水稻褐飞虱综合治理研究与示范——农业公益性行业专项“水稻褐飞虱综合防控技术研究”进展

针对我国褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)近年来严重为害及其对当家农药品种抗性急剧上升的现状,本项目在华中、华南、华东地区等代表性地区开展褐飞虱灾变规律、抗虫品种培育、抗药性监测及复配农药新剂型开发、生态治理新技术研究、预测预报技术、可持续治理技术集成与示范研究。结果表明:越南、老挝等境外虫源地及我国华南、长江中下游等地田间褐飞虱种群仍以2型为主,3型次之。田间小气候是褐飞虱逃避高温的关键因素,褐飞虱在上午气温升高时大量向温度较低的水稻基部20cm范围内转移以逃避高温,将高温天气造成的不利影响降至最低。不同栽插方式对褐飞虱发生量有明显影响,手栽稻田褐飞虱发生最重,机插稻次之,直播稻最轻。不同水稻品种、N肥施用水平对褐飞虱的发生有明显的影响:超级杂交稻褐飞虱虫口密度明显高于常规杂交稻,高N肥施用量促进褐飞虱的发生,且水稻品种与N肥施用量对褐飞虱发生量的影响有明显交互作用。抗药性监测结果表明:我国褐飞虱对吡虫啉有极高水平抗性(168.1～561.5倍),对噻嗪酮为低到中等水平抗性(4.2～33.1倍),对氟虫腈为敏感性降低到高水平抗性(2.7～67.7倍),对烯啶虫胺与毒死蜱为低水平抗性。筛选出噻虫嗪、吡蚜酮、唏啶虫胺和仲丁威4种高效低毒的防治单剂。研制出3种农药复配新制剂,其中1种新制剂已获得农业部药检所正式登记,且规模化生产,2种新制剂已进入农药登记程序。精细定位水稻抗褐飞虱基因Bph6、Bph7、Bph9、Bph15、BG1222,并找到了它们的近距离共分离分子标记。培育出高产、优质、熟期适宜、含有抗稻飞虱基因Bph14的水稻新品种广两优476。储备了一批聚合多抗稻飞虱基因的水稻亲本材料。研发出在田埂种植芝麻、大豆等天敌诱集植物,增加褐飞虱卵期寄生蜂和捕食性天敌蜘蛛的种群数量的轻简化生态调控技术;研发出对褐飞虱成、若虫取食及雌成虫产卵均有驱避作用的植物提取物混配剂3种;研发出显著提高稻虱缨小蜂对田间褐飞虱卵寄生率的引诱剂1种。建立了褐飞虱环境友好防控技术集成体系,并在湖南、湖北、广东、广西、浙江、江西6省区示范应用,取得了良好的经济、生态、社会效益。

Progress in research on the integrated management of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St(a)l) in China

Because of the magnitude of the losses to rice production caused by the brown planthopper（BPH,Nilaparvata lugens（Stl））,and the resistance of BPH to chemical insecticides,the frequency of BPH outbreaks,breeding of insect resistant rice varieties,insecticide resistance monitoring,development of new pesticides,new ecological management technologies,prediction technologies and the integration and demonstration of sustainable pest management technologies were investigated in central,southern and eastern China and other representative regions.The results show that BPH collected from Vietnam,Laos and southern China were mainly biotype Ⅱ,with the next most common biotype being biotype Ⅲ.Paddy field microclimate was the key factor for BPH escaping high temperature,as morning temperature increased,a large number of BPH moved to within 20 cm of the rice base to thereby minimizing the adverse effects of high temperature.Different methods of transplanting rice seedlings had a great influence on the densities of BPH;BPH densities in handed-planted rice fields were the highest,followed by those in machine-planted rice fields,with densities in direct seeded rice fields the lowest.The abundance of BPH in super hybrid rice was obviously higher than in conventional hybrid rice and high levels of nitrogen promoted BPH occurrence.Furthermore,there was an interactive effect between different rice varieties and nitrogen levels with regard to BPH abundance.BPH in China have high resistance to imidacloprid（168.1-561.5）,low to moderate resistance to buprofezin（4.2-33.1） and are sensitive to slightly resistant to nitenpyram and chlorpyrifos.Four effective pesticides with low toxicity to humans were selected from those sold on the current market;Thiamethoxam,Pymetrozine,Nitenpyram and Fenobucard.We developed three kinds of new compound pesticides,one of which has been officially registered by the Ministry of Agriculture＇s Pesticide Quarantine Institute,and has been produced on a large scale.The other two new compound pesticides are currently undergoing the pesticide registration process.The BPH resistant genes BPH6,BPH7,BPH9,BPH15,BG1222 have been finely mapped in rice,and their close co-segregation molecular marker identified.A new rice variety,Guangliangyou 476,containing the BPH resistance gene BPH14,was cultivated,with high yield,high quality and appropriate maturity.A large number of parental rice lines containing multi-resistant polymerization genes have already been cultivated.This project developed a set of eco-control technologies,such as seasonal planting regimes,planting soybeans on the edge of rice fields to attract the natural enemies of BPH,and the use of parasitic wasps or spiders to control BPH.Three biological repellents to BPH feeding and oviposition and one attractant of BPH＇s parasite wasp,Anagrus nilaparvatae,were extracted from plants.An environmentally friendly integrated control system was established,and applied in Hunan,Hubei,Guangdong,Guangxi,Zhejiang,Jiangxi Provinces.This project has the potential to provide economic,ecological and social benefits.