家蝇Mdsirt1基因在细菌、高温和重金属胁迫下的表达分析

【目的】探究家蝇Musca domestica sirt1基因(Mdsirt1)在各种胁迫条件下的表达模式。【方法】以家蝇2龄幼虫cDNA为模板,PCR扩增Mdsirt1基因序列并进行生物信息学分析;实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测Mdsirt1在家蝇不同发育阶段(卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)的表达变化,2龄幼虫不同组织(表皮、肠道、脂肪体和血细胞)中的表达分布,以及胁迫条件(细菌刺激、热激及CdCl_2刺激)下的转录水平变化;通过RNAi干扰Mdsirt1基因表达,观察敲低Mdsirt1表达后家蝇幼虫抗病能力变化,并检测机体氧化应激水平。【结果】家蝇Mdsirt1基因编码蛋白含有SIR2结构域,与厩螫蝇Stomoxys calcitrans SIR2氨基酸序列一致性为66%。qRT-PCR结果显示,Mdsirt1基因主要在家蝇蛹期表达,在家蝇2龄幼虫脂肪体中表达量较高。家蝇幼虫Mdsirt1分别在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli刺激3 h,金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus刺激6 h,42℃热激30min以及30 mmol/L CdCl_2刺激48 h时表达量达到最高峰。敲低Mdsirt1表达的家蝇幼虫受到细菌感染(大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌1∶1混合感染)后存活率较对照组显著降低1.47倍,且敲低Mdsirt1后机体处于氧化应激状态,活性氧自由基水平和丙二醛含量较对照组分别升高1.58和1.59倍。【结论】Mdsirt1参与家蝇幼虫的抗菌免疫应答和抗逆反应。     

胞质型肽聚糖识别蛋白RfPGRP-L2在维持红棕象甲肠道菌群稳态中的作用

【目的】明确入侵害虫红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus胞质型肽聚糖识别蛋白RfPGRP-L2在肠道菌群稳态的维持和调控过程中的作用,将为靶向破坏肠道菌群稳态的害虫控制新策略研发提供新的科学依据和作用靶标。【方法】利用生物信息学方法分析RfPGRP-L2的序列特征。利用RT-qPCR分析RfPGRP-L2在健康红棕象甲4龄幼虫不同组织(头、脂肪体、表皮、前肠、中-/后肠、血淋巴)以及大肠杆菌Escherichia coli DH5α和金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus经注射（注射1 μL OD₆₀₀=1.6的菌液）和喂食（取食涂抹1 mL OD₆₀₀=1.6的菌液的甘蔗薄片）两种不同方式分别感染后红棕象甲4龄幼虫肠道和脂肪体中的表达量;进行RfPGRP-L2原核表达,利用体外孵育方法检测重组蛋白RfPGRP-L2对大肠杆菌DH5α和金黄色葡萄球菌的凝集和抑菌活性;RNAi干扰RfPGRP-L2后,检测红棕象甲4龄幼虫血淋巴和肠道中大肠杆菌菌落数的变化;利用RT-qPCR分析RNAi干扰RfPGRP-L2后红棕象甲4龄幼虫脂肪体和肠道中抗菌肽基因表达量的变化;利用基于细菌16S rRNA的高通量测序分析RNAi干扰RfPGRP-L2对健康红棕象甲4龄幼虫肠道菌群结构组成的影响。【结果】SMART预测发现红棕象甲RfPGRP-L2基因编码的蛋白中无跨膜结构域也无信号肽,这表明RfPGRP-L2是一种胞质型肽聚糖识别蛋白。RT-qPCR检测发现,RfPGRP-L2主要在健康红棕象甲4龄幼虫血淋巴、肠道和脂肪体等免疫组织中表达;被注射感染大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌6 h和12 h后,红棕象甲4龄幼虫脂肪体中RfPGRP-L2的表达量分别显著上调;被喂食感染大肠杆菌6 h后,红棕象甲4龄幼虫肠道中RfPGRP-L2的表达量显著增加。重组表达蛋白RfPGRP-L2能引起大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌发生凝集反应,这说明RfPGRP-L2能够识别这两种细菌。当RfPGRP-L2被干扰后,红棕象甲4龄幼虫对肠道和血淋巴中感染EGFP标记的大肠杆菌的清除能力显著弱于对照组;肠道中抗菌肽基因RfCecropin的表达量显著降低;健康红棕象甲4龄幼虫肠道中细菌的菌落数量显著高于对照组,而且肠道菌群结构组成也发生了明显的变化。【结论】红棕象甲体内胞质型肽聚糖识别蛋白RfPGRP-L2能够通过识别细菌并激活肠上皮细胞中相应的免疫信号通路促进抗菌肽基因的表达,从而介导对肠道菌群稳态的调控。     

