麦长管蚜及其天敌的种群发生和食物网分析

【目的】麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae是我国冬小麦产区的重要害虫,为明确小麦-油菜间作(简称:麦油间作)和小麦-大蒜间作(简称:麦蒜间作)田中麦长管蚜及其天敌的种群发生动态,进而为麦田天敌资源的可持续利用和小麦害虫的生态控制提供依据。【方法】本文研究了不同间作方式下,麦长管蚜及其主要自然天敌的种群发生特点,并尝试采用数量食物网的分析方法,描述和分析了不同营养阶层的互作关系。【结果】在调查期内,麦油间作田和麦蒜间作田中麦长管蚜无翅蚜的种群密度在小麦灌浆期显著低于单作田;麦油间作田中有较高的瓢虫种群密度,而寄生蜂的种群密度在小麦抽穗扬花期显著高于单作田和麦蒜间作田;麦蒜间作田有翅蚜的种群数量显著高于单作田和麦油间作田,而对瓢虫和蚜茧蜂的种群数量变动无明显影响。数量食物网分析表明,除草蛉类和食蚜蝇类外,其他同一种类的天敌类群,对3种间作方式下麦长管蚜的控制贡献率差别不大。【结论】麦油间作和麦蒜间作能够提高麦蚜主要天敌的种群数量,进而控制麦长管蚜的危害。     

天敌对麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜种群数量影响程度的分析

通过对１９９３～１９９６年两种麦蚜种群数量及其天敌数量的系统调查,并采用灰色关联分析法,研究各种天敌对两种麦蚜种群数量的影响程度,得出对麦长管蚜种群数量影响最大的是龟纹瓢虫、蚜茧蜂和食蚜蝇;对麦二叉蚜种群数量影响最大的是草间小黑蛛,其次是龟纹瓢虫．     

小麦间作大蒜或油菜对麦长管蚜及其主要天敌种群动态的影响

麦长管蚜是我国冬小麦产区的重要害虫.试验探索了不同间作方式对麦长管蚜及其主要天敌的影响.结果表明,在调查期内,麦-油(油菜)间作田和麦-蒜(大蒜)间作田中麦长管蚜无翅蚜的种群密度多显著低于单作田;麦-油间作田中有较高的瓢虫种群密度和瓢蚜比;5月2日前,麦-油间作田中蚜茧蜂的种群密度高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田;5月5日后,麦-油间作田的僵蚜率和蜂/蚜比也显著高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田;麦-蒜间作田有翅蚜的种群数量较高,但瓢虫和蚜茧蜂的种群数量无明显变化.麦-油间作和麦-蒜间作均能对麦田中麦长管蚜起到较好的控制作用.     

小麦间作豌豆对麦长管蚜及其主要天敌种群动态的影响

为探索麦田物种多样性对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae的生态调控效应,于2007年10月至2008年7月在河北省廊坊市进行田间小区试验,系统调查了豌豆与小麦分别以2∶2,2∶4,2∶6和2∶8比例行间作(分别记作2-2间作、2-4间作、2-6间作和2-8间作)种植模式下麦长管蚜种群数量的时序动态, 同时分析了麦田主要天敌种群数量的时序动态、丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度的变化。结果表明：在麦长管蚜发生高峰期,小麦与豌豆间作麦长管蚜无翅蚜的百株蚜量（平方根转换）极显著低于单作田(P<0.01),其中小麦单作（77.38）>2-2间作（68.62）>2-4间作（68.51）>2-8间作（65.19）>2-6间作（64.94）。尽管不同种植模式下,麦长管蚜主要天敌的动态变化趋势基本一致,但间作处理的优势天敌瓢虫类和蚜茧蜂类均有较高的种群密度,天敌群落的丰富度明显提高,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数增加,但均匀度下降。总之,小麦间作豌豆不仅有效降低了麦长管蚜的种群数量,同时也增加了天敌控制害虫的稳定性和可持续性。     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物的行为反应

用四臂嗅觉计测定了麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi对小麦植株挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物的行为反应,揭示了2种麦蚜的嗅觉及小麦植株的诱导防御反应特点.在所选的13种小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物组分中,6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇和水杨酸甲酯对这2种蚜虫表现出强的驱拒作用;反-2-己烯醛对麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅蚜的吸引作用最强;反-2-己烯醇对禾谷缢管蚜的无翅蚜吸引作用最强,反-3-己酰醋酸酯对禾谷缢管蚜有翅蚜的吸引作用最强.说明麦蚜取食能诱导小麦植株的防御反应,麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜及其不同蚜型间嗅觉反应的特点不同.     

