培养条件对牛体外受精胚胎核仁及线粒体发育的影响

牛体外受精胚胎分别在SOF FCS、SOF BSA和SOF PVA三种培养系统内进行培养,然后分别取三个系统中发育到原核期、2细胞、4细胞、8细胞、桑椹胚和囊胚阶段的胚胎进行透射电镜的观察,了解培养系统中血清和BSA的添加与否对胚胎发育过程中核仁和线粒体发育的影响。观察结果表明：与已报道的体内受精胚胎研究结果相比,体外受精胚胎核仁的发育比较迟缓,培养系统中血清及BSA的添加与否不会显著影响核仁的发育过程。在SOF FCS和SOF BSA培养系统中线粒体的发育明显滞后,表明培养系统中血清和BSA的添加可能是造成这种现象的重要原因。     

小鼠体外受精、胚胎培养及胚胎快速冷冻的研究

目的　为扩大胚胎来源并获取特定胚龄胚胎 ,建立小鼠冷冻胚胎库。方法　运用超数排卵、体外受精与胚胎培养及胚胎冷冻技术系统研究了小鼠受精卵的体内发育与运行规律。卵母细胞的体外成熟与受精、单细胞胚胎培养及胚胎快速冷冻。结果　 (1)注射hCG后 12～ 2 0h受精卵发育至原核期 ,4 2～ 4 8h为 2 细胞期 ,4 8～ 6 0h为 4 细胞期 ,6 0～ 6 8h为 8 细胞期 ,以上各期受精卵均处于输卵管中 ;75～ 78h为桑椹胚 ,78～ 80h为致密桑椹胚 ,90～ 92h为早期囊胚 ,92～ 96h为囊胚 ,以上各期均处于子宫角中。 (2 )培养液中添加促性腺激素 (FSH与hCG) ,能显著提高卵母细胞的体外受精率 ,添加FCS和激素组的体外受精率又显著高于单独添加激素组 ,FCS还能显著提高胚胎发育。 (3)在培养液中添加EDTA ,能有效克服小鼠胚胎的 2 细胞阻断 ,其 2 细胞胚的发育率达 10 0 % ,8 细胞胚发育率达 5 5 %以上 ;牛、羊上皮细胞培养液上清也能有效克服 2 细胞阻断。添加乳酸钠和丙酮酸钠可使 2细胞与 8细胞期胚的发育率显著提高。 (4)以D PBS +甘油 +蔗糖为冷冻液 ,以D PBS +蔗糖为稀释液 ,对小鼠胚胎进行快速冷冻 ,桑椹胚的存活率为 6 9 3% ,早期囊胚的存活率为 6 0 4 %。结论　研究为将生物技术应用于小鼠 ,扩大卵子和胚胎来源     

小鼠囊胚的细胞凋亡:体内发育和体外培养的比较

小鼠胚体外培养到囊胚期的成功率很高,但质量是否能及体内发育的囊胚还不太清楚。细胞的数量和凋亡程度是胚胎质量鉴定的重要指标。本文采用TUNEL法分别对2-、8-细胞和桑椹胚培育成的鼠囊胚及体内发育而成的鼠囊胚细胞凋亡情况进行了检验。结果表明90%以上的2-、8-细胞及桑椹胚经过72h、48h和24h的培养发育到囊胚期。由桑椹胚发育成的与体内发育成的囊胚细胞凋亡指数没有显著差异,但由2-、8-细胞胚培育成的囊胚细胞凋亡指数显著高于体内发育成的囊胚。由此可见,体外长时间培养会增加胚胎的细胞凋亡程率。为培养出高质量的囊胚,胚胎培养条件还需进一步改善。     

