三叶半夏种质资源扩繁及保存研究*

目的:通过对三叶半夏扩繁和保存方法的研究,为三叶半夏种质资源的保育和开发利用提供技术支撑。方法: 首先,通过灭菌条件筛选、愈伤诱导及丛生芽诱导等进行扩繁条件探索;其次,通过设置不同基本培养基、蔗糖浓度、不同温度和光照强度等条件探索合适的种质保存条件;最后,探索了休眠块茎唤醒方式和丛生芽再诱导方法,为种质资源再扩繁提供基础。结果: 以叶柄为外植体,升汞灭菌12 min后,接种至添加2,4-D的培养基中可诱导疏松愈伤组织。外植体接种至MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+蔗糖30 g/L +琼脂6.0 g/L,pH 5.8中可进行丛生芽诱导。合适的种质保存基本培养基为MS和N6培养基;合适的蔗糖浓度为30 g/L,过低或过高均不利于种质保存;在丛生块茎诱导时需要提供足够的温度和光照,低温及避光条件不利于种质保存。待丛生芽自然倒苗休眠后可进行长达1~2年的离体保存。对休眠块茎进行唤醒诱导时可采用切割块茎后再接种的方式。萌发出来的叶柄直接进行丛生芽诱导增殖,而块茎则接种至MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6.5 g/L,pH 5.8中进行再分化诱导丛生芽。诱导出来的丛生芽进行规模化扩繁或继续进行离体保存。结论: 通过对三叶半夏的种质扩繁,筛选合适的条件得到休眠丛生块茎,可对三叶半夏进行长时间的离体保存,而后唤醒和再次诱导的相关研究,为其种质资源保存、利用提供技术基础。     

蝴蝶兰60Coγ射线诱变育种研究(简报)

以蝴蝶兰组培原球茎或小苗为材料进行60Coγ射线诱变(剂量15Gy)处理,得到一系列诱变苗;对诱变苗分株扩繁(培养基配方为MS 6-BA5.0mg/L CM150ml/L 蔗糖2% 琼脂1%),扩繁后的诱变苗移到生根培养基(MS NAA0.5mg/L CM150ml/L 蔗糖2% 琼脂1%)上诱导生根,炼苗后移栽到含碎砖块和水草的小盆钵中,成活率90%。     

太子参‘柘参1号’离体快繁试验

以太子参‘柘参1号’叶片、茎段为外植体进行离体快繁试验,结果表明：带腋芽的茎段能够诱导出丛生芽,且诱导率较高,最佳诱导培养基为MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.2 mg/L +蔗糖30 g/L;增殖培养基为MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.2 mg/L +蔗糖30 g/L;生根培养基为MS + NAA 0.2 mg/L +蔗糖30 g/L。     

转抗虫基因欧美黑杨离体快繁技术研究

以抗虫欧美黑杨的叶,带腋芽茎段为外植体进行离体快繁技术研究。最佳接种时间为8月份,新芽生长迅速。基本培养基为MS,较适初培养基为MS＋6－BA0.5mg/L（以下单位同）＋NAA0.01mg/,附加30g/L,蔗糖,7g/L琼脂。愈伤组织诱导并同时分化出新芽培养基为MS＋6－BA1.5 NAA0.3,附加40g/L蔗糖,6g/L琼脂。继代增殖培养基为MS 6-BA1.0 NAA0.1 GA2.0,附加30g/L蔗糖,5g/L琼脂。生根培养基为MS＋IBA2．0。     

文心兰花梗茎段植株再生培养的影响因子研究

应用正交试验设计法研究基本培养基、植物生长调节剂种类及浓度对文心兰花梗茎段芽再生丛生芽诱导、增殖和生根培养的影响。筛选出最佳基本培养基为1/2 MS;最佳诱导培养基为1/2 MS+6-BA 5.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖20 g/L;最佳增殖培养基为1/2 MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L;最佳生根培养基为1/2 MS+IBA 0.05 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L+香蕉泥100 g/L+蔗糖20 g/L。     

六角果鸢尾离体快繁技术体系的构建

为构建六角果鸢尾(Iris hexagona)的离体快繁体系,以其幼嫩根状茎为外植体,研究了培养基和植物生长调节剂对不定芽诱导、增殖和植株生根的影响。结果表明,根状茎用0.1%Hg Cl2消毒13 min的效果较佳;不定芽诱导最适培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg L–1+NAA 0.5 mg L–1+蔗糖30 g L–1+琼脂7.5 g L–1,不定芽增殖的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 0.5 mg L–1+NAA0.2 mg L–1+KT 0.3 mg L–1+蔗糖30 g L–1+琼脂7.5 g L–1;在MS+IBA 1.5 mg L–1+蔗糖30 g L–1+琼脂7.5 g L–1培养基上不定芽生根率可达100%;腐殖土和珍珠岩+泥炭土+蛭石(1∶2∶1)均可作为组培苗移栽的适宜基质,移栽成活率可达100%。     

