细胞药物存在的问题、解决对策及发展前景——细胞药物连载之六

细胞药物具有自身特点和优势,对肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等疑难病症具有较好疗效,起到了其他药物难以发挥的作用。但细胞药物在研发过程中,也存在伦理、安全等问题。针对这些问题,提出了一些解决策略,并介绍了细胞药物最新临床研发情况,对其广阔的发展前景进行了展望。     

基因药物的前沿技术

基因药物的直接体内基因治疗发展迅速,新型基因药物不断产生。本文讨论了效果比较肯定的基因疫苗、反义ＲＮＡ药物、三链ＤＮＡ药物这三种新型基因药物技术的基本方法。分析了它们各自存在的优点和问题,并介绍了它们的应用范围及应用研究进展。     

多肽介导的核酸药物递送系统研究进展

核酸药物作为新型基因治疗药物备受关注,但生物学稳定性差、易被体内核酸酶降解、生物利用度低、靶组织内聚集浓度低等是制 约其发展的主要因素。新的药物递送技术的快速发展在一定程度上解决了核酸药物的稳定性及靶向递送问题,极大地推动了核酸药物的研 发进展。尤其是多肽蛋白类递送载体,已成为核酸药物递送系统研究领域的热点之一。介绍核酸药物递送载体多肽修饰的两种主要方式—— 共价缀合和非共价络合,重点综述近年来多肽缀合物和复合物以及多肽修饰的载体在核酸药物递送系统中的应用研究,探讨多肽介导的核 酸药物递送系统在应用中存在的问题,为新型核酸药物递送系统研发提供参考。     

治疗性抗体药物差异化研发策略

治疗性抗体药物在临床上取得了巨大的成功,然而在有效性和安全性方面还有待提高,同时药物靶点过于集中造成了重复开发、资源浪费等问题。因此,医药企业在研发抗体药物时需要探寻差异化的研发策略,从而在激烈的市场竞争中生存和发展。文中从药物的来源、结构形式、靶点选择、药物作用机制和差异化药物特性等方面探讨了治疗性抗体药物的差异化研发策略。     

浅论奶牛药物治疗过程中需要注意的问题

近年来,随着人们对于健康的重视程度提高,牛奶等营养品在生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用,奶牛生产业也有了迅速的发展。在奶牛的养殖与生产中,会遇到各种疾病的问题,对于奶牛的药物治疗需要注意的事项有很多。本文从奶牛场常用的治疗药物出发,分析了奶牛药物治疗的原则、药物使用方法、及用药时间等方面所要注意的一些问题,再次强调了合理用药的重要性。     

多部门联动推行抗菌药物合理应用的精细化管控

探讨抗菌药物临床合理应用中存在的问题,列举了多部门联动实行抗菌药物精细化管控的具体做法和取得的成效,进而提出多部门联动精细化管控是实现抗菌药物临床合理应用的有效策略。     

高通量药物筛选技术的研究现状及光学编码技术在其中的应用

高通量药物筛选是创新药物研究的重要内容,本文综合介绍了高通量药物筛选的研究现状及发展趋势,及目前遇到的一些问题,如随着样品的体积达到微升量级时,目前所采用的孔板筛选遇到了一些难以克服的障碍,使化合物和药物靶点的相互作用难以进行等。针对这些问题,本文介绍了一种新的以自编码光谱识别微球为基础的新型高通量药物筛选技术在高通量药物筛选中的应用,同时简要介绍了我们目前所做的一些工作。     

提高辅酶Q_(10)口服生物利用度的方法与思考

难溶性药物口服生物利用度较低一直困扰着该类药物的发展。尽管随着制剂技术及辅料的不断开发与发展,使得此问题有一定的改善,但仍然达不到人们预期的目标。近几年,药物纳米化成为国内外提高生物利用度的热门方法,虽然该方法存在着一定的优势,同时也存在一些问题。另一种提高口服生物利用度的主流方法为使用生物粘附材料,增加制剂在生物体内的粘附性。本文以辅酶Q10为代表药物,阐述了药物纳米化与增加生物粘附性两种方法结合,提高其口服生物利用度,为解决其它相同类型药物的问题提供了新思路。     

