东亚飞蝗不同来源聚集信息素的电生理活性

采用触角电位测定仪器测定不同来源的东亚飞蝗Locustamigratoriamanilensis聚集信息素的生理活性 ,结合行为生物测定的结果分析表明 :来源于粪便中的聚集信息素的活性较高 ,同时 ,使用较高极性溶剂抽提制备蝗蝻粪便中的信息素和采用中极性的溶剂制备成蝗粪便中的聚集信息素 ,其信息素的活性均较高 ;利用低极性溶剂从东亚飞蝗粪便中制备得到的聚集信息素的活性较低 ;采用层析柱吸附浓缩飞蝗粪便中自然挥发出的气味和飞蝗体表的气味并进行生物测定后表明 ,其EAG活性普遍较低 ;因此 ,来自于飞蝗粪便中的且采用合适的溶剂抽提制备的聚集信息素 ,具有较高的生物学活性。     

东亚飞蝗二型的形态测量比较

东亚飞蝗的群居型、散居型,不仅在生物学特性上有显著差异,而且在形态学上也有显著不同。由于二型的发生特点不同,在研究飞蝗的发生规律时,必须弄清二型在种群中所占的比例,首先从形态学来区别二型。国外对沙漠蝗及亚洲飞蝗二型的形态研究已做了很多工作,对不同蝗虫种类所采用的指标是不同的,除了普通所采用两个比较明显的区别特征——体色及前胸背板以外,还采用其他部分的测量指标。关于东亚飞蝗二型的形态测量比较,前人研究较少。作者自1958年开始,从蝗区采集了部分标本进行测量,并以在不同密度饲养下的成虫进行形态比较。现将初步研究结果简单报导,以供参考。 一、工作方法 野外材料采自河北漳河蝗区,饲养的材料分别来自室内及田间。窒内饲养时温度控制30℃,饲养笼容积39×39×39厘米,分别置放蝗蝻6头、54头。田间     

浅谈蚱、蜢、蝗

蝗虫、炸姓是昆虫纲Insec匕、直翅目orthoptera中很大的类群,不少种类是农林牧业的重要害虫,其中有的种类可猖撅发生并形成蝗灾,如沙漠蝗dehistocercagrngarla（ForS－kal）、飞蝗LDcustamlgratoriaL．、意大利蝗Ca帅tamusitalicusL．、西伯利亚蝗Gompho－ceruss汕irlcusL．、印度黄脊蝗Patangasucc～nc贼hnnaeus）、黄脊竹蝗Ceracris伍ngsu＊。等。①沙漠蝗的记述可追溯到古埃及印制的书籍中和古墓内的壁滩上。在史前时期,它就是北非、西非和印度等沿热带地区之河谷、绿洲上的农业害虫。在古波斯人所用的楔形文字中也论及沙漠蝗。…     

西藏飞蝗虫粪粗提物的成分分析及其活性测定

西藏飞蝗作为青藏高原独有的飞蝗亚种,近年来发生危害严重,对其聚集机制的研究是西藏飞蝗生态治理的基础.采用自制Y型嗅觉仪、气质联用(GC-MS)和触角电位反应(EAG)等方法对西藏飞蝗虫粪粗提物进行了活性测定和成分分析.结果表明:乙醇浸提法是提取西藏飞蝗虫粪粗提物的较好方法.西藏飞蝗虫粪粗提物活性随虫龄增加,并且群居型成虫虫粪粗提物的活性最强.散居型蝗虫对蝗蝻虫粪粗提物的趋向性高于同虫态群居型蝗虫对蝗蝻虫粪粗提物的趋向性.不同虫态的西藏飞蝗虫粪粗提物所含化合物种类及含量有所差别,部分化合物与东亚飞蝗聚集信息素成分相同.西藏飞蝗对人工合成化合物的电生理反应变化趋势可分为三类:2μL/mL浓度下触角电位反应值最高;不同虫态西藏飞蝗对同一化合物的电生理反应变化趋势不一致;随浓度增加电生理反应显著增加.     