七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜,禾谷缢管蚜捕食选择性研究

本文报导了七星瓢虫对两种猎物捕食选择性研究成果,这对以瓢治蚜工作提供了理论依据。主要结果为:1.七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜有明显的正喜好性,对禾谷缢管蚜有明显的负喜好性。2.瓢虫对两种蚜虫的喜好性与麦长管蚜密度呈显著负相关,与禾谷缢管蚜密度呈正相关。3.当两种猎物共存时,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应有所变化。两猎物总密度增加,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应越来越趋向Hollink Ⅲ型,一种猎物密度恒定,另一种猎物密度变化时,瓢虫对猎物的功能反应趋向Holling Ⅲ型。而且随猎物恒定的密度增加,HoUing Ⅲ型典型性增加。4.麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜密度增加均降低瓢虫的捕食作用率。但是,禾谷缢管蚜所引起捕食作用率更为严重的减少。     

七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜控制作用的模拟研究

应用二次回归旋转组合设计方法研究了七星瓢虫成虫、幼虫与两种麦蚜共存系统中瓢虫对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的捕食量模型.结果表明七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜的捕食量随着瓢虫密度的增加而减少,随着该种麦蚜密度的增加而增加,且七星瓢虫无选择性.七星瓢虫不同个体间的干扰作用对其捕食麦长管蚜数量有显著影响,两种麦蚜数交互作用对七星瓢虫捕食禾谷缢管蚜数量影响显著.该模型可用来预测田间蚜虫的变化,指导麦田蚜虫防治.     

虫害诱导的小麦挥发物促进异色瓢虫对麦蚜的控制作用

【目的】充分利用虫害诱导的植物挥发物对天敌的引诱作用,增强天敌对麦蚜田间控制作用,是有效开展害虫生态调控的基础。【方法】比较分析小麦受蚜虫取食对小麦挥发物的影响;检测异色瓢虫对未受损小麦、麦蚜危害小麦和顺-3-己烯乙酸酯的嗅觉反应;评估顺-3-己烯乙酸酯应用于田间后对异色瓢虫和麦蚜的影响。【结果】麦蚜取食提高了小麦挥发物顺-3-己烯乙酸酯的释放速率和相对含量;受麦蚜取食的小麦和单顺-3-己烯乙酸酯均对异色瓢虫有显著的引诱作用;顺-3-己烯乙酸酯投放到田间显著提高了异色瓢虫密度,降低了麦蚜密度。【结论】虫害诱导的植物挥发物(顺-3-己烯乙酸酯)能吸引天敌(异色瓢虫),可用于田间增强天敌对害虫的控制作用。     

间作与施用水杨酸甲酯对麦长管蚜及其主要天敌空间分布的影响

研究了小麦-油菜间作和田间施用水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)下麦长管蚜及其主要天敌种群的空间分布.结果表明:小麦-油菜间作和施用MeSA使麦长管蚜的空间分布发生改变.间作和施用MeSA均能降低麦长管蚜的聚集程度,并使之趋于均匀分布,二者同时作用效果更显著.小麦不同生育期天敌种群空间分布的变化趋势与麦长管蚜种群基本一致.研究结果可为确立麦长管蚜及其天敌的田间调查抽样方法和预测预报等提供依据.     

间作与MeSA释放对麦长管蚜及其优势天敌的生态效应

为探索小麦-油菜(麦-油)间作田释放水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)对麦长管蚜及其优势天敌时序动态的影响和对麦长管蚜的生态控制效应,于2008年10月至2010年6月在山东农业大学泰安实验站进行田间试验.结果表明:麦-油间作与MeSA协同处理区的麦长管蚜无翅蚜种群数量比对照约提前12 d达到高峰,但峰值显著低于小麦单作区.百株小麦麦长管蚜无翅蚜年平均总量:小麦单作区＞麦-油间作区＞MeSA处理区＞间作和MeSA协同处理区,而且间作和MeSA协同处理区瓢虫总量最高;蚜茧蜂发生高峰期比对照提前约10 d,对小麦灌浆期的蚜虫能起到明显的控制作用.以生物控制指数(BCI)作为定量指标、把瓢虫和蚜茧蜂作为优势控制因子进行分析发现,从小麦抽穗到灌浆期,2种因素协同处理能更有效地抑制麦长管蚜无翅蚜的种群增长.     

