棉铃虫蛹期血淋巴的蜕皮甾类

目前为止仅在少数几种昆虫中研究过蛹期的蜕皮激素。关于蜕皮甾类的性质分析,结果也颇不一致。本文采用放射免疫分析、薄层层析、高压液相色谱及质谱对棉铃虫Heliothis armigera蛹血淋巴内的蜕皮激素进行了研究。结果如下:1.物理-化学方法证明蛹血淋巴内存在二种蜕皮甾类:蜕皮酮和20-羟基蜕皮酮。2.蛹期蜕皮甾类滴度呈一宽峰,高峰出现在化蛹后的第5天(3435ng/ml)。3.在高峰时,蜕皮酮与20-羟基蜕皮酮的比例为1:3.57,说明20-羟基蜕皮酮是主要的蜕皮甾类。4.比较雌雄两性蛹的蜕皮甾类滴度,未见明显差异。研究表明在棉铃虫中影响成虫发育的主要激素是20-羟基蜕皮酮而不是蜕皮酮。     

双斑恩蚜小蜂寄生对烟粉虱体内保幼激素和20-羟基蜕皮酮含量的影响

用反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）测定了烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci体内保幼激素和20-羟基蜕皮酮的滴度。结果显示,被双斑恩蚜小蜂Encarsia bimaculata寄生的烟粉虱高龄若虫体内的保幼激素滴度显著高于（P<0.05）对照即未被寄生的高龄若虫,20-羟基蜕皮酮（20-E）滴度显著低于（P<0.05）对照,与未被寄生的低龄若虫滴度差异不显著,说明双斑恩蚜小蜂寄生后可以将烟粉虱高龄若虫的激素含量保持在低龄若虫的水平,从而调节烟粉虱高龄若虫的生长发育。烟粉虱伪蛹和成虫与对照体内保幼激素含量,烟粉虱伪蛹与对照之间20-E含量差异均不显著（P>0.05）。     

中华绒螯蟹血淋巴20-羟蜕皮酮诱发蜕皮和卵巢发育的作用

通过放射免疫法测定了中华绒螯蟹蜕皮周期血淋巴20-羟蜕皮酮(20-HE)含量的变化。血淋巴20-HE同卵母细胞发育各个阶段有密切的时相关系:在卵母细胞小生长期血淋巴20-HE持续上升,经青春蜕皮进入卵母细胞大生长期后又迅速降低。不能及时青春蜕皮的青春期前雌蟹,稍后仍出现20-HE下降的趋势。对不同实验条件和生理状态下雌蟹的比较表明,20-HE具有诱发蜕皮的特性。卵母细胞早期生长必需高浓度的血淋巴20-HE。外源注射的20-HE有刺激卵巢增重的作用。     

蜕皮激素与其受体EcR-USP的转录调控机制

蜕皮激素20-羟基蜕皮酮(20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E)是一种典型的类固醇激素, 主导调控昆虫的蜕皮、变态、生殖等重要生理过程。20E受体EcR-USP已被鉴定近20年, 20E与其受体复合物的转录调控机制也有了许多重要突破。已有研究表明： （1）20E受体由核受体EcR和USP形成; （2）EcR-USP异源二聚体在分子伴侣蛋白复合物的协助下获得DNA结合活性; （3）20E通过解除共阻遏因子和募集共激活因子来激活EcR USP异源二聚体并启动下游基因的转录; (4）20E-EcR-USP配体-受体复合物引发20E初级应答基因的表达, 由20E初级反应基因编码的转录因子诱导表达的20E次级应答基因级联放大20E信号, 从而调控昆虫蜕皮、变态、生殖等生理过程。     

家蚕蛹变态期丝腺组织的退化与细胞凋亡特征

利用形态学观察方法、分子生物学检测方法以及20-羟基蜕皮酮(20-hydroxyecdysone)和放线菌酮(cycloheximide)体外培养方法, 研究了家蚕Bombyx mori 蛹变态期丝腺组织的退化与细胞凋亡特征。显微镜的观察显示家蚕丝腺的逐渐退化发生在吐丝期间。DNA梯度电泳的分析表明程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death)可能伴随发生在丝腺的退化过程中。在离体培养条件下, 用20-羟基蜕皮酮处理5龄第6天幼虫的丝腺, 导致的细胞凋亡提前于对照, 提示在进入蛹变态期前, 20-羟基蜕皮酮提早激发了介导家蚕丝腺细胞凋亡与水解机制的遗传调控级联系统。上述结果表明, 20-羟基蜕皮酮能够诱导家蚕丝腺组织在蛹变态期发生程序性细胞死亡。     