蝗虫的发生与防控

蝗虫暴发引起的灾害是全球重要的生物灾害,可影响到全世界十分之一的人口。自2019年,东部非洲、西亚、南亚多个国家遭遇严重的沙漠蝗虫灾害,这场蝗灾不但对该区域的粮食安全构成严重威胁,而且还有可能引发严重的人道主义危机。为了制定合理的防治方案,实施有效防控,避免大规模蝗灾的发生,需要掌握蝗虫的生物学、生态学、暴发和为害规律、防治策略和技术特点及其进展等。本文介绍了世界各地包括沙漠蝗、飞蝗、澳大利亚疫蝗在内的11种可以引起灾害的重要种类的主要分布、为害和特性,并对国内外蝗虫防治策略、技术进展进行了重点综述。最后,针对目前蝗虫防治存在的问题提出了相应建议。     

蝗虫微孢子虫病对东亚飞蝗聚集行为的影响

采用行为生测法和触角电位法研究了感染蝗虫微孢子虫病的东亚飞蝗对其聚集信息素粗提物的行为反应。在第3龄时部分蝗虫每头接种10^6个蝗虫微孢子虫,与健虫同一条件下饲养。用二氯甲烷从健康蝗虫的粪便、体表或卵囊中抽提聚集信息素,粗提物经纯化和浓缩后保存于冰柜中待用。结果表明,感病飞蝗对其信息素的感受能力下降,聚集行为反应减弱。行为生物测定发现,微孢子虫病对第4龄雌性蝗虫和第5龄蝗虫的聚集行为有明显的抑制作用,而对第4龄雄蝗的影响较小;总的看来,信息素粗提物对感病雄蝗和高龄蝗虫的作用分别高于对感病雌蝗和低龄蝗虫的作用。触角电位(EAG)测定表明,感染了微孢子虫病的东亚飞蝗蝗蝻和成虫,对其信息素粗提物的敏感性降低,且对不同来源的聚集信息素的电生理反应不同,其中对从雄性成熟蝗虫、第4龄蝗蝻及第5龄病虫的粪便中抽提制备的信息素粗提物、第4龄蝗蝻粪便挥发物、第4龄蝗蝻活虫体表挥发物的电生理反应显著下降;但对第5龄雌蝗和第5龄散居型蝗虫的粪便抽提物的电生理活性,病健虫无明显差异。此研究结果证明,施用微孢子虫治蝗时,微孢子虫对蝗虫的聚集行为有明显的影响,为微孢子虫的控害机理提供了新的证据。     

飞蝗型变分子机理研究前沿

飞蝗的型变是重要的科学问题,也是防治害虫的理论基础。近年来,我国昆虫学家围绕飞蝗型变的分子机制方面取得一系列开创性的工作进展,鉴定了多个飞蝗型变的关键基因及其生物学功能,提出了飞蝗型变的分子机制。这些研究成果在PNAS,PLoS Genetics,Genome Biology,Bioinformatics,Insect Molecular Biology,Journal of Insect Physiology,PLoS One等国际著名刊物发表,极大地提高了我国在该领域的研究水平,为今后彻底解决飞蝗型变这一科学难题奠定了基础。     

东亚飞蝗种群数量中的调节机制

变型理论phase theory(Uvarov,1921)的提出,给飞蝗种群生物学的研究开辟了新的道路。三十年来,许多国家在飞蝗的形态生态学和形态生理学方面作了许多研究,近年则着重于寻找区别两型的生态形态指标,观察两型在生物学特性上的差异,以及有关两型变化的生态生理机制的探索。 飞蝗密度变化与习性及形态上的联系,是蝗虫生态学工作者首先感到兴趣的问题,体     

气候变暖背景下新疆和中哈边境亚洲飞蝗适生区预测及变化

亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria是中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦边境区域重要害虫之一,具迁飞性且繁殖能力强,对农牧业经济造成巨大伤害。本文以亚洲飞蝗为研究对象,根据其发生区和相关生物学特性,利用CLIMEX 4.0.2和ArcGIS 10.2相结合,预测其在新疆和中哈边境区域亚洲飞蝗的潜在地理分布。亚洲飞蝗的适生区在新疆境内集中分布在北疆（42.69~48.29°N）,包括伊犁、博尔塔拉中部、塔城西北部及南部、阿勒泰西部、昌吉和乌鲁木齐南部地区;哈萨克斯坦境内主要分布在北纬47.03~51.65°N区域,包括东哈萨克斯坦州北部、阿拉木图州东南部境内的湖泊及河流沿岸地区,这与亚洲飞蝗的现有分布点和历史发生记录吻合。未来气候变暖情景下,亚洲飞蝗在中哈边境新疆境内的适生区逐渐扩大,其中在阿勒泰、伊犁、昌吉及乌鲁木齐的高度适生区面积增加,哈密开始出现高度适生区;在哈萨克斯坦边境区域的适生区略有增加,其中东哈萨克斯坦州地区高度适生区面积减少明显。研究结果对区域内亚洲飞蝗的预测预报和综合防控具有重要意义。     

