鲫鲤杂种一代(F_1)自交二代(F_2)的受精细胞学研究

荷包红鲫 (♀ )×湘江野鲤 (♂ )杂交产生的杂种一代 ( F1)成熟卵的直径为1 .0～ 1 .2 5mm;为单受精孔卵 ,一般只允许单个精子入卵 ;成熟卵在受精前处于第二次减数分裂中期 ;鲫鲤杂种一代的雄性部分可育 ,能产生正常的精子 ;杂种一代的受精方式为单精受精 ,具有正常的受精细胞学程序 .受精 30 s后 ,精子通过受精孔进入卵质 ;5min后 ,精子产生明显星光 ;1 5min后 ,精子头部膨大核化 ,最后形成雄性原核 ,与此同时 ,雌性原核也开始形成 ;2 5min后 ,雌、雄原核向胚盘中央靠近 ,然后彼此接触 ,最后融合为合子核 ;40 min后 ,开始第一次卵裂 ,在一个受精卵第一次卵裂中期的切片上看到了一个三极纺锤体 .     

中华鲟受精细胞学研究

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis Gray)的成熟卵具有一层放射膜及二层卵黄膜。在动物极有9—15个受精孔。每一受精孔有一大的入口(12.7—13.9μm直径)及一细长的受精管道(1.2—1.3μm直径)。 进入受精孔的许多精子只能按序入卵。其中只有一个精子的头部膨大核化,最后形成雄性原核。同时活跃的卵子也形成雌性原核。雌、雄原核彼此接触,最后融合成合子核,随后分成两个子核。 中华鲟的受精方式为多精入卵,单精受精。     

黄颡鱼受精早期精子入卵扫描电镜观察

用扫描电镜对黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus fulvidraco)成熟精、卵及授精早期精子入卵过程进行了观察。成熟精子为鞭毛型形态,全长为11·2～12·4μm,头部直径1·1～1·3μm,鞭毛长10·0～11·3μm。成熟的黄颡鱼卵呈圆形,具单一受精孔,卵膜上以受精孔为中心分布有无数辐射状沟嵴。授精前,受精孔暴露在外面;授精2s时,受精孔被纤维状物质覆盖,之后大量精子很快黏附在覆盖物上;至授精10s,漏斗状受精孔又暴露出来。黄颡鱼在授精10s～1min内完成精子入卵过程,可观察到几乎所有样品的精孔区出现一圈环状隆起。大量精子处于隆起外侧,只有少数越过隆起到达受精孔前庭。授精1·5min,精孔区的隆起变成两圈,精子鞭毛解体。授精3min,可见迟到的精子被挡在外面。授精5min,精孔区的精子头部解体,受精孔几乎被分泌物覆盖,受精塞清晰可见。至授精20min,精子几乎全部解体。讨论了精子入卵的动力作用、精卵识别和单精受精机制。     

异源四倍体鲫鲤的受精细胞学

异源四倍体鲫鲤的成熟卵子处于第二次减数分裂中期,精子通过受精孔进入卵内.精子入卵以后,受精孔立即被受精塞堵住.受精后8 min,受精卵出现明显的精子星光,同时进入第二次减数分裂后期,即将排出第二极体;13 min时,精子头部开始膨胀,趋向核化;18 min时,雌雄原核均已形成,并向胚盘中央靠近;23 min时,雌、雄原核开始接触;33 min时,雌、雄原核完全融合成为一个合子核;38 min时,受精卵开始第一次卵裂,53 min后分裂形成两个子核.该研究证明异源四倍体鲫鲤和大多数二倍体鱼一样,具有正常的受精细胞学程序,受精方式为单精受精.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤的受精细胞学

异源四倍体鲫鲤的成熟卵子处于第二次减数分裂中期,精子通过受精孔进入卵内。精子入卵以来,受精孔立即被受精塞堵住。受精后8min,受精卵出现明显的精子星光,同时进入第二次减数分裂后期,即将排出第二极体;13min时,精子头部开始膨胀,趋向核化;18min时,雌雄原核均已形成,并向胚盘中央靠近;23min时,雌,雄原核开始接触;33min时,雌,雄原核完全融合成为一个合子核;38min时,受精卵开始第一次卵裂,53min后分裂形成两个子核。该研究证明异源四倍体鲫鲤和大多数二倍体鱼一样,具有正常的受精细胞学程序,受精方式为单精受精。     

栉孔扇贝(♀)×虾夷扇贝( ♂ )受精细胞学观察

采用Bouin氏液固定、石蜡包埋、切片 ,用苏木精 伊红染色 ,在光学显微镜下观察栉孔扇贝 (♀ )与虾夷扇贝 (♂ )杂交的受精细胞学过程。尽管栉孔扇贝与虾夷扇贝同科不同属 ,但它们的杂交仍具有正常的受精细胞学程序。栉孔扇贝卵子处于第一次成熟分裂中期时接受虾夷扇贝的精子入卵 ,精卵混合后 6min精子入卵 ;8～ 1 0min精核略微膨胀 ;2 5～ 3 0min排出第一极体 ;1h左右 ,雌雄原核同时形成 ;1小时 3 0分钟左右 ,雌雄原核融合 ;2h左右开始卵裂。杂交过程中的精子入卵行为较本交迟缓 ,但杂交后代仍能正常发育     

