香鳞毛蕨 1 脱氧 D 木酮糖 5 磷酸合酶基因的克隆及表达分析

1 脱氧 D 木酮糖 5 磷酸合酶(DXS)是甲基 D 赤藓醇 4 磷酸(MEP)途径中控制影响植物萜类化合物合成的第一个限速酶。该研究对香鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris fragrans)DfDXS基因进行序列特征及生物信息学分析,并通过qRT PCR技术分析其在外源激素、干旱、盐胁迫、高温及低温处理下的表达模式,旨在探究DfDXS基因在香鳞毛蕨萜类生物合成及抗逆机制中的作用,为进一步解析香鳞毛蕨抗逆分子机制奠定基础。结果显示：(1) DfDXS1基因全长2 139 bp,编码712个氨基酸,而DfDXS2全长2 160 bp,编码719个氨基酸;结构域分析显示,其具有典型的转酮醇酶保守域,包含焦磷酸硫胺素结合位点和转酮醇酶结构域;DfDXS氨基酸序列与江南卷柏(Selaginella moellendorffii)和银杏(Ginkgo biloba)的DXS等关系较近。(2)水杨酸(SA)处理下,DfDXS基因的相对表达量先升高后降低;脱落酸(ABA)抑制DfDXS的表达;DfDXS1/2在茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理下相对表达水平均显著高于对照;乙烯利(Eth)抑制DfDXS的表达,但DfDXS1处理3 h时表达水平显著高于对照。(3)聚乙二醇(PEG)、高温和低温均诱导DfDXS1上调表达。研究推测,香鳞毛蕨DXS基因在萜类物质合成与逆境胁迫机制中发挥着重要的作用。     

菘蓝IiCYP79F1基因的克隆与表达分析

该研究以菘蓝叶片为材料,采用RT PCR方法克隆菘蓝IiCYP79F1基因,并对其进行生物信息学与表达模式分析。结果表明：（1）成功获得IiCYP79F1基因的gDNA全长（2 109 bp）,包含3个外显子及2个内含子,ORF全长为1 626 bp,编码541个氨基酸（GenBank登录号为KY774689.1）;生物信息学分析显示,IiCYP79F1蛋白的二级结构主要由α 螺旋（43.81%）、无规则卷曲（35.49%）、延伸链（13.68%）和β 转角（7.02%）组成;其氨基酸序列与西兰花、欧洲油菜、芜菁和芝麻菜的相似性较高,其蛋白与芝麻菜的亲缘关系最近。（2）qRT PCR分析显示,IiCYP79F1基因呈时空特异性表达,且在茎中与幼苗期高表达;MeJA、Ag⁺、葡萄糖和机械损伤处理均能有效促进IiCYP79F1基因的表达,而SA和低温处理则具有明显的抑制作用。该研究结果为进一步探讨IiCYP79F1在菘蓝芥子油苷生物合成中的作用奠定了基础,也为培育高芥子油苷含量的菘蓝新种质提供了新思路。     

斑地锦黄烷酮 3 羟化酶基因及启动子的克隆与分析

该研究以斑地锦茎叶为材料,利用同源克隆结合RACE和Tail PCR法,克隆了1个黄烷酮 3 羟化酶(F3H)基因,命名为EmF3H(GenBank登录号为MW767838),其ORF区为1 092 bp,编码364个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,EmF3H蛋白相对分子质量为40.93 kD,等电点为5.47,属于2 酮戊二酸铁依赖的双加氧酶超家族,其氨基酸序列与油桐的序列相似性为85.5%,在系统进化上为相对独立的一个分支。采用Tail PCR法获得1 604 bp的EmF3H启动子序列,分析发现其内含TAAT box、CAAT box等序列和G box等光反应元件。qRT PCR结果表明,EmF3H基因在不同生长期各组织中均有表达,其中花期的根和果期的果实中表达水平最高。此结果为进一步研究EmF3H基因表达调控奠定了基础,也为完善斑地锦槲皮素生物合成途径提供了新思路。     