Volatile emission in wheat and parasitism by Aphidius avenae after exogenous application of salivary enzymes of Sitobion avenae

Enzymes in the saliva of the English green aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae), may be responsible for inducing indirect defence in wheat. In this study, we examined the effects of exogenous application of three salivary enzymes of S. avenae , namely, polyphenol oxidase, pectinase, and cellulase, on the release of volatiles from wheat and the attractiveness of these volatiles to the parasitoid Aphidius avenae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). In greenhouse experiments, parasitism of S. avenae on plants surrounded by pectinase-treated plants and aphid-damaged plants was significantly higher than parasitism of aphids on plants surrounded by cellulase- and polyphenol oxidase-treated plants. In Y-tube olfactometer tests, female A. avenae significantly preferred the volatiles collected from pectinase-treated plants and aphid-damaged plants. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that two kinds of semiochemicals, sulcatol and sulcatone, were identified only in pectinase-treated plants and aphid-damaged plants. In field experiments, parasitism of S. avenae by A. avenae was significantly higher on plants sprayed with a mixture of sulcatol and sulcatone than parasitism on plants sprayed with volatiles collected from cellulase- and polyphenol oxidase-treated plants. These results show that pectinase in S. avenae watery saliva can trigger wheat plant indirect defence, and play a crucial role in interaction between wheat, wheat aphid, and A. avenae .     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦挥发物的触角电位反应

采用活体蚜虫测定法,利用EAG技术比较分析了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi有翅及无翅成蚜对小麦挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物组分的嗅觉反应,揭示了两种麦蚜的嗅觉变异特点。结果表明：麦长管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-2-己烯醛、反-2-己烯醇、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2醇的反应较强,禾谷缢管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-3-己烯乙酸酯、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇的反应较强,并得到了剂量反应曲线。麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、反-2-己烯醇和水杨酸甲酯的反应差异显著;禾谷缢管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对反-2-己烯醇、辛醛、里那醇、水杨酸甲酯和反-3-己烯乙酸酯的EAG反应差异显著,其原因与禾谷缢管蚜迁移及转主为害的生物学特性有关。     

基于水蚀预报模型的丹江口坡地农田植物篱防蚀效应评价

基于丹江口坡地农田的田间试验数据,建立了WEPP模型坡面版所需的作物特性和种植管理措施参数、土壤物理特性参数、坡面特征参数等文件,并结合当地气象观测数据,模拟了丹江口地区4种植物篱（紫穗槐、金银花、黄花菜、龙须草）的坡面径流量和土壤侵蚀量结果表明： WEPP模型坡面版能准确模拟研究区植物篱对坡面径流与土壤侵蚀的影响,该方法不仅可减少田间试验次数,而且省时省力,并能为植物篱的推广应用提供科学依据.4种植物篱中,紫穗槐的防蚀效果最好.在坡度5°下,研究区紫穗槐（1 m宽）的最佳种植间距为15 m;坡度15°下,最佳种植间距为10 m;坡度25°下,最佳种植间距为3 m.     

Development and use of a monoclonal antibody to detect semi-digested proteins of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, in the guts of ladybird beetle predators

A monoclonal antibody (McAb), EGA-4A9, was developed to detect the semi-digested proteins of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in predatory ladybird beetles (species of the genera Adonia , Coccinella , Hippodamia , and Propylea ) using the gut homogenate of Adonia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) adults which had fed on S. avenae as immunogen. The McAb was selected by screening hybridoma lines for antibodies that bound with the semi-digested aphid proteins in ladybirds. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) using Clonotyping^TM System/HRP showed that it belonged to the IgG2a isotype. It did not cross-react with any of the 21 arthropod species tested besides the ladybird beetles fed on S. avenae with an indirect ELISA. It could still detect the semi-digested proteins in the gut of a ladybird adult, kept at 25 °C, that had ingested one aphid 6 days before. The extended antigen detection period and the high specificity of the antibody indicated that EGA-4A9 could be used to study interactions between English grain aphids and their ladybird predators in the field. Between 28 and 72% of coccinellids collected from the field were positive for English grain aphid protein by ELISA. The percentage of McAb-positive predatory ladybird beetles was positively correlated with the density of S. avenae in wheat fields.     