长效重组蛋白药物的研究进展

重组蛋白药物经静脉和皮下注射后通常半衰期较短,目前延长蛋白药物半衰期的方法主要基于三种原理：1、增大蛋白药物分子量;2、利用血浆药物平衡;3、减少免疫原性。本文针对构建突变体、PEG化修饰和与血清白蛋白融合三种延长重组蛋白药物半衰期的方法,及其已上市的和正在研发中的长效重组蛋白药物的特征、半衰期和免疫原性问题进行了综述。     

药物成瘾及成瘾记忆的研究现状

本文在介绍药物成瘾与学习和记忆密切相关的神经回路及共同分子机制的基础上,围绕学习和记忆在药物成瘾中的作用,综述了关联性学习与复吸,关联性学习与敏化,异常关联性学习与强迫性用药行为,关联性学习及成瘾记忆与成瘾,多重记忆系统与成瘾的发生发展等方面的研究进展,并强调了突触可塑性及成瘾记忆在药物成瘾中的重要性。在此基础上提出：作为慢性脑病的药物成瘾的形成过程的重要特征是它包含着信息的特殊学习类型。药物成瘾与依赖于多巴胺的关联性学习紊乱有密切关系。海马可能在成瘾中扮演重要角色。     

谷氨酸受体与药物成瘾的相关研究

谷氨酸是中枢神经系统中最重要的兴奋性神经递质,其受体分为离子型和代谢型,受体激活后通过对Na+、K+、Ca2+等阳离子调节或通过与G蛋白偶联,从而激活一系列信号转导途径,参与记忆形成。药物成瘾是一种慢性、复发性脑疾病,以强迫性药物寻求以及丧失对药物使用控制能力为主要特征。研究表明谷氨酸受体与药物成瘾的发生发展有关,就谷氨酸受体在药物成瘾中作用的研究做一综述。     

Galnon Facilitates Extinction of Morphine-Conditioned Place Preference but Also Potentiates the Consolidation Process

Learning and memory systems are intimately involved in drug addiction. Previous studies suggest that galanin, a neuropeptide that binds G-protein coupled receptors, plays essential roles in the encoding of memory. In the present study, we tested the function of galnon, a galanin receptor 1 and 2 agonist, in reward-associated memory, using conditioned place preference (CPP), a widely used paradigm in drug-associated memory. Either before or following CPP-inducing morphine administration, galnon was injected at four different time points to test the effects of galanin activation on different reward-associated memory processes: 15 min before CPP training (acquisition), immediately after CPP training (consolidation), 15 min before the post-conditioning test (retrieval), and multiple injection after post-tests (reconsolidation and extinction). Galnon enhanced consolidation and extinction processes of morphine-induced CPP memory, but the compound had no effect on acquisition, retrieval, or reconsolidation processes. Our findings demonstrate that a galanin receptor 1 and 2 agonist, galnon, may be used as a viable compound to treat drug addiction by facilitating memory extinction process.     

Somatosensory Cortices Are Required for the Acquisition of Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference

Background

Sensory system information is thought to play an important role in drug addiction related responses. However, how somatic sensory information participates in the drug related behaviors is still unclear. Many studies demonstrated that drug addiction represents a pathological usurpation of neural mechanisms of learning and memory that normally relate to the pursuit of rewards. Thus, elucidate the role of somatic sensory in drug related learning and memory is of particular importance to understand the neurobiological mechanisms of drug addiction.

Principal Findings

In the present study, we investigated the role of somatosensory system in reward-related associative learning using the conditioned place preference model. Lesions were made in somatosensory cortices either before or after conditioning training. We found that lesion of somatosensory cortices before, rather than after morphine conditioning impaired the acquisition of place preference.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that somatosensory cortices are necessary for the acquisition but not retention of morphine induced place preference.     

