青年咽部菌群分布状况

目的调查健康青年上呼吸道的微生物群分布,寻找优势菌群,为微生态方法治疗呼吸道感染性疾病提供科学依据。方法随机自愿原则选取沈阳医学院学生61名,采集咽后壁标本分离培养并生化鉴定。结果青年咽后壁共检出19个菌属,42个菌种。需氧菌的95％可信区间为（4．7×10^6,6．8×10^6）CFU／mL,厌氧菌的95％可信区间为（5．9×10^6,8．4×10^6）CFU／mL;需氧菌菌群密度为4．8816±1．0251,厌氧菌菌群密度为5．1347±0．9118。需氧菌中链球菌属检出率为100％,其次为奈瑟球菌属（77．4％）、葡萄球菌属（33．9％）。链球菌中缓症链球菌和口腔链球菌、奈瑟球菌属中的灰色奈瑟球菌的检出率与构成比均较高。厌氧菌中检出率与构成比较高是的韦荣球菌属、拟杆菌属、孪生球菌和放线杆菌属。结论青年上呼吸道菌群种类复杂多样;需氧菌中的口腔链球菌、缓症链球菌、灰色奈瑟球菌,厌氧菌中的韦荣球菌属、拟杆菌属、孪生球菌属为优势菌群,对于维护上呼吸道微生态平衡可能起重要的作用。     

肉牛屠宰过程中胴体在冲淋前后极端微生物组成的变化

目的对通过高压热水冲淋前后肉牛胴体表面的极端微生物数量及种类的变化规律进行研究。方法细菌菌落计数,并从分离的极端微生物中随机挑出8株厌氧菌和7株嗜冷菌,利用16S r DNA扩增、测序及生化试剂盒鉴定这些微生物的种属特征。结果冲淋前后的肉牛胴体表面细菌菌落总数从106CFU/cm2降低至500 CFU/cm2,同时冲淋前后的肉牛胴体厌氧细菌总数从2×102CFU/g下降至400 CFU/g,嗜冷细菌总数从3×104CFU/g下降至3×102CFU/g。极端微生物主要属于厌氧芽胞杆菌属Bacillus sp.、埃希菌属、肠杆菌属Enterobacter sp.、库特菌属Kurthia sp.、沙雷菌属Serratia sp.、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas sp.等6个属。结论高压热水冲淋可以很好的控制肉牛胴体表面细菌菌落总数,但对于厌氧、嗜冷等极端微生物的减菌效果不是很理想。     

白星花金龟成虫肠道细菌的分离鉴定

目的自星花金龟是我国北方常见腐食性昆虫,为了利用其腐食性行为转化处理有机垃圾、畜禽粪便及农作物秸杆等农业有机废弃物资源,并探索其中肠消化的微生态机制,而对其肠道细菌进行系统研究。方法从白星花金龟成虫肠道中无菌操作分离获得5株细菌,对其菌体形态、培养性状、染色反应、生理生化反应等进行鉴定及数量测定。结果白星花金龟成虫肠道的5个细菌菌株分别属于气球菌属（Aerococcus）、短状杆菌属（Brachybacterium）、棍状杆菌属（Clavibacter）、李斯特菌属（Listeria）、皮杆菌属（Dermabacter）,以皮杆菌属和棍状杆菌属数量最多,分别为1．3×10^7和1．0×10^7;其次为短状杆菌属和气球菌属,分别为8×10^6和5×10^6;李斯特菌属数量最少,为7×10^5。结论各菌株之间细菌数量存在明显差异,以皮杆菌属细菌数量最多,分离未获得真菌和放线菌。     

