粉防己碱对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-8表达的影响

目的：探讨粉防己碱对大鼠脑缺血／再灌注后炎性因子表达的影响。方法：72只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（Sham）,缺血／再灌注组（I/R）,粉防己碱处理组（Tet）。采用线栓法复制大鼠右侧大脑中动脉脑缺血／再灌注模型,用放射免疫方法测定脑组织中IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-8的含量。结果：脑缺血／再灌注早期脑组织中IL-1β、TNF-α表达迅速升高,IL-8表达稍滞后;Tet组中脑组织中此三个因子的表达显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：粉防己碱抑制大鼠脑组织缺血佴灌注早期炎性细胞因子的表达,减轻炎性反应,对缺血佴灌注脑组织具有保护作用。     

高压氧预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:研究高压氧预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:36只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组及高压氧预处理组,每组12只。高压氧预处理组大鼠在造模前5天给予高压氧预处理。采用线栓法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,观察高压氧预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死面积的影响,检测大鼠缺血脑组织COX-2 mRNA和蛋白的表达以及IL-1β、TNF-α、MDA的含量。结果:高压氧预处理可明显改善脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能缺损评分,减少脑梗死面积,降低COX-2m RNA和蛋白表达量,抑制IL-1β、TNF-α的表达,降低MDA水平。结论:高压氧预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与抑制IL-1β、TNF-α、COX-2的表达以及减弱脂质过氧化反应有关。     

N-myc 下游调节基因-2 过表达对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:研究N-myc下游调节基因-2(NDRG2)过表达对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:以肺缺血再灌注损伤为模型,将已转染的过表达NDRG2重组腺病毒经气管滴注的方法使大鼠肺泡上皮细胞NDRG2过表达。用Western-blot法检测大鼠肺组织内目的蛋白过表达情况。用ELISA法检测白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)以及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的水平,肺组织湿干重比值(W/D)检测肺组织的水肿,双荧光素酶报告系统检测核转录因子kappa B(NF-κB)的活性,HE染色检测肺组织病理变化。结果:在肺缺血再灌注损伤中,过表达NDRG2可抑制炎症因子l L-1β、TNF-α以及IL-6的表达,明显减轻肺水肿,抑制NF-κB的活性和病理组织的炎性改变。结论:NDRG2过表达可减轻缺血再灌注所致急性肺损伤,这可能与其抑制炎症反应有关。     

Eritoran对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察eritoran对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤模型的.方法:建立SD大鼠缺血再灌注模型,给予eritoran治疗而对照组给予生理盐水治疗,观察各组的肾功能情况、肾组织光镜病理,并采用核糖核酸酶保护测定检测肾组织炎症因子/趋化因子的表达.结果:与模型组相比,eritoran预处理可显著改善大鼠的肾功能,减轻缺血再灌注引起的肾小管损伤,减轻肾组织病变,减少肾组织单核细胞浸润并下调多种炎症因子的表达(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β和MCP-1).结论:本研究证实通过eritoran抑制Toll样受体4,可减轻大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的炎症反应,减轻肾脏缺血再灌注损伤,eritoran可望成为肾脏I/R损伤的新治疗手段.     

白藜芦醇减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤与激活Wnt/β-catenin相关

研究白藜芦醇对脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用及机制。利用结扎大脑中动脉的方法制备局灶脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。将实验大鼠随机分为假手术组,脑缺血再灌注损伤组,白藜芦醇组和尼莫地平组,观察白藜芦醇对大鼠肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、单核细胞趋化因子-1(MCP-1)、白介素-6(IL-6)、Wnt、β-catenin、Bax和BCL-2的表达以及对大鼠神经行为和脑梗死面积的影响。结果显示白藜芦醇可明显改善大鼠神经功能缺陷和减少脑梗死面积,并可上调Wnt、β-catenin、cyclin D1、survivin、和BCL-2的表达,下调促炎症细胞因子TNF-α、MCP-1和IL-6的表达。说明白藜芦醇可激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路发挥对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。     