分子生态学研究揭示中国飞蝗种群的进化关系

飞蝗是一种重要农业害虫,具有很强的迁飞能力,其分布区比任何其他蝗虫都更广阔,几乎覆盖了东半球的整个温、热带地区。然而,基于生物学或形态学差异,飞蝗仅在中国就鉴定出了3个亚种,而在世界范围内则存在至少9个亚种———这跟其迁飞能力是相矛盾的,学术界对此也一直存留争议。张德兴教授的研究团队（中国科学院动物研究所分子生态学和进化研究组）运用分子生态学的研究手段,从多个独立微卫星DNA位点对覆盖飞蝗中国分布区的25个样点的1300多个标本进行综合分析。他们发现,尽管飞蝗具有很强的迁飞扩散能力,中国的飞蝗确实分为北方种群、南方种群和西藏种群3个具有显著遗传差别的种群,但是与传统认识不同的是,广布于中国中、东部的飞蝗并非东亚飞蝗,而是应隶属于亚洲飞蝗亚种。该研究成果一方面验证了飞蝗经典分类的一些结论,另一方面则指出对由Boris Petrovitch Uvarov（1889~1970）（被学界誉为“蝗虫之父”）在20世纪30年代建立的关于东亚飞蝗的有关权威观点进行修正的必要性。该研究团队还进一步分析飞蝗在中国形成和维持3个具有显著遗传差别的种群的原因,指出：历史生物地理学因素可能是导致形成这3个地理种群的关键原因,特别是更...     

Identification of pheromone-like compounds in male reproductive organs of the oriental locust Locusta migratoria

Despite the great economical interest of locusts in agriculture, knowledge on their chemoreception systems is still poor. Phenylacetonitrile is recognised as a pheromone of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria, triggering gregarization, promoting aggregation and inhibiting courtship. However, in the other major locust species, Locusta migratoria, pheromones have not been reported. We have identified the two isomers of naphthylpropionitrile from the male reproductive organs of L. migratoria. Chemical synthesis has confirmed the identity of the two compounds. Both isomers show significant affinity to CSP91, a protein reported in the testis, but not to three other proteins of the same family (CSP180, CSP540 and CSP884) expressed in female accessory glands. The striking similarity of these compounds with phenylacetonitrile and the unusual nature of such chemicals strongly suggest that naphthylpropionitrile could be pheromones for L. migratoria, while their site of expression and binding activity indicate a role in communication between sexes.     

The courtship-inhibiting pheromone is ignored by female-deprived gregarious desert locust males

Gregarious mature males of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) emit a courtship-inhibiting pheromone continuously to repel rivals. This signal evokes a strong response from males with recent experience of mature females. However, if males have been female deprived for some time, they start to ignore the pheromone and attempt to usurp females that are guarded by males. The probability and intensity with which males struggle for an occupied mate was found to depend on the time previously spent without a female. This adaptive behaviour is similar to the response to host-marking pheromones in phytophagous insects and parasitoids.     

Fecal volatile components elicit aggregation in the oriental migratory locust,Locusta migratoria manilensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Abstract The aggregation components from fecal volatiles of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis were identified with gas chromatographic/electroantennographic detector (GC‐EAD), GC‐MS (mass spectrometry) analyses and behavioral bioassays. Both last instar nymphs and adults of the oriental migratory locust have similar aggregation pheromones in their volatiles. A total of 11 electrophysiologically active compounds, namely, hexanal, cyclohexanol, heptanal, phenol, 2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, guaiacol, nonanal, 2,6,6‐trimethyl‐2‐cyclohexene‐1,4‐dione and decyl aldehyde were identified in the fecal volatiles of 2‐day‐old immature adult male locusts. Only hexanal, nonanal, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanol and 2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine elicited significant aggregation responses in immature 2‐day‐old adult males. However, adult males had significantly lower behavioral responses to synthetics of five single compounds than the blend of cyclohexanol, 2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine, benzaldehyde, nonanal, hexanal in ratios of 100: 100: 2: 60: 30 in the range of 30–60 μg/mL. We propose that it is the blend of these five compounds that plays a key role in eliciting and sustaining aggregation in gregarious oriental migratory locusts. These results also showed that the aggregation pheromones of the oriental migratory locust are significantly different from those found in the desert locust.     