抗茎枯病芦笋品种离体培养的研究北大核心CSCD

选用芦笋(Asparagus officinalis)茎枯病高抗品种格兰蒂为材料,研究各种生长素及细胞分裂素对其茎尖诱导的愈伤组织、不定芽增殖和生根的效果。实验结果表明,最适芦笋茎尖诱导愈伤组织的培养基为:MS+6-BA0.3 mg/L+2,4-D 1.5 mg/L+蔗糖25 g/L+琼脂7 g/L,pH 5.8;最适愈伤组织增殖诱导、分化不定芽的培养基为:MS+NAA 0.3 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂7 g/L,pH 5.8;最适生根培养基为:1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L IBA+1 mg/L PP333+0.3 mg/L 6-BA+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂7 g/L,pH 5.8。     

剑叶龙血树组织培养与快速繁殖的研究

用剑叶龙血树的腋芽、顶芽或茎段作外植体,构建了剑叶龙血树组织培养再生体系。试验结果如下:剑叶龙血树腋芽、顶芽或茎段诱导愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L,诱导率达95%;选择MS+6-BA 2.0mg/L+NAA0.2mg/L+30g/L的蔗糖+8g/L琼脂培养基有利于芽的分化和增殖,在1/2MS+NAA 0.2mg/L+IBA0.4mg/L+活性炭的培养基中诱导生根效果最好。     

世界流行切花—重瓣丝石竹茎尖培养及微繁殖技术研究

重瓣丝石竹茎尖培养快繁技术的研究结果表明:适宜的芽增殖培养基为MS+A1.0～2.0mg/L+NAA0.2～1.0mg/L或MS+IBA0.5～1.0mg/L;生根培养基为MS+NAA0.03～0.05mg/L;白糖代替蔗糖对菌的增殖和生根无影响;液体培养基可获得和琼脂培养基相同的增殖效果;不同材料的增殖效果有明显的差异。     

马来沉香组织培养技术研究

以马来沉香茎段为外植体,分别对外植体的消毒、启动培养、增殖培养、壮苗培养、生根培养、炼苗移栽环节进行研究,着重探索马来沉香组织培养技术各个环节的最佳培养基配方,为马来沉香的工厂化育苗提供技术指导。结果表明:马来沉香最佳消毒方法是用0.1%升汞消毒4～5min;启动率最高的培养基配方是1/2MS+6-BA 0.2mg·L-1+NAA 0.1mg·L-1+蔗糖30g·L-1+琼脂5.8g·L-1,启动率达70.5%;增殖系数最高的培养基是1/2MS+0.1mg·L-16-BA+25g·L-1蔗糖+5.8g·L-1琼脂,增殖系数达2.9;最佳壮苗培养基是1/2MS+30g·L-1蔗糖+5.8g·L-1琼脂;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 5.0mg·L-1+20g·L-1糖+6g·L-1琼脂,培养2d后移入1/2MS培养基继续培养,生根率为83%;马来沉香移栽较难成活,在泥炭土∶黄泥土(2∶1)的基质上成活率最高,移栽成活率65%。     

遮荫对甜瓜叶片光合特性的影响

以适宜不同栽培条件的3个甜瓜品种为材料,研究了遮荫对其光合色素含量、净光合速率及比叶重等叶片特性的影响。结果表明:与正常光照相比,遮光处理能诱使甜瓜叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著提高,叶绿素a/b显著降低。全光照条件下,3个甜瓜品种的净光合速率日变化曲线均呈双峰型,有明显的"光合午休"现象,而在遮荫条件下则呈单峰曲线变化,且光合峰值出现的时间比全光照下推迟;遮光条件下甜瓜叶片气孔导度日变化曲线与其净光合速率日变化类似。3个品种间比叶重在全光照条件下差异不显著,但遮荫显著降低了壮龄叶片的比叶重,且遮荫强度越重,比叶重越小;品种‘黄河蜜3号’壮龄叶的比叶重降幅(31.83%)显著大于‘银帝’(27.22%)和‘玉金香’(26.01%)。可见,遮荫降低了甜瓜叶片的净光合速率和功能叶片的比叶重,植株通过增加自身叶片光合色素含量以增强对环境的适应性,缓解遮荫对其的影响,品种‘银帝’表现出较强的耐弱光性。     