趋化因子CXCL10在心肌细胞及巨噬细胞中的表达机制

目的探讨心肌缺血-再灌注损伤中趋化因子CXCL10的产生机制。方法分别用LPS、H2O2、Ca2+载体A23187刺激原代培养的心肌细胞、骨髓来源的巨噬细胞或二者混合培养的共培养系统后,ELISA检测培养基上清中的趋化因子CXCL10和促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量,观察其表达动力学。结果①大剂量(10μg/mL)的LPS刺激心肌细胞主要产生趋化因子CXCL10;刺激骨髓来源巨噬细胞主要产生促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α。②H2 O2、Ca2+通道激活剂并不能使产生趋化因子CXCL10或IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α这些促炎性细胞因子。③骨髓来源的巨噬细胞促进心肌细胞表达趋化因子CXCL10;心肌细胞促进骨髓来源的巨噬细胞表达IL-6、TNF-α,但抑制IL-1β的表达。结论心肌细胞是心肌缺血-再灌注损伤中CXCL10潜在的细胞来源;CXCL10的表达,主要依赖于TLR4的激活。     

熊果酸减轻糖尿病大鼠心脏缺血再灌注损伤

探讨熊果酸(ursolic acid,UA)对糖尿病大鼠心脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用及潜在机制。通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠模型。2周后糖尿病大鼠随机均分为假手术组(Sham)、心脏缺血/再灌注损伤组(MI/R)和熊果酸低、中、高剂量组(UA)。通过结扎冠状动脉左前降支构建心脏缺血再灌注损伤模型。测定各组大鼠乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),肌酸激酶(CK)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST),心肌梗死面积、心脏收缩和舒张功能、磷脂酰肌醇(-3)激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、磷酸化蛋白激酶B(p-AKT)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素1β(IL-1β)和B细胞淋巴因子2(BCL-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)和TUNEL的表达。与Sham组相比,MI/R组心肌梗死面积明显增加,CK、AST、LDH、p-AKT、PI3K、IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、Bax和TUNEL的表达明显上调,而心脏收缩和舒张功能明显降低,BCL-2表达明显减少。与MI/R组相比,心肌梗死面积明减少,CK、AST、LDH、p-AKT、PI3K、IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、Bax和TUNEL的表达明显下调,而心脏收缩和舒张功能明显增强,BCL-2表达明显增加。三组之间AKT表达无差异。实验结果显示熊果酸预处理可通过减轻炎症和下调凋亡减轻糖尿病大鼠心脏缺血再灌注损伤,其作用机制与抑制AKT/PI3K信号通路激活相关。     

七氟醚预处理对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的神经保护作用及机制研究

目的:探讨七氟醚对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:选取48只体重260 g±10 g的健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组、损伤组及七氟醚组。假手术组大鼠分离右侧颈总动脉及颈外动脉结扎,不进入颅内置入线栓。损伤组吸入100%纯氧60min之后对右颈内动脉采用尼龙线线栓法制备大脑中动脉阻闭模型(MCAO),七氟醚组吸入2.5%七氟醚(2.5%七氟醚及97.5%氧气)60 min后再行MCAO模型制备。3组大鼠缺血2 h后,进行再灌注24 h。观察三组大鼠的神经功能评分及脑组织TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白水平。结果:假手术组大鼠神经功能评分中位数为18分;损伤组评分中位数为7分;七氟醚组大鼠评分中位数为13分,三组大鼠的评分分布差异具有统计学意义(x2=35.784,P=0.000)。各组大鼠脑组织TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白总体水平差异具有统计学意义(F=15.201,P=0.00;F=26.879,P=0.000)。进一步两两比较后,损伤组TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白水平高于七氟醚组及假手术组,七氟醚组高于假手术组,但远低于损伤组水平,P=0.000。结论:七氟醚对大鼠神经功能有一定保护作用,其机制可能与其影响大鼠脑组织TNF-α及IL-1β蛋白水平,减轻脑缺血再灌注后组织炎症反应有关。     

阿托伐他汀预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心室重构、炎症反应和氧化应激的影响

目的:研究阿托伐他汀预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心室重构、炎症反应和氧化应激的影响。方法:选取90只SD级大鼠进行研究,将其随机分成假手术组、缺血再灌注组、阿托伐他汀组,每组30只。假手术组与缺血再灌注组大鼠予以生理盐水(5 m L/d)连续灌胃7d处理,阿托伐他汀组予以阿托伐他汀20 mg/(kg·d)连续灌胃7 d,上述干预结束后,缺血再灌注组与阿托伐他汀组大鼠通过阻断大鼠冠状动脉左前降支的方式建立心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。比较三组大鼠心室重构指标水平、炎症反应以及氧化应激相关指标水平。结果:缺血再灌注组、阿托伐他汀组大鼠的左室相对重量、右室相对重量、室间隔厚度、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、丙二醛(MDA)、乳酸脱氧酶(LDH)水平均高于假手术组,且阿托伐他汀组大鼠上述指标均低于缺血再灌注组(均P<0.05);缺血再灌注组、阿托伐他汀组大鼠白介素-10(IL-10)、超氧化物气化酶(SOD)水平低于假手术组,且阿托伐他汀组大鼠IL-10、SOD水平高于缺血再灌注组(均P<0.05)。结论:阿托伐他汀预处理可有效预防心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心室重构,同时可在一定程度上改善大鼠的炎症反应和氧化应激反应。     