家蝇微生物感染对RNA干扰GNBP3基因的作用

为了研究家蝇Musca domestica微生物感染对RNA干扰GNBP3基因的作用,评价微生物感染后对下游抗菌肽水平的影响,本研究用RNA干扰技术沉默家蝇GNBP3基因探索最佳沉默时间及效果,检测RNA干扰后家蝇幼虫存活及化蛹情况,通过微生物喂食途径感染,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测抗菌肽基因(cecropins、...     

家蝇C-型凝集素的克隆与功能分析

【目的】从家蝇Musca domestica中克隆一种C-型凝集素(C-type lectin)基因,并分析其在家蝇免疫过程中的功能。【方法】根据家蝇转录组信息,克隆了一条C型凝集素基因,将其命名为Mdlectin-C1。构建Mdlectin-C1的原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中表达并纯化r Mdlectin-C1蛋白,制备多克隆抗体。利用实时定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)及Western blot技术对家蝇不同发育阶段和细菌感染前后Mdlectin-C1的表达水平进行检测。运用RNAi技术敲低家蝇1龄幼虫Mdlectin-C1基因表达,然后进行细菌刺激并观察幼虫存活率变化。【结果】Mdlectin-C1 c DNA包含一个546 bp完整开放阅读框,编码181个氨基酸残基,所推导多肽N端包含由21个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,成熟肽中含有一个保守的碳水化合物识别结构域(carbohydrate-recognition domain,CRD)。qRT-PCR及Western blot结果显示,家蝇从1龄幼虫到蛹的发育过程中,Mdlectin-C1表达量逐步上升,蛹期达到最大值。在革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌E.coli和革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus刺激后,家蝇2龄幼虫Mdlectin-C1均上调表达,并分别在36和3 h时达到最高值。利用RNAi技术成功敲低Mdlectin-C1表达。对Mdlectin-C1基因敲低的1龄幼虫进行细菌刺激,敲低实验组幼虫存活率显著低于正常对照组。【结论】Mdlectin-C1可能参与家蝇抗菌免疫应答,并在此过程中具有重要作用。     

家蝇新型抗菌肽Muscin的基因克隆、表达模式及抑菌活性

【目的】鉴定家蝇 Musca domestica (Linnaeus)中一种新型抗菌肽(Muscin)基因,并分析其功能。【方法】通过数字基因表达谱和生物信息学分析,在家蝇转录组中筛选得到一条抗菌肽基因,命名为 muscin。以实时荧光定量PCR技术研究该基因的组织分布以及用大肠杆菌Escherichia coli和金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus混合细菌刺激后的表达量变化。并对合成肽Muscin进行抑菌活性检测及溶血率测定。【结果】muscin基因cDNA序列全长379 bp,包含完整的开放阅读框153 bp。推导Muscin多肽序列由50个氨基酸残基组成,N端含有由25个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽。成熟肽中富含疏水性氨基酸残基和带正电荷的氨基酸残基,理论等电点为9.39。基因定量结果显示 muscin 基因在血细胞和脂肪体中表达量最高。通过细菌刺激进行免疫诱导后,幼虫体内该基因的表达水平明显上调,并在6 h达到高峰。抑菌和溶血实验显示c-Muscin对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌具有广谱抑菌活性,且溶血活性较低。【结论】Muscin是一种新型的广谱抗菌肽,可能参与家蝇抗菌免疫反应,且具有一定药物开发潜质。     