黄山风景区夏季空气微生物分布特征初步研究

用自然沉降法测定了黄山风景区夏季旅游旺季14个景点的空气微生物浓度,并研究其种属构成和分布特征.结果表明:黄山风景区夏季空气细菌平均值为0.41×104 CFU/m3,真菌平均值为0.34×104 CFU/m3,总菌平均值为0.75×104CFU/m3,真菌占总茵的百分比为45.9%,黄山风景区空气已受到不同程度的微生物污染;对不同采样点的空气细菌和真菌进行了初步鉴定,空气细茵共有6属,其中优势细菌属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球茵属(Staphylococcus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),分别占总细菌的37.7%、17.2%、10.1%、9.8%;真菌除无孢茵群外共有5属,其中优势菌属为芽枝霉属(Cladosporium)、无孢菌群(Mycelia sterilia)、青霉属(Penicillium)和交链孢霉属(Alternaria),分别占总真菌的40.4%、35.0%、5.6%、4.3%;空气微生物浓度的分布具有时空特征,这不仅与黄山风景区特有的地形地貌以及气候特征有关,还受到游客活动、动植物等因素的影响.     

华西雨屏区不同恢复阶段湿性常绿阔叶林的土壤微生物多样性

采用时空互代的方法,探讨了崇州市鞍子河自然保护区和邛崃市天台山的常绿阔叶林自然恢复过程中土壤微生物数量、组成、区系和多样性变化,结果表明：（1）不同恢复时期土壤微生物数量存在显著性差异,在植被恢复5～40a期间,土壤细菌和放线菌的数量呈增加趋势,以恢复到40a植被土壤微生物总数、细菌和放线菌的数量较高,分别为1．06×10^6CFUg^-1干土、9．81×10^5CFUg^-1干土和6．8×10^4CFUg^-1干土;真菌以100a次生林较高,为9．01×10^4CFUg^-1干土;植被恢复中细菌占土壤微生物总数的79．06％～93．78％;真菌和放线菌数量分别占4．61％～11．24％和0．52％～15．38％;（2）不同恢复阶段土壤细菌和真菌数量大体上以夏季高,春、秋季较低;放线菌数量为春、秋季较夏季高;（3）植被恢复过程中,土壤微生物群落区系和优势种群组成不同,经鉴定有细菌10个属、真菌7个属、放线菌9个属,细菌以无色细菌属（Achromobater）、棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）、短杆菌属（Brevibacterium）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）出现的几率较高;真菌主要是半知菌类和接合菌类,以木霉属（Trichoderma）、腐霉属（Pythium）、青霉属（Penicillium）和犁头霉属（Absidia）分布较为普遍;放线菌9个类群中8个属于链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,仅有1个类群属于小单孢菌属（Micromonospora）,以白孢类群（Albosporus）、金色类群（Aureus）和灰红紫类群（Griseorubroviolaceus）出现几率为较高;（4）细菌属的Shannon—Wiener指数、Simpson指数以恢复初期、30a生次生林和较原始植被为较高。在植被恢复5～50a期间,真菌和放线菌属的多样性呈波动性增加趋势,到50a达到最高;50a以后,呈下降趋势,表明植被恢复的30～50a土壤环境更适合真菌和放线菌的生长。     

不同食料植物对东亚飞蝗肠道细菌状况的影响

目的比较在相同的环境条件下不同食料植物对东亚飞蝗肠道细菌状况的影响。方法以墨西哥玉米、野生马唐为食料植物饲喂东亚飞蝗,在其成虫肠道内和粪沙中分离纯化细菌,获得22株菌株,分别对其培养性状、菌体形态、染色反应和生理生化性状进行系统研究。结果上述22个菌株分别属于稀有杆菌属（Rarobact-er）、短状杆菌属（Brachybacterium）、棒杆菌属（Corynebacterium）、棍状菌属（Clavibacter）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococ-cus）、丙酸杆菌属（Propionibacterium）、埃希菌属（Eschrichia）、气微杆菌属（Aercmicrobium）、沙雷菌属（Serratia）、克雷伯菌属（Klebsiella）、沙门菌属（Salmonella）、志贺菌属（Shigella）、口腔球菌属（Stomatococcus）、短杆菌属（Brevibacteri-um）、地杆菌属（Terrbacter）、微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）、皮杆菌属（Dermabacter）、短小杆菌属（Curtobacterium）、纤维单胞菌属（Cellulomonas）、微杆菌属（Microbacterium）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和凝结芽胞杆菌属（Bacilluscoag-ulans）。结论不同食料植物对东亚飞蝗肠道细菌种类和数量有很大的影响。     