小鼠原核期受精卵体外培养系统的筛选

为了筛选出最佳的小鼠原核期受精卵的体外发育培养系统,分别进行了四个试验。试验I:在体外分别用自配的M16、mM16、KSOM、mKSOM、CZB进行体外发育培养,进而筛选出一种最佳的体外培养系统;试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ分别:探讨了血清、PVA、rhLIF对小鼠胚胎发育的影响。结果,试验I中胚胎发育到2-细胞的比率差异不明显,但是在mM16和mKSOM中,发育到4-细胞的比率94.7%,90.7%(91/96;78/86)和发育到桑椹胚/囊胚的比率分别为78.1%,67.4%(75/96;58/86)均明显高于其他三种培养液;试验II用10?S代替M16中BSA时,胚胎的发育率均下降,即使在mM16中桑椹胚/囊胚率仅为4.8%(12/35)与对照组M16(40.5%)差异显著(p<0.05);试验Ⅲ用PVA取代mM16和mKSOM中的BSA其体外发育率显著下降,胚胎均无一例发育到桑椹胚/囊胚;试验Ⅳ:rhLIF能提高胚胎在体外的发育率可使mM16培养的胚胎囊胚率、囊胚脱出率分别达到84%(47/56)、39.2%(22/56)。结论:在不添减其他成分前提下,只在M16中添加0.1mMolEDTA、0.5mMol牛磺酸、1000IU/mlrhLIF便可获得84%的囊胚率,同时证明在M16或mM16添加血清都会降低其体外发育率;PVA还不能有效的取代mM16、mKSOM中的血清。     

Wistar-lmamichi大鼠早期胚的体外培养

有关资料指出,大鼠胚胎的体外培养同小鼠一样具有“2-细胞阻断”的问题,4-细胞期胚的培养也未见成功的报道。本文以F_(12)培养液和PBS缓冲液为基本培养基,添加胎犊血清(FCS)或大鼠血清(RS),观察Wistar-lmamichi大鼠早期胚的体外发育情况。 实验方法是将以PMSGHCG诱导超排处理方法采得的1-细胞期胚,2-细胞期胚,4-细胞期胚和8-细胞期胚,用灭菌处理过的培养液冲洗两次后,移入液体石蜡覆盖下的微小滴内,然后置于温度为37℃,     

两种2-细胞鼠胚体外培养方法比较

目的应用鼠胚质控中的小鼠胚胎体外培养模型,探讨两种胚胎培养方式（四孔皿与微滴法）在单胚观察时间上的差异以及对2-细胞鼠胚体外发育潜能的影响。方法取6-8周龄的昆明白雌性小鼠。采用HMG10IU促排卵,48 h后注射HCG 10IU促卵泡成熟,取形态正常的2-细胞鼠胚。每5-10个胚胎培养在含500μL培养基的四孔皿中（A组）,或单个胚胎接种在含50μL的培养微滴中（B组）。培养后,每隔24 h在倒置显微镜下观察一次,计算单胚观察时间,并检测24 h时的≥4细胞胚形成率、48 h的融合胚形成率7、2 h的囊胚与扩张囊胚形成率、96 h囊胚孵化率。结果两种培养方式于同一试验条件下分别试验5次,A组培养83个胚胎,B组培养69个2-细胞鼠胚。在每一个观察点上,微滴培养的单胚观察时间远超过四孔皿培养（P〈0.001）。但两组各时间点的胚胎发育率相似,无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论尽管微滴单胚培养方式的胚胎暴露培养箱外时间长,但与四孔皿多胚培养方式比较,两者间2-细胞鼠胚的体外发育潜能相似。     

奶山羊转基因供核细胞的再饥饿对核移植胚胎发育的影响

为提高转基因奶山羊体细胞核移植胚胎早期发育率,将经转染外源基因的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞经饥饿培养(含0.5?S的DMEM)5天后分成两部分:第一部分细胞-80℃或液氮冻存,试验前复苏后直接用作供核细胞(试验组Ⅰ),或复苏后恢复培养(含10% FCS的DMEM)2-5天后再饥饿5天用作供核细胞(试验组Ⅱ);第二部分细胞作传代培养(含10% FCS的DMEM)2天后再饥饿5 天用作供核细胞(试验组Ⅲ)。将上述不同处理的供核细胞进行细胞周期与存活率的检测,并将该供核细胞移入去除遗传物质的山羊MⅡ期卵母细胞的卵周隙内,经电融合、化学激活后,将核移植(NT)胚胎经0.8%琼脂糖包理后移入临时寄母输卵管内,培养6天后回收并观察NT胚胎的早期发育。结果,试验组Ⅱ所用供核细胞中G_0/G_1期细胞所占比例及其存活率分别为95.68%、99.9%,均显著地高于试验组Ⅰ(88.66%、80%);试验组Ⅱ的桑椹及囊胚期NT胚胎的发育率(66.09%)显著地高于试验组Ⅰ(22.00%)与试验组Ⅲ(50.51%)。将以上发育的NT胚胎分别移入同步发情的受体后,35 天作B超妊娠诊断,试验组Ⅱ的受体妊娠率为45.83%,显著地高于试验组Ⅰ(20.00%)与试验组Ⅲ(9.58%)。流式细胞仪分析结果表明,饥饿后的供核细胞经冷冻,复苏后恢复培养2-5天,再经饥饿处理,能显著地提高G_0/G_1期细胞的比例及细胞存活率;应用该细胞所组建的NT胚不仅具有较高的桑椹与囊胚期发育率,而且具有较高的受体妊娠率。     