十六倍体三叶半夏品种特性的分析

利用三叶半夏悬浮细胞为材料,通过秋水仙素诱导后获得稳定的半夏多倍体株系。通过染色体鉴定、生理分析以及药典规定项目的测定,综合考察半夏多倍体株系的品种特性,评价其作为新品种的潜力。结果表明:优良半夏株系为八倍体三叶半夏,加倍后的半夏为染色体加倍的十六倍体半夏。与八倍体半夏相比,十六倍体半夏在形态学方面表现出植株矮壮,叶片变圆变厚,块茎增大的特点,细胞学方面表现出气孔密度降低,保卫细胞增大,叶绿体个数增多的现象。经过种植实验得出结论:十六倍体半夏生长期延长,抗逆性增强,夏季基本不倒苗,并且块茎个体均一,品质较好,总体产量增加。对十六倍体半夏块茎进行测定比较后发现,十六倍体半夏符合药典中规定的各项定性和定量指标规定。由此可见,通过半夏的单细胞进行多倍体的诱导是一种可行的方案,并且诱导得到的十六倍体为抗性增强、产量提高,且符合药典规定的半夏新品系。     

Intraspecific variation in nitrogen status and photosynthetic capacity within mountain birch populations

The relative variation in leaf nitrogen concentration and photosynthetic capacity among individuals and sites are compared for mountain birch populations ( Betula pubsecens Ehrh. ssp tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman).
Leaf nitrogen concentration and photosynthetic capacity showed significant differences among individuals; 35 and 26% of the total sum of squares respectively, was attributable to differences among individuals. Two measures of leaf morphology also showed differences among individuals (35–58% of total variation). The variation attributable to site differences ranged from 13% (leaf shape, P = 0.11) to 36% (leaf N concentration and photosynthetic capacity, P≤0.01). Of the variation in photosynthetic capacity, 51% was related to leaf nitrogen concentration. Possible causes for and consequences of the differences found are discussed.     

Life history and population dynamics of the Japanese Yam,Dioscorea japonica thunb.

Shoot morphology at the emergence ofDioscorea japonica Thumb. could be classed into the following three types: (1) a seedling emergence with only one leaf (Se type), (2) a plant consisting of one stem and one leaf, which has emerged from a small tuber (rhizophore) or bulbil less than 50 mg in dry weight (S type) and (3) a twiner with many leaves, which has emerged from a tuber or a bulbil of more than 50 mg in dry weight (L type). The Se type failed to develop beyond the second leaf stage in 1.5% sunlight exposure. The effects of initial plant (seeds, bulbils and tubers) size and light intensity on plant growth were analyzed. The larger the initial plant size was, the greater the growth in height and leaf area was. The distribution ratio of assimilated substances in leaves was high in smaller plants at the early growth stage. The distribution ratio in the tubers of larger plants became high at the early stage of growth. In all three types at over 3% sunlight exposure, the switch-over from the vegetative to reproductive growth phase occurred simultaneously at a later growth stage, but the Se type at 1.5% sunlight exposure showed a very early switch-over in its development; this switch-over may be related to shade tolerance capacity. The L type showed shade avoidance by forming a large productive structure as a twiner     

正交试验法优化半夏多糖的提取工艺

目的:建立半夏多糖的最佳提取工艺.方法:采刚水提醇沉法,以多糖提取率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定半夏多糖的最住提取工艺条件.结果:最佳水提条件为料液比1:30,70℃提取1h,提取3次,最佳醇沉工艺条件为醇沉浓度70%,静置时间12h.在此条件下,半夏多糖的提取率为13.68%.结论:该工艺简便,重复性好,多糖的提取率高.     