城市生态系统空气微生物群落研究进展

空气微生物是城市生态系统重要的生物组成部分 ,空气中广泛分布的细菌、真菌孢子、放线菌和病毒等生物粒子不仅具有极其重要的生态功能 ,还与城市空气污染 ,城市环境质量和人体健康密切相关。从生态系统角度出发 ,着重论述了城市微生物气溶胶的粒谱范围、空气微生物的主要类型、空气微生物浓度的时空变化和空气微生物群落结构的影响因素。综述结果表明 :城市微生物气溶胶的粒谱范围为 0 .0 0 2～ 30 μm;在调查的城市中 ,空气细菌有 2 1属 ,其中优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属 (Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属 (Staphylococcus)、微球菌属 (Micrococcus)和微杆菌属 (Microbacterium ) ,真菌有 2 1属 ,其中优势菌属为交链孢属(Alternaria)、青霉属 (Penicillium)、曲霉属 (Aspergillus)和木霉属 (Trichoderma) ,放线菌共有 7属 ;一年中冬季空气微生物浓度最低 ,一天中空气微生物浓度在 8:0 0～ 10 :0 0出现高峰 ,2 :0 0～ 4 :0 0或者 12 :0 0～ 14 :0 0出现低峰 ,交通干线和商业区空气微生物的浓度较高 ,公园绿地较低 ,并且随着高度的增加空气微生物浓度随之减少 ;污染因子 SO2 、NO2 、NO和环境因素风速风向、温度、相对湿度、光照、雨、雪等影响空气微生物的数量和浓度。在经济发达 ,人口流动较多的城市如北京、上海、广     

实时荧光定量PCR法研究溃疡性结肠炎患者肠道双歧杆菌属、柔嫩梭菌属及拟杆菌属量的变化

目的应用荧光定量PCR技术对人粪便内双歧杆菌属、柔嫩梭菌属及拟杆菌属进行定量检测,揭示肠道相关菌群改变在溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）发病中的作用及意义。方法分别设计双歧杆菌属、柔嫩梭菌属及拟杆菌属的特异性引物。收集溃UC患者粪便标本60份及正常对照标本60份,提取细菌基因组DNA,应用实时荧光定量PCR反应测定细菌的数量。结果UC患者组双歧杆菌属及柔嫩梭菌属的数量较正常对照组明显减少（P〈0．05）,而拟杆菌属的数量较正常对照组明显增多（P〈0．05）,差异有统计学意义。结论UC患者粪便中双歧杆菌属及柔嫩梭菌属的数量较正常对照明显减少,而拟杆菌属的数量较正常对照明显增多,提示肠道菌群与UC的发生、发展有一定的关系。     

黑粉虫幼虫肠道细菌的研究

从黑粉虫幼虫肠道环境中分离、纯化、培养,获得5个细菌菌株,对其培养性状、染色反应、菌体形态、生理生化反应等进行了系统研究.鉴定结果表明：上述5个细菌菌株分别属于金杆菌属（Aureobacterium）、李斯特菌属（Listeria）、微杆菌属（Microbacterium）、莫拉菌属（Moraxella）、短小杆菌属（Curtobacterium）,其中金杆菌属、微杆菌属、短小杆菌属菌也发现于黄粉虫幼虫肠道环境中.通过研究,既可为黑粉虫生产所需微生态制剂提供微生态理论依据,又发掘了微生物资源,丰富了微生物资源库.     