肽聚糖识别蛋白AaPGRP-LC参与埃及伊蚊的抗细菌免疫反应

【目的】阐明在响应细菌感染的过程中,埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti体内肽聚糖识别蛋白PGRPLC(Aa PGRP-LC)的功能。【方法】使用实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)技术分析埃及伊蚊感染阴沟肠杆菌Enterobacter cloacae后不同时间抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides,AMPs)基因的表达情况。结合RNA干扰技术和q PCR技术检测干扰Aa PGRP-LC后免疫相关基因转录模式的变化。使用原核表达系统表达Aa PGRP-LC,并通过Ni~(2+)-NTA柱纯化,通过免疫印迹分析检测所纯化蛋白的质量。【结果】阴沟肠杆菌感染埃及伊蚊6 h后埃及伊蚊体内抗菌肽基因的转录水平显著升高。干扰Aa PGRP-LC并用阴沟肠杆菌感染后,埃及伊蚊体内重要抗菌肽基因的转录水平显著降低,同时埃及伊蚊免疫缺陷(immune-deficiency,IMD)通路和Toll信号(Toll-like receptors)通路的免疫相关基因的表达量也显著降低。纯化得到条带单一的Aa PGRP-LC蛋白。【结论】Aa PGRP-LC参与调控埃及伊蚊重要抗菌肽基因的转录,在埃及伊蚊响应细菌感染的过程中起到了重要的调控作用。Aa PGRP-LC在参与调控IMD通路的同时,也可能参与了Toll信号通路的调控过程。从原核表达系统中获得的Aa PGRP-LC重组蛋白可用于下一步的功能研究。     

家蝇Denfensin-1基因的克隆、诱导表达及启动子活性分析

【目的】鉴定一种新的家蝇Musca domestica防御素基因, 并分析其功能。【方法】从家蝇转录组数据库中鉴定了1条新的防御素基因cDNA序列, 并将其命名为家蝇防御素1 (Md-defensin-1)基因Mdde-1。利用生物信息学网站、 软件预测其结构等信息。以实时荧光定量PCR技术研究该基因的表达模式, 并且利用基因步移技术获得了启动子序列, 同时采取细胞转染技术验证Mdde-1启动子活性。【结果】该序列包含一个276 bp的开放阅读框, 编码91个氨基酸残基。推导的氨基酸序列N端包括1个23个氨基酸残基的信号肽和1个28个氨基酸残基的前肽。成熟肽由40个氨基酸残基组成, 含有1个典型的CSαβ基序。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示, 家蝇2龄幼虫受金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus (G+)刺激后Mdde-1表达明显上调, 而大肠杆菌Escherichia coli (G^-)刺激后表达下调;Mdde-1在家蝇幼虫受到热激时呈上调表达。为进一步研究其调控机制, 克隆了Mdde-1启动子, 并证明了该启动子具有活性。【结论】据此认为Mdde-1是一种新的家蝇防御素, 并且在免疫革兰氏阳性菌方面发挥重要作用; 同时我们首先证明了Mdde-1的启动子具有活性。本研究为进一步研究家蝇防御素的作用机制奠定了基础。     

Mdogg1基因参与家蝇体内氧化还原平衡的维持

【目的】本研究旨在克隆鉴定家蝇Musca domestica中8-羟基鸟嘌呤糖苷酶1(8-hydroxyguanineglycosylase 1, OGG1)编码基因Mdogg1,明确其是否参与家蝇氧化应激调控。【方法】根据家蝇转录组数据,利用RT-PCR克隆Mdogg1基因cDNA序列,并进行生物信息学分析;利用qRT-PCR检测Mdogg1在家蝇不同发育阶段(卵、1-3龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)的表达变化、3龄幼虫不同组织(血细胞、肌肉、肠道和脂肪体)中的表达分布以及不同胁迫处理［2.5~100 mmol/L CdCl₂胁迫24 h, 0.1 g/L盐酸阿霉素(DOX)浸泡30min并恢复培养6, 12和24 h, 以及280-315 nm紫外线(UV)(强度5 J/cm²)处理5~30 min］ 后2龄幼虫中的转录水平变化;通过RNAi技术敲低家蝇2龄幼虫Mdogg1表达,并检测其丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性和8-羟基鸟嘌呤(8-oxoguanine, 8-oxoG)含量的变化。【结果】Mdogg1(GenBank登录号:AYK27449.1) cDNA序列全长1 062 bp,编码353个氨基酸,该蛋白的理论分子量和等电点分别为41.08 kD和9.02。MdOGG1氨基酸序列中含有螺旋-发夹-螺旋(HhH)结构域,并包含核酸内切酶Ⅲ保守结构域ENDO3c。qRT-PCR结果显示,Mdogg1主要在家蝇卵和3龄幼虫脂肪体中呈高水平表达。2龄幼虫暴露于2.5~100 mmol/L CdCl₂下,Mdogg1表达量呈现先上升再下降趋势,并伴有8-oxoG含量的持续升高。2龄幼虫浸泡于0.1 g/L DOX 30 min并恢复培养12和24 h以及UV照射30 min后,Mdogg1表达量较未处理对照均显著上调。利用RNAi技术敲低家蝇2龄幼虫体内Mdogg1的表达后,家蝇幼虫体内的ROS水平、MDA含量和8-oxoG含量较注射dsGFP的对照组显著增高,而SOD活性下降。【结论】Mdogg1参与家蝇氧化还原平衡的维持,具有保护机体抵抗氧化损伤的生物学效应。     