天牛成虫信息素及嗅觉感受机制研究进展

评述了天牛成虫信息素及嗅觉感受机制的研究进展。天牛雌、雄成虫均可释放性信息素,迄今已对31种天牛的性信息素进行了研究,其中完成组分鉴定的有13种。天牛性信息素包括长距离、短距离和接触性信息素3种类型。天牛性信息素存在变异现象,同种天牛分布在不同地区,其性信息素组分之间存在差异。触角是天牛感受性信息素的主要器官,也是判别成虫通讯方式的形态指标,性信息素发达的种类其触角常具显著的性二型现象。天牛利用寄主信息素（如萜烯类、醇类和酯类）寻找寄主。性信息素和寄主信息素在林间复合使用可提高诱捕率。天牛信息素还包括异种信息素、忌避信息素和产卵干扰素,能够提高天牛寄主定位效率。天牛触角嗅觉感受的神经细胞（RNs）有3类,气味信息经神经细胞群传输至中枢神经系统,神经信号按标记路线或交叉纤维样式输导。天牛气味结合蛋白（OBP）方面的研究尚未见报道。     

Chemical characterization of sex pheromones and their biosynthetic intermediates

One of the major problems in studies on olfaction is that ofdefining a relevant stimulus. In the context of insect sex pheromones,this problem is that of defining a phermone component. In recentyears, a wealth of information has been obtained on the biosyntheticpathways by which sex pheromones are produced. Several ruleshave emerged that have allowed generalizations concerning theevolution of phermone blends within taxonomic groups. Severaladvances in analytical techniques have allowed precise and reliableidentification of sex pheromones With the appropriate technologyand the knowledge obtained from comparative studies betweentaxonomic groups, it is now possible to determine with a highdegree of accuracy what the pheromone for a species is, andthus to define precisely the relevant stimulus for behavioraland electrophysical studies.     

木蠹蛾性信息素研究的进展

综述了木蠹蛾性信息素研究及在综合防治措施中应用的最新进展,重点评述了木蠹蛾性信息素的结构鉴定与化学结构。至今有4种木蠹蛾的性信息素被鉴定,另外还筛选出2种木蠹蛾的性诱剂。在我国,对木蠹蛾的防治,应采取化学防治、生物防治及使用人工合成性信息素或性诱剂诱捕法和迷向法综合防治措施。     

天牛性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂的研究与应用

由于目前所拥有的各种天牛防治方法都难以获得理想的防治效果,研发新型天牛控制技术势在必行。其中利用引诱剂是最具潜力的研究领域之一。对天牛的性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂3个方面的研究及应用作了综述。天牛雌、雄成虫均可释放性信息素进行两性间的通讯联系。天牛性信息素的分泌部位因天牛种类不同而存在着差异。雄、雌成虫触角上均有感受性信息素的感受器,但报道较多的是雄虫感受器。迄今已鉴定出13种天牛性信息素的化学结构。一般而言,天牛成虫的嗜食树种,对天牛具有较强的引诱作用,可作为诱饵树种使用。寄主植物的某些挥发性物质对天牛成虫也有独特的引诱效果。除此之外,对天牛性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂研究与应用中存在的困难也进行了讨论,并对它们的应用前景做了展望。     

Odorant-sensitive phospholipase C in insect antennae

Exogenous tritiated phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate added to antennal preparations from locust and cockroach was hydrolysed releasing inositol trisphosphate. High activity of phospholipase C was detected in the soluble as well as in the membrane fraction. At low free calcium concentrations hydrolysis of the labelled lipid was stimulated by odorants and pheromones in a GTP-dependent manner. Consequently the level of inositol trisphosphate in antennal preparations increased upon odorant stimulation.     

Ecology and migration patterns of solitary red locusts,Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serville) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southwestern Madagascar

Red locusts frequently cause crop damage in Madagascar. This problem has worsened in recent years, likely due to the intensive deforestation that is under way. Little is known about this locust In Madagascar, contrary to continental Africa. Several studies have been carried out in southwestern Madagascar, where locust damage is regularly reported, with the aim of determining the cause of recent outbreaks and improving control strategies—they included surveys of rural inhabitants and an analysis of over 25 years of archival data at the Centre national antiacridien (Malagasy locust control centre). The results revealed several zones between which the red locust—a single-generation species that undergoes imaginal diapause in the dry season—seasonally migrates on a northeast to southwest track, and vice versa, depending on rainfall and wind patterns. The migration dynamics and interannual variations associated with rainfall irregularity certainly partially account for the recurrence of red locust outbreaks in Madagascar.     

Characterization and PCR multiplexing of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the locust Locusta migratoria

Because of the scarcity of polymorphic genetic markers available in locust species, only a few population genetics studies have been carried out on this taxon. We isolated and characterized 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the pest locust Locusta migratoria capito, and described experimental conditions for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) multiplexing and simultaneously genotyping these loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from six to 25, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.431 to 0.957. Results of cross‐taxon amplification tests are reported in six other Locusta migratoria subspecies, six species of the Oedipodinae subfamily and two other pest locust species.