应用实时荧光定量PCR定量检测溃疡性结肠炎肠道大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌属的变化

目的应用实时荧光定量PCR（RT—PCR）法对溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）患者粪便中大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌属的数量进行定量检测分析。方法根据细菌的16SrDNA基因序列设计大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌属的种属特异性引物。收集溃疡性结肠炎患者及正常对照者新鲜粪便标本各35例,从待测粪便标本中提取细菌基因组DNA,进行实时荧光定量PCR反应,定量分析不同细菌的数量。结果正常对照组与病例组粪便中细菌数量分别为大肠埃希菌（4．62±1．10;5．27±1．02）、乳酸杆菌属（4．99±0．75;4．65±0．95）、双歧杆菌属（5．07±0．95;4．93±0．99）,病例组大肠埃希菌数量明显增多（t=2．540,P=0．013）,而乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌属数量与正常组比较差异无统计学意义（t1=0．488,P,=0．530;t2=-0．533,P：=0．596）。结论溃疡性结肠炎患者粪便中大肠埃希菌的数量较正常对照明显增多,而乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌属的数量无明显变化,提示大肠埃希菌与溃疡性结肠炎的发病或复发有关系,而乳酸及双歧杆菌属与此病的关系有待进一步研究。     

Concentration and distribution characteristics of airborne fungi in indoor and outdoor air of Tehran subway stations

The concentration and distribution characteristics of airborne fungi were investigated in indoor and outdoor air of two metro stations (Imam Khomeini and Sadeghiyeh stations) in Tehran subway. Samples were taken from indoor air at each station from platform and ticket office area also from adjacent outdoor air of each station. Indoor sampling was conducted for two types of trains, old and new. The concentration of airborne fungi ranged from 21 CFU/m³ at the outdoor air of Imam Khomeini station to 1,402 CFU/m³ in the air samples collected from the platform of this station. Results showed that airborne fungi concentrations at indoor air were higher than the outdoor air (p < 0.05), and fungal levels significantly correlated with the number of passengers (p < 0.05; r = 0.68) and RH % (p < 0.05; r = 0.43). Sixteen genera of fungi were isolated in all sampled environments. The predominant genera identified in indoor and outdoor air were Penicillium spp. (34.88 % of total airborne fungi) and Alternaria spp. (29.33 % of total airborne fungi), respectively. The results of this study showed that the indoor air quality in subway is worse than the outdoor air.     

Microbial growth inside insulated external walls as an indoor air biocontamination source

The association between moisture-related microbial growth (mesophilic fungi and bacteria) within insulated exterior walls and microbial concentrations in the indoor air was studied. The studied apartment buildings with precast concrete external walls were situated in a subarctic zone. Actinomycetes in the insulation layer were found to have increased concentrations in the indoor air. The moisture content of the indoor air significantly affected all measurable airborne concentrations.     

Microbial Growth Inside Insulated External Walls as an Indoor Air Biocontamination Source

The association between moisture-related microbial growth (mesophilic fungi and bacteria) within insulated exterior walls and microbial concentrations in the indoor air was studied. The studied apartment buildings with precast concrete external walls were situated in a subarctic zone. Actinomycetes in the insulation layer were found to have increased concentrations in the indoor air. The moisture content of the indoor air significantly affected all measurable airborne concentrations.     

Evaluation of the environmental impact of microbial aerosols generated by wastewater treatment plants utilizing different aeration systems

