶虫胺的交互抗性分别达5.28和4.89倍。呋虫胺对抗吡虫啉棉蚜的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶都有显著的抑制作用;烯啶虫胺对抗吡虫啉棉蚜的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的抑制作用较小。羧酸酯酶抑制剂TPP和多功能氧化酶抑制剂PBO对吡虫啉和烯啶虫胺都有明显的增效作用,但对呋虫胺的增效作用不明显; 谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶抑制剂DEM对3种药剂均没有明显的增效作用。呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺都可以抑制抗吡虫啉棉蚜的解毒酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶,其中以呋虫胺的抑制效果较为显著。结果显示呋虫胺在抗吡虫啉棉蚜治理中的应用价值较大,其结构可为今后新烟碱类药剂的开发提供参考。     

斜纹夜蛾抗性种群中酶抑制剂对杀虫剂的增效作用（英文）

采用浸液生测法研究了斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura巴基斯坦抗性种群中酶抑制剂［胡椒基丁醚（PBO）和脱叶膦（DEF)］对丙溴磷、灭多威、硫双灭多威、氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、茚虫威和多杀菌素等杀虫剂的增效作用。结果表明：PPO和DEF对氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂灭多威和硫双灭多威均具有增效作用,但对有机磷杀虫剂丙溴磷不具有增效作用。两种抑制剂对氯氰菊酯均产生增效作用,但对联苯菊酯没有增效作用。PPO 和DEF增加了氯氟氰菊酯对Multan种群的毒性,但没有增加其对Mailsi种群的毒性。DEF对多杀菌素具有增效作用,但PBO对其没有增效作用。PBO和DEF对氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂、拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂、茚虫威和多杀菌素具有明显的增效作用,这说明细胞色素P450单加氧酶和酯酶的解毒作用至少部分参与了斜纹夜蛾对这些杀虫剂的抗性过程。不过,两种增效剂对杀虫剂增效作用范围有限,暗示对于斜纹夜蛾巴基斯坦种群而言,其他的机制（如靶位点不敏感、表皮穿透作用降低）可能是更重要的抗性机制。     

二斑叶螨对阿维菌素、哒螨灵和甲氰菊酯的抗性选育及其解毒酶活力变化

在室内模拟田间药剂的选择压力,用阿维菌素、哒螨灵和甲氰菊酯对二斑叶螨Tetranychuc urticae逐代处理,以选育其抗性种群。选育至12代,对阿维菌素抗性增长到6.72倍,对哒螨灵抗性增长到12.1倍,对甲氰菊酯抗性增长到19.9倍。酶抑制剂和离体酶活性的测定结果表明,阿维菌素抗性种群的多功能氧化酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性均有所提高;二斑叶螨对哒螨灵的抗性可能与多功能氧化酶、羧酸酯酶的活性增强有关;而羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性的增强可能是二斑叶螨对甲氰菊酯产生抗性的主要原因。     

粘虫对高效氯氰菊酯抗性机制的初步研究

【目的】通过粘虫高效氯氰菊酯抗性、敏感品系生化及分子机制研究,明确与抗药性产生相关的具体机制。【方法】采用室内生物测定、生化分析和分子技术,研究粘虫抗、感品系增效剂的增效作用、解毒酶活性变化及钠离子通道序列变化。【结果】增效剂胡椒基丁醚(PBO)和磷酸三苯酯(TPP)对高效氯氰菊酯的增效作用明显,抗敏增效比分别为5.50和3.40。粘虫高效氯氰菊酯抗性品系酯酶(EST)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFOs)活性均高于敏感品系,其比活力分别为2.45、1.73和1.70,其中抗、感品系的酯酶和多功能氧化酶比活力差异都达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。通过比较粘虫抗性和敏感品系钠离子通道基因ⅡS4-S6片段,未发现与击倒抗性有关的突变。【结论】酯酶和多功能氧化酶可能在粘虫对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性发展中起着重要的作用。     

甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性及其与酶活力的关系

【目的】明确甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)不同龄期幼虫对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和毒死蜱的敏感性及其与羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的相关性。【方法】采用室内生物测定方法检测甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性,并检测了不同龄期幼虫体内羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力。【结果】在所测定的5个龄期中,随龄期增加,敏感性逐渐降低,其中1~5龄幼虫对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的LC50分别为0.1010、0.3561、0.7568、1.4325和8.4390 mg/L,对毒死蜱的LC50分别为27.4632、46.8495、87.5222、129.3217和1 356.6770 mg/L。单头幼虫的羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活力随虫龄的增加而提高,与龄期间对药剂的敏感性呈负相关(由于外源化合物摄入量减少,5龄单头幼虫的多功能氧化酶活力略有降低)。【结论】甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性存在非常明显的差异,在田间防治中,应选择对杀虫剂敏感性较高的低龄幼虫作为最佳防治时期。     

西花蓟马田间种群对常用杀虫剂的抗性现状及防治对策

【目的】西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis在中国是一种严重危害温室蔬菜的入侵害虫。本研究旨在了解该害虫在中国的抗药性现状,为防治该害虫提供理论支持。【方法】采用Munger cell法测定了北京,山东寿光和青岛以及云南晋宁和呈贡等5个地区西花蓟马田间种群对多杀菌素、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、甲维盐、氟氯氰菊酯、溴虫腈、灭多威、吡虫啉和啶虫脒9种杀虫剂的抗药性水平,同时利用这些田间种群测定了多功能氧化酶抑制剂胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、谷胱甘肽S 转移酶抑制剂顺丁烯二酸二乙酯（DEM）和羧酸酯酶抑制剂三丁基三硫磷酸酯（DEF）对多杀菌素、吡虫啉和甲维盐的增效作用。【结果】生物测定结果表明,北京、晋宁及呈贡种群分别对多杀菌素产生了34.45, 47.45和64.45倍的高水平抗性;晋宁种群对灭多威和甲维盐分别产生了16.58和11.03倍的中等水平抗性;呈贡种群对甲维盐、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、溴虫腈分别产生了24.17, 21.69, 20.05, 16.45和10.31的中等水平抗性;青岛种群对啶虫脒和吡虫啉产生了17.70和12.49倍的中等水平抗性;寿光种群没有对任何杀虫剂产生高等或中等水平抗性。增效剂生物测定结果表明,对于吡虫啉和甲维盐,多功能氧化酶抑制剂PBO在所有田间种群上均有显著的增效作用。谷胱甘肽S-转移酶抑制剂DEM在呈贡、寿光和青岛种群中对吡虫啉存在显著增效作用;在北京、呈贡和寿光种群中,DEM对甲维盐存在显著增效作用。羧酸酯酶抑制剂DEF在呈贡、晋宁和青岛种群中对吡虫啉存在显著增效作用;在北京、呈贡和晋宁种群中,DEF对吡虫啉存在显著增效作用。但所有增效剂在各田间种群中对多杀菌素均无显著增效作用。【结论】结果提示：在使用多杀菌素防治西花蓟马时,应与其他杀虫剂轮换使用;此外,可通过添加酶抑制剂来增强甲维盐和吡虫啉对西花蓟马的防效。     

Relative contribution of detoxifying enzymes to pyrethroid resistance in a resistant strain of Helicoverpa armigera

Abstract:  The relative contribution of oxidases and esterases to pyrethroid resistance was studied in a YS-FP strain of Helicoverpa armigera from China. The YS-FP strain was derived from a field-collected strain (YS) by 16 generations of selection with a mixture of fenvalerate and phoxim. Compared with the YS strain, the YS-FP strain showed 1850- to >7140-fold resistance to four ester-bonded phenoxybenzyl alcohol pyrethroids (fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and cyhalothrin), >205-fold resistance to a non-ester phenoxybenzyl alcohol pyrethroid (etofenprox) and only 19-fold resistance to an ester-bonded methylated biphenyl alcohol pyrethroid (bifenthrin). The oxidase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide eliminated most the of resistance to fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin and etofenprox, whereas the esterase inhibitor S,S,S -tributylphosphorothioate had a small synergistic effect for fenvalerate and cyhalothrin only. This suggests that the resistance to these pyrethroids in the YS-FP strain was mainly because of enhanced oxidative detoxification. The monooxygenase activities of the midguts of sixth-instar larvae of the YS-FP strain to substrates p -nitroanisole, ethoxycoumarin and methoxycoumarin were 3.7-, 4.7- and 10-fold, respectively, compared with that of the YS strain. Glutathione S -transferase activity and esterase activity were not significantly altered in the YS-FP strain. This confirms that enhanced oxidative detoxification was a major mechanism contributing to pyrethroid resistance in the YS-FP strain.     