青稞HvnRPS2基因克隆及其在条纹病胁迫下的表达分析

为探索NBS LRR类基因RPS2在青稞抗条纹病过程中的作用,该研究以抗条纹病青稞品种‘昆仑14号’和感病品种‘Z1141’为材料,参照转录组序列设计引物,克隆得到一个差异表达的青稞HvnRPS2基因,进行相应的生物信息学分析,并采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT PCR)法分析HvnRPS2基因在条纹病侵染下不同抗性青稞品种的表达模式。结果表明：(1)HvnRPS2基因全长3 089 bp,无内含子,包含1个2 760 bp的开放阅读框,编码919个氨基酸,理论等电点为5.93,预测蛋白分子量为104.2 kD,其编码的蛋白为亲水性蛋白,二级结构主要由无规则卷曲和ɑ 螺旋组成。(2)蛋白质多序列比对及进化树分析表明,HvnRPS2含有高度保守的NB ARC和LRR结构域,属于NB ARC蛋白家族成员,与大麦HvRPS2和水稻OsRPS2亲缘关系最近。(3)qRT PCR分析显示,随着条纹病感病时间的延长,青稞HvnRPS2基因表达量呈先降低后升高再降低的模式;与正常叶片相比,感病叶片的HvnRPS2基因表达量显著下调,且感病品种表达量下调值显著低于抗病品种(P＜0.01)。研究认为,HvnRPS2在青稞抗条纹病过程中发挥重要的负调控作用。研究结果为进一步探究该基因在青稞抗条纹病中的调控机理奠定基础。     

百合LbCAT和LbGPX基因的克隆与表达分析

以切花百合(Lilium brownii var. viridulum)‘卡瓦纳’cDNA为模板,克隆了过氧化氢酶(LbCAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(LbGPX)基因。序列分析表明,这2个基因分别包含1 479 bp和519 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码492个和172个氨基酸。进化分析结果表明,LbCAT蛋白与岷江百合CAT蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性最高(99.19%),且亲缘关系最近;LbGPX蛋白与油棕GPX蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性最高(78.61%),亲缘关系最近。qRT PCR结果显示,LbCAT和LbGPX在百合根、鳞茎、叶和花中都有表达。LbCAT在叶中表达量最高,LbGPX在花中表达量最高。这2个基因在百合花蕾的生长发育过程中均有表达,且表达量逐渐增加;在PEG处理后2个基因的转录水平升高,但独角金内酯(SLs)处理却显著降低了这2个基因的转录水平;该结果为百合抗逆性机理研究以及抗逆育种奠定了基础。     

草莓miR390靶基因TAS3的克隆及表达分析

以栽培草莓品种‘全明星’为试材,通过3′-和5′-RACE技术克隆出miR390靶基因TAS3的cDNA全长,命名为FaTAS3。序列分析发现:草莓TAS3基因的cDNA全长为742 bp,含有16个碱基的Poly A尾巴及2个高度保守的ta-siRNA产生位点和1个miR390靶位点;该基因DNA全长为824 bp,5′ 端130 bp处有一个98 bp的内含子序列。生物信息学软件预测显示,草莓TAS3基因的启动子除具有TATA/CAAT-box外,还含有G-box、C-box等特异作用元件。实时定量RT-PCR结果表明,草莓miR390与靶基因TAS3间的表达模式与拟南芥中的表达模式相同,推测草莓TAS3基因的生物合成也受miR390的指导。     

藜麦CqSAP8基因克隆及其在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

该研究根据NCBI公布的藜麦胁迫相关蛋白(SAP)基因CqSAP8序列进行克隆,利用生物信息学分析CqSAP8蛋白序列、理化性质和结构特点,并采用qRT PCR方法检测CqSAP8基因表达的组织特异性及在非生物胁迫下的相对表达。结果表明：(1)藜麦CqSAP8基因CDS全长528 bp,编码175个氨基酸;预测CqSAP8蛋白分子量为18.73 kD,理论等电点为7.46,属于稳定的亲水性蛋白质;CqSAP8蛋白在N端和C端分别含有A20和AN1保守域,是SAP蛋白最典型的类型。(2)序列比对与进化分析显示,藜麦CqSAP8与甜菜BvSAP8、菠菜SoSAP8亲缘关系最近,序列相似性分别为89.66%和89.47%。(3)qRT PCR分析表明,藜麦CqSAP8基因在根、茎、叶、花和种子中均有表达,且在种子中表达量最高;CqSAP8基因在干旱和高温胁迫12 h表达量达到最大值,分别是对照的13.09和17.47倍,高盐和低温胁迫下的最大表达量均为对照的3.91倍,说明藜麦CqSAP8基因响应多种非生物胁迫应答;另外,藜麦CqSAP8的表达量在ABA胁迫下24 h急剧升高,推测CqSAP8基因在非生物胁迫前期的响应不依赖ABA。该研究为进一步研究CqSAP8基因功能及抗逆分子机制奠定了基础。     