右美托咪定后处理对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后Caspase-3、IL-1β的表达和血脊髓屏障的影响

目的:研究右美托咪定后处理在大鼠急性脊髓缺血再灌注损伤(spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury, SCIRI)后对细胞因子Caspase-3、IL-1β的表达量和血脊髓屏障(blood-spinal cord barrier, BSCB)的影响。方法:将120只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组:假手术组(sham组)、脊髓缺血再灌注组(IR组)、脊髓缺血再灌注右美托咪定低剂量组(DEX1组)、脊髓缺血再灌注右美托咪定中剂量组(DEX5组)、脊髓缺血再灌注右美托咪定高剂量组(DEX10组)。采用改良的Zivin法构建脊髓缺血再灌注损伤模型,实验中应用临床上常用的微量泵泵注的方法对大鼠给予等量生理盐水和右美托咪定,造模24 h后采用Tarlov法对大鼠运动功能评分,伊文思蓝(Evans Blue, EB)染色检测血脊髓屏障通透性,HE染色观察大鼠脊髓病理学变化(L4-L6),western blot检测Caspase-3、IL-1β的表达。结果:与sham组比较,IR组及DEX各组下肢运动功能评分明显较低,脊髓结构损伤严重,神经元数目减少,血脊髓屏障渗透性增加,Caspase-3、IL-1β表达量增多;与IR组比较,DEX各组下肢运动功能评分较高,脊髓结构损伤明显减轻,神经元数目增多,血脊髓屏障渗透性减少,western blot显示caspase-3、IL-1β表达降低;与DEX5组比较,DEX1组和DEX10组的下肢运动功能评分较低,脊髓结构损伤较重,神经元数目较少,血脊髓屏障渗透性减少,western blot显示Caspase-3、IL-1β表达增加。结论:右美托咪定后处理对SCIRI具有明显的保护作用,可以保护BSCB的完整性,减轻对脊髓的损失。该保护作用可能与激动α2肾上腺素受体,降低炎症反应中IL-1β表达,下调Caspase-3表达的抗细胞凋亡作用有关。     

阻断趋化因子CXCL10对脑缺血再灌注损伤及神经炎症的影响

目的:探讨趋化因子CXCL10在脑缺血再灌注损伤中对神经炎症的影响。方法:(1)线栓法建立脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型,TTC染色检测梗死面积,Western blot检测CXCL10的表达;(2)建立小鼠神经瘤母细胞N2a氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)模型,通过CXCR3拮抗剂-NBI 74330阻断趋化因子CXCL10表达,Western blot检测CXCL10和CXCR3蛋白的表达;Real-time PCR检测CXCL10、CXCR3以及神经炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2 m RNA的表达。结果:(1)脑缺血再灌注(cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,CIRI)模型大鼠脑梗死侧CXCR10的表达量显著高于其对侧和假手术组(P<0.05);(2)阻断CXCL10使得小鼠神经瘤母细胞N2a中CXCL10、CXCR3以及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2的表达量均显著降低(P<0.05);(3)阻断CXCL10使得小鼠神经瘤母细胞细胞凋亡率降低(P<0.05)。结论:抑制CXCL10降低了氧糖剥夺模型细胞炎症因子的表达,表明阻断CXCL10可能通过减轻神经炎症在脑缺血再灌注损伤中发挥保护作用。     

Pathophysiology of ischemic skin flaps: differences in xanthine oxidase levels among rats, pigs, and humans

Oxygen-derived free radicals have been implicated in a variety of diseases and pathologic processes, including ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Based on experimental work with rat skin-flap models, the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) has been proposed as a major source of free radicals responsible for tissue injury and flap necrosis. The presence of this enzyme is variable within different tissues of a specific species and between species. Xanthine oxidase levels in pig and human skin have not previously been reported. The activity of xanthine oxidase in the skin of rats (N = 16), pigs (N = 7), and humans (N = 8) was measured after varying intervals of ischemia and in the rat also following reperfusion. Control pig and human skin were found to contain minimal enzyme activity, almost 40 times less than that of the rat. In the rat, xanthine oxidase activity was stable throughout a prolonged period of ischemia, and a significant decrease in activity was found after 12 hours of reperfusion (p less than 0.05). In humans, xanthine oxidase activity was unaffected by ischemia time, and in the pig, it did not increase until 24 hours of ischemia (p less than 0.05). The potential sources of free radicals and the mechanism of action of xanthine oxidase and its inhibitor allopurinol in improving flap survival in different species are reviewed.     