家蚕幼虫-蛹变态期前胸腺和脂肪体细胞解离和程序性细胞死亡的比较分析

【目的】检测家蚕Bombyx mori变态期前胸腺细胞的解离、自噬与凋亡,并与脂肪体的进行对比,从而解析昆虫幼虫-蛹变态期过程中不同组织重塑的异同。【方法】以家蚕5龄期、游走期、预蛹期和蛹期前胸腺和脂肪体组织为材料,在光学显微镜下观察前胸腺和脂肪体细胞解离情况;分别利用Lyso-Tracker和TUNEL染色,在荧光共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞自噬和细胞凋亡的发生情况;利用qRT-PCR检测家蚕前胸腺中自噬发生标志基因Atg8的表达水平;利用透射电镜观察前胸腺和脂肪体细胞自噬小体和前胸腺线粒体;利用Caspase3酶活性检测试剂盒测定Caspase3酶活性;利用qRT-PCR检测前胸腺中蜕皮酮(ecdysone)合成相关基因Spo,Phm,Dib和Sad的表达水平;利用酶免疫试验(enzyme-immunoassay, EIA)测定前胸腺中蜕皮酮的含量,进而检测合成蜕皮酮的活力。【结果】在家蚕幼虫到蛹的变态发育过程中,在化蛹第1天家蚕前胸腺和脂肪体细胞中同时开始出现细胞解离;脂肪体细胞自噬和凋亡分别在游走期和预蛹第1天开始出现并逐渐增强;而前胸腺一直到化蛹第2天都没有发生明显的细胞自噬和凋亡;此外,前胸腺中线粒体的形态变化和蜕皮酮合成相关基因的转录水平均与对应时期前胸腺合成蜕皮酮的活力一致。【结论】在变态发育时家蚕不同组织消亡发生的时间不同,虽然前胸腺和脂肪体在化蛹第1天同时出现细胞解离,但是前胸腺直到化蛹第2天都不发生细胞自噬和凋亡,可能与其持续合成蜕皮酮的功能有关。本研究为昆虫幼虫-蛹变态发育时期组织消亡的深入研究提供了理论依据与工作基础。     

蜕皮激素对家蚕脂肪体中BmATG8蛋白亚细胞定位与细胞核皱缩的调控

【目的】昆虫脂肪体是物质合成代谢、先天免疫的重要器官。ATG8蛋白的亚细胞定位是细胞自噬的主要指标之一,细胞核皱缩是细胞凋亡的形态标记之一,目前家蚕 Bombyx mori 中尚未在蜕皮和变态发育进程中对BmATG8蛋白的细胞生物学变化进行观察。本研究旨在同时检测家蚕脂肪体细胞中BmATG8蛋白亚细胞定位和细胞核皱缩的时空变化,研究蜕皮激素(20E)信号对两者的调控作用。【方法】利用免疫荧光和Hoechst染色方法,分别在家蚕幼虫4龄第2天至预蛹第2天、5龄第2天幼虫注射20E (10 μg/头)后以及对游走期幼虫脂肪体中20E受体基因 usp 进行RNAi后,检测家蚕脂肪体中BmATG8蛋白定位和细胞核形态变化。【结果】在家蚕幼虫蜕皮和幼虫-蛹变态发育时期,BmATG8蛋白高水平存在于脂肪体细胞中,同时细胞核发生皱缩。在正常摄食时期,20E处理(10 μg/头)能够诱导细胞中大量出现BmATG8蛋白且存在于细胞质中并诱导细胞核皱缩。对 usp 基因进行RNAi后,脂肪体细胞内的BmATG8蛋白显著减少,同时细胞核皱缩减弱。【结论】家蚕BmATG8蛋白不仅在幼虫-蛹变态时期细胞质中大量存在,而且在幼虫蜕皮时期也大量表达,与细胞核的皱缩同时出现,BmATG8蛋白在细胞质中的定位与细胞核皱缩两者均受到 20E信号通路的调控。本研究为BmATG8蛋白功能及其调控机制的深入研究提供了重要的科学依据。     