唇鲳精子早期入卵观察

用扫描电镜对唇鳃成熟卵子及早期精子人卵过程进行观察。结果显示,唇鲋成熟卵子在动物极中央有一深凹陷的表面光滑的精孔器,其外径2．512μm,内径2．330μm,精子直径1．567μm。混匀的精卵刚遇水时,没有精子进入精孔器。受精后1s,精孔器内出现精子。受精后5S,组织切片显示,精子已经进入卵子内,并形成具有强烈抑制多精人卵作用的受精锥。受精后10S,精子在精孔器前庭集结,尚未形成受精塞。受精后20S,在精孔器内形成受精塞。受精塞没有阻塞精孔管,经分析它不是来源于皮层反应产物。受精塞形成后,可以吸附人卵的精子,这对多精入卵有积极的抑制作用;精子尾部在入卵过程中相互缠绕,这也是减少多精入卵的重要机制。受精后30s,受精塞和吸附的精子向精孔器外移动。受精后50S,受精塞和吸附的精子堵塞精孔器。受精后60s,受精塞吸附的精子开始解体,但是由于精孔管未封闭,还有精子通过精孔管进入到质膜。在人工受精过程中,卵子的单精受精屏障会因其周围精子密度大、精子与卵子距离短、精子运动速度快而被打破,从而导致这些卵子出现多精入卵的现象。受精后80s,精孔管仍然没有封闭,精孔器附近的精子明显出现活动能力的差异：精孔器外面的精子活动能力最强,精孔管旁边的精子活动能力较弱;精孔管外堆积的精子活性消失,受精塞吸附的精子已开始解体,经初步分析,这可能是进入其内的精子耗能有所差异的结果。受精后100S,受精塞吸附的精子解体。     

中华鲟授精过程扫描电镜观察

在扫描电镜下观察到:中华鲟的成熟卵具有一层放射膜,两层卵黄膜;卵的动物极端有9—15个受精孔,受精孔直径约为12.7—13.9μm;精子由伞状顶体、棍棒状头部、漏斗状中段及扁平细长的尾部组成;各受精孔都能接纳多个精子;卵受精5秒后,精子才开始入卵,且精子入卵速度各不相同。受精时间持续较长,可由5秒延长至5分钟;卵受梢后,受精管道内除缠绕成团的精子尾部外,未发现其他堵塞物。     

文蛤受精及早期胚胎发育过程的细胞学观察

用普通光镜、荧光显微镜技术和石蜡切片技术三种方法,对文蛤卵在受精及早期胚胎发育过程中的外形和核相变化进行了详细观察。结果表明:文蛤成熟未受精卵呈圆球形,直径90.06μm±5.59μm,核相处于第一次成熟分裂中期;精子为鞭毛型,全长48.05μm±1.60μm,头部呈狭茧形,长度为3.06μm±0.17μm;精卵混合后,精子迅速附着于卵子表面,受精后5min-10min,精子进入卵内并明显膨胀,激活卵子启动两次成熟分裂;分别在受精后20min、30min,受精卵完成第一次和第二次成熟分裂,先后排出第一、第二极体;成熟分裂完成之后,精、卵核体积迅速膨胀到最大,核膜重新出现,形成弥散状的雌、雄原核;受精后35min左右,雌、雄原核在卵子中央发生染色体联合,共同排列在纺锤体的赤道板上,形成第一次有丝分裂的中期分裂相;受精后40min-45min,在纺锤丝的牵引下染色体被拉向两极,结果形成2个大小不等的卵裂球;受精后55min-60min,第二次卵裂结束,形成1大3小4个卵裂球,卵裂过程中的核相变化与第一次卵裂基本相同,只是卵裂方向是与第一次卵裂的卵裂沟呈基本垂直的纵裂;受精后80min-90min,第三次卵裂完成,仍为不等全裂,但自此次起开始进行螺旋分裂。此外,实验中也发现了少量的多精入卵、多极分离和天然三倍体等异常现象。     

唇精子早期入卵观察

用扫描电镜对唇成熟卵子及早期精子入卵过程进行观察.结果 显示,唇成熟卵子在动物极中央有一深凹陷的表面光滑的精孔器,其外径2.512 μm,内径2.330 μm,精子直径1.567 μm.混匀的精卵刚遇水时,没有精子进入精孔器.受精后1 s,精孔器内出现精子.受精后5 s,组织切片显示,精子已经进入卵子内,并形成具有强烈抑制多精入卵作用的受精锥.受精后10 s,精子在精孔器前庭集结,尚未形成受精塞.受精后20 s,在精孔器内形成受精塞.受精塞没有阻塞精孔管,经分析它不是来源于皮层反应产物.受精塞形成后,可以吸附入卵的精子,这对多精入卵有积极的抑制作用;精子尾部在入卵过程中相互缠绕,这也是减少多精入卵的重要机制.受精后30 s, 受精塞和吸附的精子向精孔器外移动.受精后50 s, 受精塞和吸附的精子堵塞精孔器.受精后60 s, 受精塞吸附的精子开始解体,但是由于精孔管未封闭,还有精子通过精孔管进入到质膜.在人工受精过程中,卵子的单精受精屏障会因其周围精子密度大、精子与卵子距离短、精子运动速度快而被打破,从而导致这些卵子出现多精入卵的现象.受精后80 s, 精孔管仍然没有封闭,精孔器附近的精子明显出现活动能力的差异:精孔器外面的精子活动能力最强,精孔管旁边的精子活动能力较弱;精孔管外堆积的精子活性消失,受精塞吸附的精子已开始解体,经初步分析,这可能是进入其内的精子耗能有所差异的结果.受精后100 s,受精塞吸附的精子解体.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various