Human adrenomedullin combined with human adrenomedullin binding protein-1 is protective in gut ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rat

Previous studies have demonstrated that co-administration of rat adrenomedullin (AM) and human AM binding protein-1 (AMBP-1) has various beneficial effects following adverse circulatory conditions. In order to reduce rat proteins to elicit possible immune responses in humans, we determined the effect of human AM combined with human AMBP-1 after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Intestinal ischemia was induced in the rat by occluding the superior mesenteric artery for 90 min. At 60 min after the beginning of reperfusion, human AM/AMBP-1 at 3 different dosages was administered intravenously over 30 min. At 240 min after the treatment, blood and tissue samples were harvested and measured for pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-alpha and IL-6), myeloperoxidase activities in the gut and lungs, and cleaved caspase-3 expression in the lungs, as well as serum levels of hepatic enzymes and lactate. In additional groups of animals, a 10-day survival study was conducted. Results showed that administration of human AM/AMBP-1 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, attenuated organ injury, and improved the survival rate in a seemingly dose-response fashion. Co-administration of the highest dose of human AM/AMBP-1 in this study had the optimal therapeutic effect in the rat model of intestinal I/R.     

Timing of microcirculatory injury from ischemia reperfusion

The low flow state that results from ischemia and reperfusion injury is a potentially reversible process that is important in numerous clinical situations. However, the point in time during the course of reperfusion where tissue injury becomes irreversible is unknown. This experiment evaluated the continuum of tissue damage in skeletal muscle after ischemic insult by quantifying the number of flowing capillaries and percentage muscle necrosis in a male Wistar rat skeletal muscle model. A gracilis muscle flap was raised on the vascular pedicle of 39 male Wistar rats and examined at 832x using intravital videomicroscopy. The numbers of flowing capillaries in five consecutive high-power fields were counted for baseline values. The flap was then subjected to 4 hours of global ischemia (except in sham animals, n = 7) by placing a microvascular clamp on the pedicle artery and vein. Upon reperfusion, flowing capillaries were counted in the same five high-power fields at intervals of 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes, then at 2 to 8 (1-hour intervals), 24, and 48 hours. The gracilis muscle was then harvested at these intervals during reperfusion and assessed for viability. Compared with baseline, flowing capillaries from the ischemia and reperfusion group (mean +/- SEM) decreased significantly in the first 8 hours of reperfusion (7.7 +/- 0.2 to 3.2 +/- 0.3, p < 0.001) with minimal change noted from 8 to 48 hours. Percentage muscle necrosis increased progressively in ischemia and reperfusion preparations from 1 to 7 hours of reperfusion (16.5 +/- 2.6 percent to 38.9 +/- 1.2 percent, p < 0.001). No significant change in muscle necrosis in the ischemia and reperfusion group was noted between 7 and 48 hours. Sham preparations showed no change in the number of flowing capillaries through 3 hours of reperfusion, with a slight decrease at 24 hours. This rat gracilis microcirculation skeletal muscle model demonstrates a heterogeneous reperfusion injury. The decrease in flowing capillaries correlated with the increase in percentage necrosis and appeared to stabilize at the 7- to 8-hour interval. This finding may have important implications for the timing of interventions aimed at minimizing tissue damage from ischemia-reperfusion.     