5-脱氧杂氮胞苷抑制小鼠附植前的胚胎发育

DNA甲基化在哺乳动物发育过程中有关键作用．在小鼠附植前胚胎发育过程中,DNA甲基化一直处于动态变化过程中．通过将体外受精胚在5-AZA-CdR中持续培养,研究5-AZA-CdR对小鼠附植前胚胎发育的影响,为附植前胚胎发育机理的研究及5-AZA-CdR的毒副作用研究提供试验基础．从原核期加入不同浓度的5-AZA-CdR时,胚胎不能发育到桑椹胚(0.2 和1.0 μmol/L)和4-细胞胚(5.0 μmol/L);从2-细胞期加入时,胚胎阻滞于未致密化的8-细胞(0.2 和1.0 μmol/L)和3/4-细胞期(5.0 μmol/L);而当从4-细胞加入时,虽然胚胎能够发育到早期桑椹胚,但发育比例同对照相比显著降低(P < 0.05)．进一步检测凋亡、基因组DNA甲基化和整体转录活性,结果显示,高浓度的5-AZA-CdR导致8-细胞和早期桑椹胚发生早期凋亡,而低浓度的5-AZA-CdR引起8-细胞和早期桑椹胚基因组DNA甲基化的降低和转录活性的降低,并且这种降低呈浓度依赖性．所以加入低浓度的5-AZA-CdR时,胚胎的DNA甲基化降低,引起转录活性的降低,进而导致胚胎发育的停滞．     

绵羊体外受精卵的体外发育及冷冻保存研究

将体外成熟、体外受精的绵羊卵子,在体外培养至桑椹胚—襄胚期并进行冷冻保存,观察了培养卵的体外发育和冷冻保存效果。从采自屠宰场的绵羊卵巢中抽取卵母细胞,用含有10％FCS(或NSS)、HCG、E_2和Hepes的M199培养24—26小时,再以经Ionophore A23187诱导获能的新鲜精子进行授精。授精后6—8小时移入发育用培养基内进行培养,发育用培养基为含有10％FCS(或NSS)、丙酮酸钠、Hepes的M 199。授精72小时后,FCS组和NSS组的卵裂率分别为36.9％和45.2％,后者显著高于前者。继续培养7—10天后,桑椹胚～囊胚的发育率分别为11.6％和23.4％,两者间差异极显著。将桑椹胚和囊胚冷冻保存于PBS+20％FCS+10％乙二醇冷冻液内,解冻后的胚胎形态正常率分别为82.0％和71.9％。     