Addiction: Decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit

Based on brain imaging findings, we present a model according to which addiction emerges as an imbalance in the information processing and integration among various brain circuits and functions. The dysfunctions reflect (a) decreased sensitivity of reward circuits, (b) enhanced sensitivity of memory circuits to conditioned expectations to drugs and drug cues, stress reactivity, and (c) negative mood, and a weakened control circuit. Although initial experimentation with a drug of abuse is largely a voluntary behavior, continued drug use can eventually impair neuronal circuits in the brain that are involved in free will, turning drug use into an automatic compulsive behavior. The ability of addictive drugs to co‐opt neurotransmitter signals between neurons (including dopamine, glutamate, and GABA) modifies the function of different neuronal circuits, which begin to falter at different stages of an addiction trajectory. Upon exposure to the drug, drug cues or stress this results in unrestrained hyperactivation of the motivation/drive circuit that results in the compulsive drug intake that characterizes addiction.     

Neurobiology of addictive behavior

Addictive behavior developes after repeated substance use and it typically include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to the drug use than to other activities. Relapse, the resumption of drug taking after periods of abstinence, remains the major problem for the treatment of addiction. The process of drug addiction shares striking commonalities with neural plasticity associated with natural reward learning and memory and is caused primarily by drug-induced sensitization in the brain mesocorticolimbic systems that attribute incentive salience to reward-associated stimuli. The switch from controlled to compulsive drug seeking represents a transition at the neural level from prefrontal cortical to striatal control. Current neurophysiologic evidence suggests that the development of addiction is to some extent due to neurochemical stimulation of the midbrain dopaminergic system that is traditionally considered as a 'common neural currency' for rewards of most kinds. Addictions are a result of the interplay of multiple genetic and environmental factors. They are characterized by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity as well as polygenicity. Environmental factors are crucial in addiction vulnerability and resistese too.     

药物成瘾记忆的神经生物机制及临床干预方法

药物成瘾者戒断后的持久复吸是治疗药物成瘾的难点.成瘾者出现持续复吸的重要原因是由于成瘾记忆的长期存在.成瘾物质的长期反复使用导致前额叶-边缘多巴胺系统结构和功能的适应性改变,这种改变是成瘾记忆形成的神经基础.本文从学习记忆的角度来理解成瘾形成,介绍了成瘾记忆的初始形成阶段、习惯化阶段和成瘾行为维持阶段及其相应的神经基础.回顾了近年来成瘾记忆的临床干预方法,包括消退干预方法、增强消退干预的多情境干预方法,以及直接干预消除成瘾记忆的记忆再巩固干预方法,并总结了虚拟现实、神经调控技术在成瘾记忆干预中的应用.对记忆再巩固干预方法与虚拟现实、神经调控技术相结合干预成瘾记忆进行展望,为药物成瘾的临床干预和治疗提供了新方法、新思路.     

AMPA Receptor in Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Plays Different Roles in the Recent and Remote Retrieval of Morphine-Associated Memory

Neurochemical Research - Previous studies demonstrate that drug addiction can share the neural circuits in the brain with normal learning and memory. Re-exposure to drug-associated contexts, one...     

Synaptic plasticity in drug reward circuitry

Drug addiction is a major public health issue worldwide. The persistence of drug craving coupled with the known recruitment of learning and memory centers in the brain has led investigators to hypothesize that the alterations in glutamatergic synaptic efficacy brought on by synaptic plasticity may play key roles in the addiction process. Here we review the present literature, examining the properties of synaptic plasticity within drug reward circuitry, and the effects that drugs of abuse have on these forms of plasticity. Interestingly, multiple forms of synaptic plasticity can be induced at glutamatergic synapses within the dorsal striatum, its ventral extension the nucleus accumbens, and the ventral tegmental area, and at least some of these forms of plasticity are regulated by behaviorally meaningful administration of cocaine and/or amphetamine. Thus, the present data suggest that regulation of synaptic plasticity in reward circuits is a tractable candidate mechanism underlying aspects of addiction.