Tissue and plasma levels of endothelin in free flaps

The goal of the study was to assess whether endothelin-1 levels are increased in tissue and plasma in free flaps. To assess this hypothesis, blood samples were taken from the general circulation before and after reperfusion and from the flap after reperfusion in 20 patients undergoing breast reconstruction with free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous or deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps. Tissue samples were also taken from the flap before and after the period of ischemia. Peripheral blood samples of 10 ml each were taken before the vessels were clamped and at 10 minutes and 1 hour after the flap was recharged. The flap vein was catheterized with a smooth catheter to avoid endothelial trauma, and ischemic blood from the flap was obtained immediately after the artery was unclamped and 10 minutes later. Two skin samples of 2 cm each were taken: one after dissection of the flap before division of the vessels and one after reanastomosis of the veins (one or two veins). Statistical analyses were performed with the (nonparametric) Wilcoxon signed rank test. Flap ischemia time, from vessel division to the completion of the arterial anastomosis, ranged from 35 to 120 minutes (mean, 48 minutes). The plasma endothelin-1 level extracted from the flap was 4.34 +/- 0.85 pg/ml, significantly higher than baseline, 3.87 +/- 0.81 pg/ml (p < 0.0001). There was a small increase, 4.5 +/- 1.03 pg/ml (p = NS), 10 minutes after reperfusion. The peripheral level after venous anastomosis was 3.78 +/- 0.79 pg/ml, not significantly different from the peripheral plasma level, before the flap was raised. The peripheral plasma level 1 hour after reperfusion was 3.83 +/- 0.8 pg/ml, with no difference from baseline. The tissue level of endothelin-1 before clamping was 3.8 +/- 0.8 pg/mg and in postischemic tissue, 5.2 +/- 0.6 pg/mg, a statistically significant increase. The authors concluded that endothelin-1 levels are elevated in free flaps. This could be an explanation for vasospasm and may lead to therapy directed against the no-reflow phenomenon.     

Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on neutrophil CD18 expression

Previous work has shown that treatment with hyperbaric oxygen significantly reduces neutrophil adhesion to postcapillary venules in a rat microcirculation model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The mechanism of this process is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen on neutrophil CD18 adhesion sites by flow cytometry in an animal model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The gracilis muscle flap was raised in three groups of male Wistar rats: (1) a sham group (n = 25), (2) a group that underwent 4 hours of ischemia (n = 25), and (3) a group that underwent 4 hours of ischemia and received hyperbaric oxygen (100% 02, 2.5 atmospheres absolute, during the last 90 minutes of ischemia) (n = 25). Samples from one subgroup of each group (n = 5) were divided into two portions, and one portion was stimulated with phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Samples from another subgroup of each group (n = 5) were treated in the same manner, and a flap flush was added at the end of reperfusion to determine the number of CD18 adhesion sites on adherent neutrophils remaining in the flap. Venous blood was drawn 10 minutes after the operation, at 5 minutes of reperfusion, and at 90 minutes of reperfusion. Hematocrit and white blood cell count were measured. Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the antibody binding capacity was assessed using microbead standards and linear regression (antibody binding capacity was expressed as the mean number of sites per cell +/- SEM). Microbeads were used to align the flow cytometer and to provide external and internal standards. Ischemia-reperfusion injury increased the expression of CD18 by neutrophils (p < 0.05). Expression of CD18 was not decreased by hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Stimulation with PMA increased the expression of CD18 in all groups (p < 0.01). These results suggest that ischemia-reperfusion injury does increase the expression of CD18 by neutrophils. Hyperbaric oxygen, as administered in this experiment, did not prevent the increase in CD18 expression.     

The balance between the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 determines tissue injury and lethality during intestinal ischemia and reperfusion

A major goal in the treatment of acute ischemia of a vascular territory is to restore blood flow to normal values, i.e. to "reperfuse" the ischemic vascular bed. However, reperfusion of ischemic tissues is associated with local and systemic leukocyte activation and trafficking, endothelial barrier dysfunction in postcapillary venules, enhanced production of inflammatory mediators and great lethality. This phenomenon has been referred to as "reperfusion injury" and several studies demonstrated that injury is dependent on neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, ischemia and reperfusion injury is associated with the coordinated activation of a series of cytokines and adhesion molecules. Among the mediators of the inflammatory cascade released, TNF-alpha appears to play an essential role for the reperfusion-associated injury. On the other hand, the release of IL-10 modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production and reperfusion-associated tissue injury. IL-1beta, PAF and bradykinin are mediators involved in ischemia and reperfusion injury by regulating the balance between TNF-alpha and IL-10 production. Strategies that enhance IL-10 and/or prevent TNF-alpha concentration may be useful as therapeutic adjuvants in the treatment of the tissue injury that follows ischemia and reperfusion.     