20-羟基蜕皮酮对棉铃虫免疫系统的影响

20-羟基蜕皮酮(20-hydroxyecdysone,20E)是昆虫生长发育的重要调节激素,其类似物RH2485常作为杀虫剂使用,对昆虫的影响全面而深刻。然而20E对昆虫免疫系统的影响作用至今我们仍了解较少。为探究20E在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armijera生长发育过程中对免疫系统的影响,本研究选取6龄取食期幼虫注射20E,采用半定量RT-PCR检测了24个棉铃虫体液免疫相关基因在脂肪体和血淋巴中的表达变化,并检测了20E对细胞免疫的影响,包括细胞吞噬能力、凋亡状况及细胞密度变化。结果显示20E处理后,在脂肪体和血淋巴中不同免疫基因对20E的响应不同;血细胞密度在处理12 h后增加2倍,24 h后减少近1/2,但其中浆血细胞密度相对增加,细胞间的粘连作用增强,吞噬率提高约15%,凋亡率升高。结果表明,20E对棉铃虫免疫系统有显著影响,其中对体液免疫的影响比较复杂,但对细胞免疫有明显增强作用。     

蜕皮激素对家蚕卵黄原蛋白基因表达的调控

蜕皮激素（20-hydroxy ecdysone,20E）是由前胸腺分泌的能调节节肢动物昆虫纲、甲壳纲等动物蜕皮的激素. 家蚕属于完全变态昆虫,一生经历卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四个发育时期. 20E在家蚕发育过程中有不可替代的作用. 本研究通过酶联免疫吸附反应（ELISA）测定家蚕变态期前后血淋巴中20E滴度,发现在卵黄原蛋白基因 (Bombyx mori vitellogenin, BmVg) 高量表达前的雌雄血淋巴中20E含量没有明显差异,但含量变化趋势与BmVg表达趋势相一致. 用20E注射上蔟后60 h的家蚕和添食5龄家蚕, 能诱导雌性和雄性脂肪体中BmVg表达和蛋白合成. 调查处理后的家蚕所产卵中的卵黄磷蛋白（BmVn）含量及重量,发现蚕卵中BmVn含量及蚕卵重量都明显增加|本研究还通过脂肪体体外培养,证明了20E是直接作用于脂肪体来诱导BmVg的表达. 本研究结果表明,20E是通过诱导脂肪体中BmVg的转录来增加蚕卵中BmVn积累,从而最终使得蚕卵重量也相应增加.     

烟草甲clip丝氨酸蛋白酶基因的克隆及其对外源激素和免疫胁迫的表达响应(英文)

【目的】作为细胞外信号级联通路的重要组成部分,含有clip结构域的丝氨酸蛋白酶(clip-domain serine proteases, CLIPs)在昆虫发育和先天免疫过程中起着重要作用。本研究旨在克隆烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne CLIP基因,解析其在烟草甲不同发育阶段和幼虫不同组织中的表达模式,分析其在外源激素20-羟基蜕皮酮(20E)和免疫胁迫后的表达特征,为进一步研究其生理功能奠定基础。【方法】采用RT-PCR技术克隆获得烟草甲两个CLIPs基因(LsCLIP1和LsCLIP2)全长cDNA序列,并利用生物信息学软件预测其编码蛋白的结构和特征,利用MEGA 6.06构建昆虫CLIPs系统发育树;利用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)研究这两个基因在不同发育阶段［低龄幼虫(卵孵化后24 h内)、高龄幼虫(4龄以上)、蛹(化蛹后48 h以上)、早期成虫(化蛹后24 h内)和晚期成虫(化蛹后7 d)］、5龄幼虫不同组织(表皮、脂肪体、肠道和剩余组织)中以及注射20E(120 ng/幼虫)和来源于大肠杆菌Escherichia coli和金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus的肽聚糖(0.2 μL)后4龄幼虫中的表达模式。【结果】克隆获得烟草甲LsCLIP1和LsCLIP2基因的cDNA全序列,其开放阅读框长度均为1 194 bp,编码397个氨基酸。序列分析显示,其氨基酸序列各自具有一个clip结构域和胰蛋白酶结构域。系统发育分析表明,CLIP1和CLIP2都属于subfamily C CLIPs。qPCR结果表明,LsCLIP1和LsCLIP2基因在所检测的各发育阶段和幼虫各组织中均有表达,分别尤以蛹期和表皮中表达量最高;经20E和肽聚糖诱导后,烟草甲幼虫体内LsCLIP1和LsCLIP2基因的表达量明显提高。【结论】推测LsCLIP1和LsCLIP2可能参与了烟草甲的蜕皮发育和对免疫胁迫的应激响应。本研究将为后续研究昆虫CLIPs的分子调控提供参考。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.