文心兰乙烯不敏感基因EIN2的克隆及表达分析

该研究采用PCR、RACE方法,对文心兰‘南茜’的乙烯不敏感蛋白基因（ethylene insensitive 2,EIN2）进行克隆及生物信息学分析,并采用qRT PCR技术,对该基因在文心兰不同组织器官和不同花期中的表达模式进行分析。结果表明：（1）成功克隆得到文心兰_EIN2基因序列,命名为OnEIN2（MH497388）;该基因cDNA序列全长为4 177 bp,其中开放阅读框3 879 bp,编码1 292个氨基酸,3′非编码区长208 bp,5′非编码区长90 bp。（2）生物信息学分析显示OnEIN2是一个不稳定的疏水蛋白,含有跨膜结构,分子式为C₆₄₀₆H₉₉₈₈N₁₆₇₀O₁₈₉₇S₄₇;蛋白质分子量142.22 kD,理论等电点5.80。多序列比对和系统进化分析表明,文心兰EIN2与铁皮石斛EIN2的相似度最高（81.98%）,二者亲缘关系也最为接近。（3）实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,OnEIN2基因在根、茎、叶花中均有表达,在花中表达量最高,茎中表达量最低;而在不同花期中,盛开期表达量最高,其次是衰老期。研究表明,文心兰OnEIN2基因在开花和衰老过程中可能有重要的作用。     

黑果枸杞LrTTG1基因的克隆及表达分析

以黑果枸杞为材料,利用RT PCR和RACE技术克隆了花青素合成相关基因LrTTG1（GenBank登录号为MH633481）。序列分析表明,LrTTG1基因cDNA全长1 453 bp,包含1 029 bp开放阅读框,编码342个氨基酸,含有5个WD40重复基序。同源比对结果表明,LrTTG1与茄子SmTTG1的氨基酸序列相似性较高,达到83.73%。qRT PCR分析显示,LrTTG1基因在茎、叶、花、青果、紫果和黑果中均有表达,且在青果中的表达水平（最高）约为黑果（最低）的4倍;紫外胁迫下LrTTG1基因的表达随胁迫时间的延长呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。花青素含量分析表明,黑果的花青素含量最高（11.3 mg/g）,分别约为紫果（ 1.2 mg/g）和青果（0.53 mg/g）含量的9.4倍和21.3倍。研究表明,随着黑果枸杞果实的发育,LrTTG1基因的表达量呈现下降趋势,而花青素的含量则呈上升趋势,两者呈负相关关系;推测LrTTG1基因在黑果枸杞花青素合成中可能具有重要的调节作用。     

当归延伸因子AsEF 1β基因的克隆及胁迫应答分析

延伸因子1β(EF 1β)是蛋白质生物合成过程中肽链延长必需的调节因子之一。该研究采用同源克隆和RACE扩增技术克隆当归EF 1β基因序列,分析该基因序列特征、蛋白结构特点及UV B辐射胁迫下的组织响应表达,以揭示当归栽培生境变迁过程中对UV B胁迫适应的分子机制。结果显示：(1)成功克隆获得当归EF 1β基因全长序列(950 bp),编码225个氨基酸,命名为AsEF 1β(GenBank登录号：MG736314);AsEF 1β蛋白的分子量为24.5 kD,理论等电点为4.48,属亲水性氨基酸,在其C末端具有一个EF 1B超蛋白家族的典型结构域和保守区,鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换结构域;其氨基酸序列与同为伞形科的胡萝卜氨基酸序列相似性最高,达93%。(2)qRT PCR分析结果显示,AsEF 1β基因在当归根部的表达量显著高于茎和叶(P<0.05);UV B辐射胁迫下,茎及叶中的表达量均上调,分别是自然光照处理的2.43和3.76倍。研究表明,AsEF 1β基因可能参与当归对UV B辐射胁迫的适应过程,为深入研究其在药用植物生长发育、逆境抗性形成及药效物质的生物合成代谢过程的生态调控奠定了基础。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.