右美托咪啶对肺缺血/再灌注诱发小鼠肾脏超微结构改变的影响

目的：评价右美托咪啶对小鼠肺缺血/再灌注诱发肾脏损伤的影响。方法：雄性健康SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠50只,体重20 g~24 g,8~10周龄,采用随机数字表法,将其分为5组（n=10）：假手术组（sham组）、肺缺血/再灌注损伤组（I/R组）、肺缺血/再灌注+生理盐水组（NS组）、右美托咪啶组（Dex组）、右美托咪啶+阿替美唑（Atip）（DA组）。采用小鼠在体左侧肺门夹闭30 min再灌注180 min方法制备肺缺血/再灌注损伤（I/R）模型。Dex组在肺门阻断前30 min腹腔注射右美托咪啶20 μg/kg,NS组为用同Dex组等体积的生理盐水替代Dex,DA组腹腔注射右美托咪啶（20 μg/kg）+阿替美唑（250 μg/kg）,其余处理同I/R组。再灌注结束后静脉取血ELISA法检测血浆中IL-1β和TNF-α浓度;取双肾组织,透射电镜下观察肾组织病理学结果。结果：与对照组相比,其余组血浆IL-1β和TNF-α浓度明显升高,肾组织病理学损伤明显加重;与I/R、NS、DA组相比,Dex组IL-1β和TNF-α浓度明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,且肾组织超微结构损伤有所减轻。结论：右美托咪啶预先给药可减轻小鼠肺缺血/再灌注诱发肾脏损伤,其机制可能与抑制炎性反应有关。     

Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in pig latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps after ischemia reperfusion injury

Exogenous administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) improves long-term viability of myocutaneous flaps. However, endogenous expression of this substance in flaps following ischemia-reperfusion injury has not been reported previously. Endogenous production of VEGF was measured in myocutaneous pig latissimus dorsi flaps after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps (15 x 10 cm) were simultaneously elevated bilaterally in six Yorkshire-type male pigs (25 kg). Before elevation, three flap zones (5 x 10 cm) were marked according to their distance from the vascular pedicle. After isolation of the vascular pedicle, ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in one flap by occlusion of the thoracodorsal artery and vein for 4 hours, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. The contralateral flap served as a control. Perfusion in each zone was monitored by laser Doppler flowmetry at baseline, during ischemia, and during reperfusion. At the end of the protocol, skin and muscle biopsies of each flap zone and adjacent tissues were obtained for later determination of VEGF protein levels. VEGF concentrations were quantified using the Quantikine human VEGF immunoassay. Skin perfusion was similar among all flap zones before surgery. Flow fell in all flaps immediately after flap elevation. After 4 hours of ischemia, blood flow in the ischemic flaps was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared with nonischemic control flaps. After 2 hours of reperfusion, flow in ischemic flap skin recovered to levels similar to those in control flaps. VEGF protein concentrations in muscle tissue exceeded concentrations in skin and decreased from zones 2 to 3 in control and ischemic flaps. No significant differences in VEGF concentrations between ischemic and control muscle zones were observed. However, the concentration of VEGF in all muscle zones was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than muscle adjacent to the flap. Concentrations in skin zones 1 and 2 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in ischemic flaps than in control flaps, but levels in zone 3 (most ischemic flaps) showed no significant difference.     

肠缺血/再灌注损伤后白介素1-β水平与磷脂酶A2激活的关系

为了探讨肠缺血/再灌注损伤后IL-1β基因表达和蛋白含量变化与磷脂酶A2抑制之间的关系,采用大鼠肠缺血/再灌注损伤模型,在对照组,损伤组和磷脂酶A2抑制剂处理组动物中收集血清,肺灌洗液,腹腔灌洗液及全身重要脏器组织样品,采用放射免疫法测定IL-1β含量,并且RT-PCR法测定肺组织中IL-1β和Ⅱ型PLA2基因表达,结果表明,损伤后6h血清中IL-1β含量明显高于对照组;损伤后1和3h,腹腔注保IL-1β也明显高于对照组;损伤后肝组织中IL-1β水平有明显增加,而肺,肾、肠组织中IL-1β没有明显变化。损伤后肺灌洗液中IL-1β也明显高于对照组水平,肺组织中IL-1βmRNA表达增加,而Ⅱ型PLA2mRNA在损伤后表达反而有所下降,采用磷脂酶A2抑制剂氯喹,环氧化物酶抑制剂消炎痛,血小板活化因子受体阻断剂SR27417后,IL-1β蛋白和基因表达有不同的改变,提示肠缺血/再灌注损伤后一定时间内,肝内IL-1βmRNA表达和血中IL-1β水平明显增高,但是否与磷脂酶A2激活或其代谢产物的释放有关尚需进一步证明。