葡萄糖对ICR小鼠胚胎体外发育的影响

研究葡萄糖在小鼠早期胚胎体外发育中的作用。实验1将6—8周龄的ICR雌鼠超数排卵后与公鼠交配,收集1-细胞放入含0(对照组)、0.5、1、3、5、10mmol/L葡萄糖的CZB中培养;实验2将从超排的ICR雌鼠输卵管内收集的1-细胞放入无糖CZB中培养,分别于1细胞、2细胞、4细胞、桑椹胚阶段移入含3.0mmol/L葡萄糖(最适浓度)的CZB中,培养24h后又移回到无糖CZB中(桑椹胚阶段除外)继续培养以及整个胚胎培养过程均在含糖CZB中,对照组胚胎培养全程均在无糖CZB中。每组胚胎于37℃、5%CO2培养箱中培养120h,每24h在倒置显微镜下观察胚胎发育情况,分别计算2-细胞率、4-细胞率、桑椹胚率、囊胚率和孵化率,并进行囊胚细胞计数。结果显示,小鼠胚胎在含糖CZB中与在无糖CZB中4-细胞发育率无差异;含糖CZB中囊胚率显著高于对照组;3.0mmol/L浓度组囊胚细胞数显著高于其余组;2-细胞至4-细胞、4-细胞至桑椹胚前添加葡萄糖囊胚率显著高于对照组,1-细胞至2-细胞、桑椹胚及其以后阶段添加葡萄糖囊胚率与对照组无差异。实验证实,在ICR小鼠胚胎体外培养中加入葡萄糖不会导致2-细胞阻滞;葡萄糖浓度增至10mmol/L对ICR小鼠胚胎无毒性作用;ICR小鼠胚胎体外培养的最适葡萄糖浓度为3.0mmol/L;2-细胞至4-细胞、4-细胞至桑椹胚前添加葡萄糖是必要的。     

Serum free embryo culture medium improves in vitro survival of bovine blastocysts to vitrification

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of co-culture with Vero cells during the in vitro maturation (IVM) and three culture media, B2+5% fetal calf serum (FCS) on Vero cells, synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF)+5% FCS, and SOF+20 gL(-1) bovine serum albumin (BSA), on the developmental competence of the embryos and their ability to survive vitrification/warming. We also tested the effect of morphological quality and the age of the embryo on its sensitivity to vitrification. The IVM system neither affects the embryo development up to Day 7 nor survival rates after vitrification. The culture of embryos in SOF+FCS and in Vero cells+B2 allowed obtaining more Day 6 and Day 7 blastocysts, and a higher % of Day 7 blastocysts vitrified than culture in SOF+BSA. Contrarily, on Day 8, more blastocysts were vitrified in SOF+BSA than in SOF+FCS. Blastocysts quality affected development after vitrification/warming, and Day 7 embryos showed higher survival rates than their Day 8 counterparts. Day 7 blastocysts produced in Vero cells or in SOF+BSA survived at higher rates than those produced in SOF+FCS at 24 and 48 h after warming. Embryo culture with BSA allows obtaining hatching rates after vitrification/warming higher than those obtained after co-culture with Vero cells in B2 and FCS. Moreover, this system provides hatching rates from Day 8 blastocysts comparable to those obtained on Day 7 in Vero cells. Further studies, including embryo transfer to recipients, are needed to clarify factors affecting the freezability of in vitro produced bovine embryos.     

Comparison on in vitro fertilized bovine embryos cultured in KSOM or SOF and cryopreserved by slow freezing or vitrification

The objectives of this study were to identify an improved in vitro cell-free embryo culture system and to compare post-warming development of in vitro produced (IVP) bovine embryos following vitrification versus slow freezing. In Experiment 1, non-selected presumptive zygotes were randomly allocated to four medium treatments without co-culture: (1) SOF + 5% FCS for 9 days; (2) KSOM + 0.1% BSA for 4 days and then KSOM + 1% BSA to Day 9; (3) SOF + 5% FCS for 4 days and then KSOM + 1% BSA to Day 9; and (4) KSOM + 0.1% BSA for 4 days and then SOF + 5% FCS to Day 9. Treatment 4 (sequential KSOM-SOF culture system) improved (P > 0.05) morulae (47%), early blastocysts (26%), Day-7 blastocysts (36%), cell numbers, as well as total hatching rate (79%) compared to KSOM alone (Treatment 2). Embryos cultured in KSOM + BSA alone developed slowly and most of them hatched late on Day 9, compared to other treatments. In Experiment 2, the sequential KSOM-SOF culture system was used and Day-7 blastocysts were subjected to following cryopreservation comparison: (1) vitrification (VS3a, 6.5 M glycerol); or (2) slow freezing (1.36 M glycerol). Warmed embryos were cultured in SOF with 7.5% FCS. Higher embryo development and hatching rates (P < 0.05) were obtained by vitrification at 6h (71%), 24h (64%), and 48h (60%) post-warming compared to slow freezing (48, 40, and 31%, respectively). Following transfer of vitrified embryos to synchronized recipients, a 30% pregnancy rate was obtained. In conclusion, replacing KSOM with SOF after 4 days of culture produced better quality blastocysts. Vitrification using VS3a may be used more effectively to cryopreserve in vitro produced embryos than the conventional slow freezing method.     