Plant structure and the foraging success of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)

Abstract. 1. A study of searching behaviour on wheat and host preference of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (DeStefani-Perez) is described.
2. Parasitoids divided their time equally between the leaves but spent very little time on the ear.
3. After contact with honeydew or an aphid host, parasitoids were arrested in a particular area and increased the time spent searching.
4. Aphids feeding on the ear were parasitized less successfully, since their position between the grains protected them from parasitoid attacks.
5. A.rhopalosiphi exhibited no preference for Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) or Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), although the handling time for the latter was significantly longer; this resulted in fewer S.avenae being parasitized when it was abundant. Parasitoids did not switch between hosts in these experiments.
6. As a result of its searching behaviour, A.rhopalosiphi will encounter and parasitize M.dirhodum feeding on the leaves more frequently than S.avenae, which feeds on the ear. This will limit the parasitoid's ability to regulate populations of the cereal aphid S. avenae.     

外源化合物诱导后小麦对麦长管蚜和粘虫的抗虫性研究

喷施外源化合物和昆虫取食均可诱导小麦的防御反应,如挥发物组成发生改变、某些次生物质含量增加或减少,进而影响昆虫和天敌的行为反应。本实验中小麦苗经茉莉酸或几丁质喷施诱导,可显著提高小麦中丁布的含量,但茉莉酸甲酯的诱导作用不明显。喷施茉莉酸及麦长管蚜或粘虫取食诱导小麦,会导致小麦挥发物的种类及含量与对照相比有显著不同,3种处理间小麦的挥发物也存在显著差异。用经茉莉酸处理的麦苗饲养麦长管蚜和粘虫,可显著抑制二者的生长发育速度,使体重减轻,并导致麦长管蚜繁殖力下降。经茉莉酸处理的麦苗的挥发物对粘虫寄生蜂有吸引作用,表明茉莉酸在诱导小麦产生直接抗虫性的同时,还能诱导其释放吸引天敌的挥发性化合物从而产生间接抗性。     

Seasonal activity and distribution of cereal aphid parasitoids in Belgium

Activity of antagonists in winter and early spring as well as in late summer and autumn plays an important role in the control of cereal aphid populations. Indeed, parasitoids active early in the year are important to avoid high aphid densities. Late summer and autumn correspond to the transition period between two wheat cultures, and parasitoid activity would thus reduce aphid infestation. During these critical periods, other crops like rye-grass and red clover containing alternative hosts could play the role of parasitoid reservoirs. During 1996, parasitoid activity was measured by trap planting in wheat, rye-grass, red clover and fallow grassland. In each plot, early spring was characterized by an important parasitoid activity, while aphids remained at a low level. Later in spring, activity decreased, and aphid development began even during this period. During the summer, when aphids reached their population peak, parasitoid activity rose again. Percentage of parasitism of aphids sampled was only important during summer in red clover and rye-grass. In wheat and fallow grassland, percentage of parasitism remained at a low level. The role of synchronization between parasitoid activity and aphid development is discussed.     

植物挥发性物质对蚜虫性信息素诱蚜效果的影响(英文)

本研究首先是在不同的寄主植物中利用蚜虫性信息素进行田间诱蚜实验。结果表明寄主植物影响性信息素田间诱蚜的种类和效果。在桃园 ,以蚜虫性信息素荆芥内酯和荆芥醇为性诱剂的水盆诱捕器 ,诱到 3种蚜虫的雄蚜 ,分别是桃蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和莲缢管蚜。其中 ,桃蚜占绝大多数 ,且还被性信息素的单一组分植物提取的荆芥内酯所吸引。麦田中诱到的雄蚜为麦二叉蚜。苹果园中诱到的雄蚜是绣线菊蚜和梨中华圆尾蚜 ,且性信息素诱捕器中的数目远多于对照诱捕器。据田间诱蚜实验结果推测 ,荆芥内酯和荆芥醇对桃粉大尾蚜有吸引作用 ,荆芥内酯可能是绣线菊蚜和梨中华圆尾蚜性信息素的一个组分。另外进行的田间实验表明寄主植物挥发性物质对蚜虫性信息素诱蚜效果有影响 ,当荆芥内酯诱捕器同时释放桃叶挥发物时 ,诱到的桃蚜雄蚜数量明显增加。触角电位记录实验也表明桃蚜雄蚜对桃叶挥发物和桃芽挥发物有反应。