不同光照强度下半夏化学成分含量的比较研究

利用遮荫网对卵叶型半夏（Pinellia ternata（Thunb.）Breit.）进行遮荫,秋季倒苗后,测定其化学成分含量,以研究光强对半夏化学成分含量的影响。结果显示：全光照下半夏的生物碱、鸟苷和蛋白质含量较高,55%遮荫处理半夏的块茎增重幅度较大,80%遮荫处理的还原糖和可溶性糖含量较高。不同光照强度下,半夏化学成分含量有显著的差异,全光照处理有利于半夏生物碱、鸟苷和蛋白质的积累,80%遮荫处理有利于其还原糖和可溶性糖的积累,55%遮荫处理有利于半夏的生长,但其化学成分含量低于全光照处理。     

吉林省47年育成的水稻品种根系伤流液重量变化及其与剑叶光合速率的关系

为了解不同年代水稻品种根系活力的变化及其与叶片光合的关系,以根系伤流液重量作为根系活力指标,研究了吉林省1958-2005年间育成的33个水稻品种抽穗后根系伤流液重量变化及其与剑叶净光合速率的关系。2--~-的研究结果表明,47年的遗传改良导致了水稻品种根系伤流液重量增加,根系伤流液重量与品种的育成年份呈显著正相关,与剑叶光合速率也呈显著正相关。抽穗后根系伤流液重量可以作为剑叶光合能力和高产的参考指标。     

Regulation Effects of Water and Nitrogen on the Source-Sink Relationship in Potato during the Tuber Bulking Stage

The source-sink relationship determines crop yield, and it is largely regulated by water and nutrients in agricultural production. This has been widely investigated in cereals, but fewer studies have been conducted in root and tuber crops such as potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The objective of this study was to investigate the source-sink relationship in potato and the regulation of water and nitrogen on the source-sink relationship during the tuber bulking stage. A pot experiment using virus-free plantlets of the Atlantic potato cultivar was conducted, using three water levels (50%, 70% and 90% of field capacity) and three nitrogen levels (0, 0.2, 0.4 g N∙kg⁻¹ soil). The results showed that, under all water and nitrogen levels, plant source capacity were small at the end of the experiment, since photosynthetic activity in leaves were low and non-structural reserves in underground stems were completely remobilized. While at this time, there were very big differences in maximum and minimum tuber number and tuber weight, indicating that the sink tuber still had a large potential capacity to take in assimilates. These results suggest that the source-supplied assimilates were not sufficient enough to meet the demands of sink growth. Thus, we concluded that, unlike cereals, potato yield is more likely to be source-limited than sink-limited during the tuber bulking stage. Water and nitrogen are two key factors in potato production management. Our results showed that water level, nitrogen level and the interaction between water and nitrogen influence potato yield mainly through affecting source capacity via the net photosynthetic rate, total leaf area and leaf life span. Well-watered, sufficient nitrogen and well-watered combined with sufficient nitrogen increased yield mainly by enhancing the source capacity. Therefore, this suggests that increasing source capacity is more crucial to improve potato yield.     

我国油莎豆栽培品系表型特征的相关性分析

油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus L.)起源于地中海北非地区,是一种在块茎器官中储藏油脂的特殊油料作物。为了在我国推广油莎豆的种植,急需对我国油莎豆品系的基本生物学特性进行研究。我们收集了国内油莎豆主要种植地的种质资源(品系),经过大田种植后,比较分析了品系间块茎和植株部分性状及其相关性。根据块茎的大小和形态,将这些栽培油莎豆品系归为3个基本类型,即长粒型、大粒型和圆粒型。在大田种植条件下,油莎豆各品系都极少开花,品系之间块茎芽点数和茎环数无显著性差异。但是这3个类型油莎豆在块茎含油量、叶片和植株形态、分蘖特性等方面具有很大差异。叶片长宽比与块茎高宽比显著正相关,但叶片形态与块茎含油量的相关性不显著。该研究结果可为油莎豆的大田种植和品种选育提供重要参考。     

土壤干旱条件下保水剂对多年生黑麦草光合特性的影响

以多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne Linn．）为研究对象,对土壤干旱条件下（土壤含水量12．6％、10．5％、8．4％和6．3％）使用保水剂后叶片光合特性的动态变化进行了分析。结果显示：随土壤含水量的降低和胁迫时间（12d）的延长,多年生黑麦草叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和光能利用效率（LUE）呈逐渐下降的趋势;随土壤含水量的降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）逐渐升高、瞬时水分利用效率（WUE）逐渐降低,但随胁迫时间的延长Ci和WUE则呈现不同的变化趋势;总体上,在土壤含水量不同的条件下及不同的胁迫时间各指标均有显著差异（P〈0．05）。与未添加保水剂的各处理组相比,添加质量分数2％保水剂后多年生黑麦草叶片的Pn、Gs、WUE和LUE值均增大,而Ci和Tr值则降低,差异达显著水平（P〈0．05）。研究结果表明：合理使用保水剂能提高多年生黑麦草叶片的光合能力以及土壤的保水能力,增强多年生黑麦草对干旱环境的适应性。