Development of sheep preimplantation embryos in media supplemented with glucose and acetate

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of supplemental glucose (G; 1.5 mM) and/or acetate (A; 0.5 mM) on the development of early sheep embryos to blastocysts when cultured in vitro in glucose-free synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) + sheep serum or bovine serum albumin (BSA). In Experiment 1, 2- to 4-cell, 8- to 16-cell and >16-cell embryos were cultured in SOF, SOF+G, SOF+A or SOF+G+A. All media were supplemented with 10% sheep serum. In addition, embryos were cultured in either microdrops under polysiloxane oil or in multiwell dishes. Overall, development to the blastocyst stage was 3%, 30% and 68% for 2- to 4-cell, 8- to 16-cell and >16-cell stages, respectively, suggesting that an 8-cell developmental block existed under our culture conditions. Glucose supplementation had little effect on embryo development, and no overall effect was observed from the addition of acetate. In Experiment 2, 8- to 16-cell embryos were cultured in SOF or SOF+G, both supplemented with BSA. Development to the blastocyst stage was 25% and 18%, respectively. The results show that the presence of glucose or acetate did little to enhance embryonic development in our incubation systems. Further work is required to evaluate fully the energy requirements for development of the early sheep embryo.     

Use of two replacements of serum during bovine embryo culture in vitro

This study evaluated the effect of two commercial serum replacements (Ultroser G and CPSR-3 on in vitro bovine embryo culture. In Experiment 1, zygotes were cultured in SOF+Ultroser G (2, 4 and 6%), SOF+CPSR-3 (2, 4 and 6%), and SOF+5% FCS (control). Blastocyst rates obtained after culturing with Ultroser G were lower than those with FCS. However, blastocyst rates for CPSR-3 were similar to those for serum. In addition, embryos produced in SOF+CPSR-3 had the same proportion inner cell mass number and total cell number as embryos cultured with FCS. In Experiment 2, a combination of serum replacements during different periods showed that treatment before the five-to eight-cell stages had no effect on further embryo development. However, treatments up to the morula stage affected blastocyst formation. The concentration of supplement and the timing of its inclusion in culture markedly affected embryo development. The serum replacement CPSR-3 can supplement embryo culture with blastocyst rates and quality similar to those for serum.     

Cryopreservation of in vitro-produced bovine embryos: effects of protein type and concentration during freezing or of liposomes during culture on post-thaw survival

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of membrane stabilization through the modification of in vitro culture medium or freezing medium on post-thaw survival of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. In Experiment 1, Day 7 (Day 0 = day of IVF) late morulae and blastocysts that developed following culture in SOF/aa/BSA (IVC medium) were frozen slowly to -35 degrees C in the presence of 1.5 M ethylene glycol prepared in ovum culture medium (OCM) or in OCM supplemented with 10, 25 or 50% fetal calf serum (FCS) or 5, 10 or 25 mg/mL BSA. Post-thaw survival was assessed by re-expansion and/or hatching following 48 h of culture in IVC medium + 10% FCS. Overall, survival was significantly (P < 0.01) affected by embryo stage, with more hatched blastocysts surviving (71%) than blastocysts (59%) or late morulae (51%). Addition of FCS significantly (P < 0.01) reduced survival compared with control embryos or those frozen in BSA-supplemented medium (50.48 vs 68.01 vs 63.53%, respectively). There was also a significant interaction between embryo stage and protein type (P < 0.05). The survival of late morulae/early blastocysts following freezing was improved in the presence of additional BSA but not FCS. In Experiment 2, the IVC medium was supplemented with liposomes containing lecithin, sphingomyelin and cholesterol. Sphingomyelin and cholesterol at ratios of 1:1, 1:4 and 4:1 were added to 50, 100 or 150 micrograms/mL lecithin to yield a final lipid concentration of 200 micrograms/mL. A further group contained 200 micrograms/mL lecithin only. Blastocysts were frozen in 1.5 M ethylene glycol in OCM, then thawed and assessed as in Experiment 1. The presence of liposomes during IVC did not affect the proportion of cleaved embryos that developed to blastocysts or survival following freezing. However, the survival of blastocysts that developed in the presence of 200 micrograms/mL lecithin only was significantly lower than in any other treatment (6%; P < 0.03). These studies demonstrate that the protein composition of the freezing medium can significantly affect survival after thawing and that the survival of late morulae can be improved with additional BSA. The presence of lecithin only in the liposome preparation did not affect embryo development, but significantly reduced survival after freezing, suggesting it can affect post-thaw embryo survival, perhaps by altering embryonic membrane composition.     