绿色荧光蛋白基因原核表达载体的构建及其在昆虫肠道短短芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌中的表达

【目的】构建带有苏云金芽孢杆菌cry3a基因非芽孢依赖启动子和绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp(Green Fluorescent Protein)的原核表达载体,并转化从桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道分离的两株常驻细菌短短芽孢杆菌CQUBb和苏云金芽孢杆菌CQUBt,以检测cry3a启动子在昆虫肠道常驻菌中的启动子活性,获得GFP标记菌株,为常驻菌在昆虫幼虫肠道中的定殖情况和杀虫工程菌的构建奠定基础。【方法】采用重叠延伸PCR将cry3a基因启动子和gfp基因进行融合,并与pHT304载体连接构建重组质粒pHT3AG,获得的重组质粒以电脉冲转化肠道常驻菌短短芽孢杆菌CQUBb和苏云金芽孢杆菌CQUBt,于可见光和荧光显微镜下观察荧光并通过SDS-PAGE分析重组菌株的蛋白表达情况,然后对重组菌株进行生长动力学分析和稳定性测试。【结果】重组菌在营养期大量组成型表达GFP,经电泳分离在凝胶上出现约29kDa的特异蛋白条带;重组菌生长曲线与出发菌没有显著差异,说明外源质粒未对宿主菌的生长带来明显不利影响;抗性条件下传代30次后两菌株外源质粒稳定性仍可达95%、67%;两个菌株比较,CQUBb比CQUBt质粒转化率高、重组菌GFP表达时间长、表达量大,并且重组菌株稳定性好。【结论】成功地将cry3a基因核心启动子和gfp基因转入桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道常驻菌,实现了该启动子在Bt之外的菌株中发挥作用,构建了两个GFP标记菌株;重组基因工程菌株表达量大,稳定性好,可以用作昆虫肠道内微生态研究和芽孢杆菌表达系统以及杀虫菌株的构建。     

大麦虫幼虫取食塑料的研究

【目的】近年来,有关昆虫取食降解塑料废弃物的研究备受关注。本文研究大麦虫Zophobas atratus幼虫取食塑料后的生长发育、肠道内微生物菌群的变化,以及经过肠道后塑料的重量损失和分子量的变化,为进一步研究大麦虫幼虫降解塑料废弃物提供科学依据。【方法】以聚苯乙烯泡沫和聚乙烯发泡棉饲喂大麦虫幼虫,测定其存活率、虫重、化蛹率;使用凝胶渗透色谱法分析经过大麦虫幼虫肠道后塑料的分子量变化;通过Beta多样性、菌群组成、PICRUSt功能预测分析取食塑料后的大麦虫幼虫肠道微生物多样性及其与石油基塑料之间的关系。【结果】取食聚苯乙烯和聚乙烯泡沫塑料25d后,大麦虫幼虫存活率分别为（58.67±4.04）%和（62.5±5.27）%,取食麦麸组的大麦幼虫存活率为（84.5±0.87）%;取食塑料后大麦虫幼虫体重没有显著增加、不能化蛹;经大麦虫幼虫取食后,聚苯乙烯分子量降低,聚乙烯分子量升高;幼虫肠道内与塑料降解相关细菌相对丰度升高;取食聚苯乙烯后,幼虫肠道中芳香烃和烷烃降解基因携带菌得到富集。而取食聚乙烯后,幼虫肠道中芳香烃和烷烃降解基因携带菌并没有被富集。【结论】大麦虫幼虫对聚苯乙烯和聚乙烯有一定的降解能力,但对聚乙烯的降解能力较差,这2种塑料均不能为大麦虫幼虫的生长发育提供足够的营养和能量。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.