新疆和云南番茄潜叶蛾种群对六种杀虫剂的敏感性及其与解毒酶活性的关系

【目的】番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta 是新入侵我国的对番茄具有毁灭性危害的入侵害虫,目前入侵我国的番茄潜叶蛾种群对杀虫剂的抗性尚无报道。本研究旨在明确新疆和云南番茄潜叶蛾田间种群对6种常用杀虫剂的敏感性及其与解毒酶活性的关系。【方法】采用浸叶法测定6种常用杀虫剂对番茄潜叶蛾新疆和云南种群2龄幼虫的室内毒力。通过对2龄幼虫的生物测定确定3种增效剂［CYP450抑制剂胡椒基丁醚(PBO)、酯酶抑制剂磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和GST抑制剂丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)］对氯虫苯甲酰胺的增效作用。采用酶活性分析测定室内敏感种群和田间抗性种群(新疆种群) 2龄幼虫体内解毒酶［细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)］活性,以确定杀虫剂抗性与解毒酶活性的关系。【结果】番茄潜叶蛾云南种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性由高到低依次为甲维盐、溴虫腈、多杀菌素、茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺和高效氯氰菊酯。新疆种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性由高到低依次为甲维盐、溴虫腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、茚虫威和高效氯氰菊酯。与室内敏感种群相比,云南和新疆种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性水平最高,抗性倍数分别为212.7和169.3倍。生物测定结果表明,3种增效剂PBO, TPP和DEM均对氯虫苯甲酰胺无明显增效作用。酶活性测定结果表明,番茄潜叶蛾室内敏感种群和田间抗性种群之间2龄幼虫中CYP450, GST和CarE活性无显著差异。【结论】番茄潜叶蛾新疆和云南种群对测试的6种杀虫剂产生不同程度的抗性,对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性最高,番茄潜叶蛾对杀虫剂的抗性与解毒酶活性无关。本研究的结果对番茄潜叶蛾的田间防治和杀虫剂抗性治理具有指导意义。     

Insecticide resistance and cross-resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

A house fly strain, ALHF, was collected from a poultry farm in Alabama after a control failure with permethrin, and further selected in the laboratory with permethrin for five generations. The level of resistance to permethrin in ALHF was increased rapidly from an initial 260-fold to 1,800-fold after selection. Incomplete suppression of permethrin resistance by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S,-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) reveals that P450 monooxygenase- and hydrolase-mediated detoxication, and one or more additional mechanisms are involved in resistance to permethrin. The ALHF strain showed a great ability to develop resistance or cross-resistance to different insecticides within and outside the pyrethroid group including some relatively new insecticides. Resistance to beta-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and propoxur (2,400-4,200-, 10,000-, and > 290-fold, respectively, compared with a susceptible strain, aabys) in ALHF house flies was partially or mostly suppressed by PBO and DEF, indicating that P450 monooxygenases and hydrolases are involved in resistance to these insecticides. Partial reduction in resistance with PBO and DEF implies that multiresistance mechanisms are responsible for resistance. Fifteen- and more than fourfold resistance and cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid, respectively, were not effected by PBO or DEF, indicating that P450 monooxygenases and hydrolases are not involved in resistance to these two insecticides. Forty-nine-fold cross-resistance to fipronil was mostly suppressed by PBO and DEF, revealing that monooxygenases are a major mechanism of cross-resistance to fipronil. Multiresistance mechanisms in the ALHF house fly strain, however, do not confer cross-resistance to spinosad, a novel insecticide derived from the bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Thus, we propose that spinosad be used as a potential insecticide against house fly pests, especially resistant flies.     