Differential patterns of blastulation in bovine morulae cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid medium containing FCS or BSA

This study examined the effects of fetal calf serum (FCS) supplementation of culture medium on blastulation and hatching of bovine morulae cultured in vitro. The presumptive zygotes derived from in vitro maturation and fertilization (IVM/IVF) were cultured in the modified synthetic oviduct fluid medium containing 3 mg/ml BSA (mSOF-BSA). At 120 h post insemination, morulae were randomly assigned to culture with mSOF-BSA (control) or mSOF containing 5% FCS (mSOF-FCS) instead of BSA. The replacement of BSA with FCS in mSOF significantly increased the percentage of blastocyst formation from Day 6 to Day 10 (Day 0 = the day of in vitro insemination) and the hatching rate of embryos on Days 8 and 9. The total number of cells in morulae and blastocysts on Day 6, in blastocysts on Day 7, and in blastocysts and hatched blastocysts on Day 8 were similar among the treatments. However, the replacement of BSA with FCS in mSOF significantly increased the total number of cells in hatched blastocysts on Day 10. Although the time of blastulation of embryos was significantly accelerated by the replacement of BSA with FCS in mSOF, the total number of cells in embryos at blastulation was lowered. The total number of cells in embryos at blastulation showed a time-dependent decrease when the embryos were cultured in mSOF-BSA. In contrast, the total number of cells in embryos that were cultured in mSOF-FCS depended little on the time after in vitro insemination. The results indicate that FCS supplementation of culture medium increased the percentage of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage without an increase in the total number of cells. However, an acceleration in the hatching rate and an increase in the total number of cells in hatched blastocysts were observed, compared with that in BSA-supplemented medium. It is suggested that FCS in the culture medium initiates earlier blastulation with fewer total numbers of cells in the morulae than BSA during in vitro culture of bovine embryos.     

Effects of glucose and protein sources on bovine embryo development in vitro

Oviductal factors may be obtained by ultrafiltration of conditioned medium, added to a simple media and used in bovine embryo culture. In this study, we aimed to analyze the development of bovine embryos produced with oviductal factors compared to those cultured in the presence of BSA or serum, the effects of glucose in presence of these protein supplements, and the ability of oviductal factors to support embryo development during the entire culture period. In vitro produced bovine zygotes from slaughterhouse ovaries were cultured in modified-synthetic oviduct fluid (mSOF) alone or supplemented with (1) oviductal factors, (2) BSA and (3) FCS. Oviductal factors showed embryotrophic activity, although with blastocyst rates lower than those in BSA and FCS. Glucose (1.5 mM) added at Day 2 of culture did not affect development in the presence of oviductal factors. The number of cells in expanded blastocysts was unaffected by the presence of glucose or any of the protein supplements used. Both BSA and FCS, respectively, improved blastocyst rates of Day 6 embryos produced with oviductal factors. The effect of oviductal factors was masked by the presence of BSA during the entire culture. FCS promoted an earlier appearance of blastocysts. It is concluded that the effect of glucose on in vitro embryo development depends upon the source of protein. Oviductal factors are not an appropriate supplement for embryos beyond Day 6 of culture in SOF, although blastocyst rates of such embryos may be increased by culturing them in the presence of FCS or BSA.