Using three sampler devices (SAS, Andersen Six-Stages and All Glass Impinger), the environmental impact of bacterial and fungal aerosols generated by municipal wastewater treatment plants operating with different methods of sludge oxygenation were evaluated. The highest microbial concentrations were recovered above the tanks (2247 cfu m-3) and in downwind positions (1425 cfu m-3), where a linear correlation (P < 0.05) was found between the quantity of sewage treated and the entities of microbial aerosol dispersion. Moreover, an exponential increase (P < 0.05) in the bacteria recovered from the air occurred at increasing times of treatment. However, after long-term plant operation, high bacterial and fungal concentrations were found in almost all of the sites around the plant. Coliforms, enterococci, Escherichia coli and staphylococci were almost always recovered in downwind positions. Considerable fractions (20-40%) of sampled bacteria were able to penetrate the final stages of the Andersen apparatus and thus, are likely to be able to penetrate the lungs. The plant operating with a fine bubble diffused air system instead was found to generate rather low concentrations of bacteria and fungi; moreover, staphylococci and indicator micro-organisms were almost absent. Finally, salmonellae, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas spp. were not detected in either of the plants. The results indicate a remarkable dispersion of airborne bacteria and fungi from tanks in which oxygen is supplied via a mechanical agitation of sludge, and suggest the need to convert them to diffused aeration systems which pose a lesser hazard for human health.     

Human occupancy as a source of indoor airborne bacteria

Exposure to specific airborne bacteria indoors is linked to infectious and noninfectious adverse health outcomes. However, the sources and origins of bacteria suspended in indoor air are not well understood. This study presents evidence for elevated concentrations of indoor airborne bacteria due to human occupancy, and investigates the sources of these bacteria. Samples were collected in a university classroom while occupied and when vacant. The total particle mass concentration, bacterial genome concentration, and bacterial phylogenetic populations were characterized in indoor, outdoor, and ventilation duct supply air, as well as in the dust of ventilation system filters and in floor dust. Occupancy increased the total aerosol mass and bacterial genome concentration in indoor air PM(10) and PM(2.5) size fractions, with an increase of nearly two orders of magnitude in airborne bacterial genome concentration in PM(10). On a per mass basis, floor dust was enriched in bacterial genomes compared to airborne particles. Quantitative comparisons between bacterial populations in indoor air and potential sources suggest that resuspended floor dust is an important contributor to bacterial aerosol populations during occupancy. Experiments that controlled for resuspension from the floor implies that direct human shedding may also significantly impact the concentration of indoor airborne particles. The high content of bacteria specific to the skin, nostrils, and hair of humans found in indoor air and in floor dust indicates that floors are an important reservoir of human-associated bacteria, and that the direct particle shedding of desquamated skin cells and their subsequent resuspension strongly influenced the airborne bacteria population structure in this human-occupied environment. Inhalation exposure to microbes shed by other current or previous human occupants may occur in communal indoor environments.     

1168例医院感染患者病原菌的调查及其影响因素的探讨

医院感染发病率较高且易于引起医患纠纷。为了解影响医院感染的主要因素及其主要病原体,对陕西省宝鸡市第二人民医院2002—2007年1168例医院感染患者进行了病原菌分离、鉴定及分析,同时对患者基础疾病及感染部位与医院感染的关系进行了探讨。实验结果表明,在临床各科室中,ICU患者医院感染比例（40．6％）最高（P〈0．01）,其次为烧伤科（13．3％）、泌尿外科（10．6％）和血液科患者（8．2％）（P〈0．05）。下呼吸道是最为常见的感染部位（33．9％,P〈0．01）,其次为泌尿道、胃肠道、手术切口、烧伤创面和血液（10．3％～14．7％,P〈0．05）。1168例医院感染患者标本中,病原菌总阳性率为67．3％（786／1168）。786株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌所占58．7％、革兰阳性菌占26．4％、真菌占14．9％。所分离的革兰阴性菌中,以铜绿假单胞菌（16．9％）、克雷伯菌（15．2％）和大肠埃希菌（11．7％）最为常见。所分离的革兰阳性菌中,以金黄色葡萄球菌（9．3％）和表皮葡萄球菌（7．2％）最为常见。     

Airborne bacteria, fungi, and endotoxin levels in residential microenvironments: a case study