Status and preliminary mechanism of resistance to insecticides in a field strain of housefly (Musca domestica,L)

Resistance profiles of houseflies (Gol-RR) collected from a field in Golmud city, Qinghai province, China, were determined for seven insecticides using topical bioassays. Resistance ratios of >1219.51, 153.17, >35.43, 6.12, 3.24, 1.73, and 0.86-fold were obtained for propoxur, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and chlorfenapyr, respectively, relative to a laboratory susceptible strain (SS). Synergism experiments showed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO), triphenylphosphate (TPP), and diethyl maleate (DEM) increased propoxur toxicity by >105.71, >7.88, and >5.15-fold in the Gol-RR strain, compared with 5.25, 2.00, and 1.39-fold in the SS strain, indicating the involvement of P450 monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione-S-transferase in conferring resistance. Although cypermethrin resistance was significantly suppressed with PBO, TPP, and DEM in the Gol-RR strain, the synergistic potential of these agents to cypermethrin was similar in the SS strain, demonstrating that metabolism-mediated detoxification was not important for conferring resistance to cypermethrin in the Gol-RR strain. However, the three agents did not act synergistically with imidacloprid, indicating that other mechanisms may be responsible for the development of resistance to this insecticide. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was 13.70-fold higher in the Gol-RR than in the SS strain, suggesting the properties of the AChE enzyme were altered in the Gol-RR strain. Thus, rotation of chlorfenapyr insecticide with other agents acting through a different mode with minimal/no resistance could be an effective resistance management strategy for housefly.     

Insecticide Mixtures Could Enhance the Toxicity of Insecticides in a Resistant Dairy Population of Musca domestica L

House flies, Musca domestica L., are important pests of dairy operations worldwide, with the ability to adapt wide range of environmental conditions. There are a number of insecticides used for their management, but development of resistance is a serious problem. Insecticide mixtures could enhance the toxicity of insecticides in resistant insect pests, thus resulting as a potential resistance management tool. The toxicity of bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, emamectin benzoate and fipronil were assessed separately, and in mixtures against house flies. A field-collected population was significantly resistant to all the insecticides under investigation when compared with a laboratory susceptible strain. Most of the insecticide mixtures like one pyrethroid with other compounds evaluated under two conditions (1∶1-“A” and LC₅₀: LC₅₀-“B”) significantly increased the toxicity of pyrethroids in the field population. Under both conditions, the combination indices of pyrethroids with other compounds, in most of the cases, were significantly below 1, suggesting synergism. The enzyme inhibitors, PBO and DEF, when used in combination with insecticides against the resistant population, toxicities of bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and emamectin were significantly increased, suggesting esterase and monooxygenase based resistance mechanism. The toxicities of bifenthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in the resistant population of house flies could be enhanced by the combination with chlorpyrifos, profenofos, emamectin and fipronil. The findings of the present study might have practical significance for resistance management in house flies.     

西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群的抗性机制及交互抗性

为明确西花蓟马对辛硫磷的抗性风险,研究了西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群对其他杀虫剂的交互抗性及其对辛硫磷的抗性机制.交互抗性测定结果表明,西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群对辛硫磷与毒死蜱、高效氯氟氰菊酯和灭多威存在中等水平的交互抗性,对溴虫腈、吡虫啉、甲维盐和多杀菌素存在低水平交互抗性,对啶虫脒和阿维菌素不存在交互抗性.酶抑制剂与辛硫磷的增效剂测定结果表明,胡椒基丁醚(PBO)、三丁基三硫磷酸酯(DEF)和磷酸三苯酯(TPP)对西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群(XK)、田间种群(BJ)和敏感种群(S)均起到了显著的增效作用(P＜0.05),马来酸二乙酯对西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群和敏感种群增效作用均不显著,但对田间种群增效作用显著(P＜0.05).生化测定发现:除田间种群西花蓟马乙酰胆碱酯酶活性提高不显著外,西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群和田间种群的细胞色素P450含量(2.79和1.48倍)、细胞色素b5含量(2.88和1.88倍)及O-脱甲基酶活性(2.60和1.68倍)、羧酸酯酶活性(2.02和1.61倍)和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性(3.10倍)均显著高于敏感种群(P＜0.05);谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶酶活性也有一定程度提高(1.11和1.20倍),但不显著(P＞0.05).表明其体内解毒代谢酶和靶标酶活性提高是西花蓟马对辛硫磷产生抗性的重要原因.