Limited data are currently available on the concentrations of airborne bacteria, fungi, and endotoxins in indoor environments. The levels of aerial bacteria and fungi were measured at several microenvironments within a well-ventilated residential apartment in Singapore including the living room, kitchen, bedroom, toilet, and at a workplace environment by sampling indoor air onto culture medium plates using the 6-stage Andersen sampler. Total microbial counts were determined by collecting the air samples in water with the Andersen sampler, staining the resultant extracts with a fluorescent dye, acridine orange, and counting the microbes using a fluorescent microscope. The levels of airborne endotoxins were also determined by sampling the airborne microorganisms onto 0.4?μm polycarbonate membrane filter using the MiniVol sampler at 5?l/min for 20?h with a PM_2.5 cut-off device. The aerial bacterial and fungal concentrations were found to be in the ranges of 117–2,873?CFU/m³ and 160–1,897?CFU/m³, respectively. The total microbial levels ranged from 49,000 to 218,000?microbes/m³. The predominant fungi occurring in the apartment were Aspergillus and Penicillium while the predominant bacterial strains appeared to be Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. The average indoor endotoxin level was detectable in the range of 6–39?EU/m³. The amount of ventilation and the types of human activities carried out in the indoor environment appeared to be important factors affecting the level of these airborne biological contaminants.     

The Diversity and Distribution of Fungi on Residential Surfaces

The predominant hypothesis regarding the composition of microbial assemblages in indoor environments is that fungal assemblages are structured by outdoor air with a moderate contribution by surface growth, whereas indoor bacterial assemblages represent a mixture of bacteria entered from outdoor air, shed by building inhabitants, and grown on surfaces. To test the fungal aspect of this hypothesis, we sampled fungi from three surface types likely to support growth and therefore possible contributors of fungi to indoor air: drains in kitchens and bathrooms, sills beneath condensation-prone windows, and skin of human inhabitants. Sampling was done in replicated units of a university-housing complex without reported mold problems, and sequences were analyzed using both QIIME and the new UPARSE approach to OTU-binning, to the same result. Surfaces demonstrated a mycological profile similar to that of outdoor air from the same locality, and assemblages clustered by surface type. “Weedy” genera typical of indoor air, such as Cladosporium and Cryptococcus, were abundant on sills, as were a diverse set of fungi of likely outdoor origin. Drains supported more depauperate assemblages than the other surfaces and contained thermotolerant genera such as Exophiala, Candida, and Fusarium. Most surprising was the composition detected on residents’ foreheads. In addition to harboring Malassezia, a known human commensal, skin also possessed a surprising richness of non-resident fungi, including plant pathogens such as ergot (Claviceps purperea). Overall, fungal richness across indoor surfaces was high, but based on known autecologies, most of these fungi were unlikely to be growing on surfaces. We conclude that while some endogenous fungal growth on typical household surfaces does occur, particularly on drains and skin, all residential surfaces appear – to varying degrees – to be passive collectors of airborne fungi of putative outdoor origin, a view of the origins of the indoor microbiome quite different from bacteria.     

Exposure of workers to airborne microorganisms in open-air swine houses

This study quantified the levels of airborne microorganisms in six swine farms with more than 10,000 pigs in subtropical Taiwan. We evaluated breeding, growing, and finishing stalls, which were primarily open-air buildings, as well as partially enclosed farrowing and nursery piggeries. Airborne culturable bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi were placed on appropriate media by using an all-glass impinger or single-stage Andersen microbial sampler. Results showed that mean concentrations of culturable bacteria and gram-negative bacteria were 3.3 x 10(5) and 143.7 CFU/m(3), respectively. The concentration of airborne culturable fungi was about 10(3) CFU/m(3), with Cladosporium the predominant genus. The highest airborne levels of culturable bacteria and gram-negative bacteria were identified in the finishing units. The air of the nursery stalls was the least contaminated with culturable and gram-negative bacteria. Irregular and infrequent cleaning, high pig density, no separation of wastes from pen floors, and accumulation of water as a result of the processes for cleaning and reducing pig temperature possibly compromise the benefits of the open characteristic of the finishing units with respect to airborne bacterial concentration.