植物法生物修复PAHs和矿物油污染土壤的调控研究

选择苜蓿草为供试植物,以污染物含量水平、专性细菌和真菌及有机肥为调控因子,进行了植物法生物修复多环芳烃(PAHs)和矿物油污染土壤的调控研究。结果表明,PAHs和矿物油的降解率与有机肥含量呈正相关,增加有机肥5%,可提高矿物油降解率17.6%～25.6%,PAHs降解率9%.在植物存在条件下,土壤微生物降解功能增强。多环芳烃总量的平均降解率比无植物对照土壤提高2.0%～4.7%.投加特性降解真菌可不同程度地提高土壤PAHs总量和矿物油的降解率。真菌对萤蒽、芘和苯(a)蒽/(艹屈)的降解有明显促进作用。而细菌能明显提高苊稀/芴、蒽和苯(a)萤蒽/苯(k)萤蒽的降解率。     

土壤中多环芳烃的微生物降解及土壤细菌种群多样性

利用室内模拟方法,研究中、低浓度多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的微生物修复效果,阐明土壤微生物（接种和土著）与PAHs降解的关系.结果表明:投加PAHs高效降解菌可以促进土壤中PAHs的降解,2周内效果显著;典型PAHs降解的难易程度依据为：菲<蒽<芘<苯并(a)芘和屈;细菌种群丰度和多样性均与PAHs降解呈负相关关系,同一处理细菌种群结构随时间变化不大.对于中、低浓度PAHs原位污染土壤,增强土著菌的活性是提高土壤PAHs降解率的有效途径之一.     

多环芳烃降解菌的筛选与降解能力测定

从本溪多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中经富集培养筛选出8株PAHs降解菌,研究了8株菌及其等比例混合培养对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解能力。结果表明,在28℃,培养基中菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的浓度分别为50、50和5mg·L-1的复合底物条件下,培养28d后,菌株B3的降解效果最好,对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为88.4%、54.0%和68.4%,8株菌的混合培养对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为87.7%、35.3%和42.0%;经生理生化实验和16SrRNA序列比对,初步鉴定B3菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。     

油田区多环芳烃污染盐碱土壤活性微生物群落结构解析

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是土壤中广泛存在的、美国环保总署(USEPA)优先控制的一类有毒(致癌、致突变)的持久性污染物,主要来源于人类活动。土壤微生物多样性是表征土壤质量变化的敏感指标之一。磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)分析方法是基于活性微生物细胞膜的PLFAs组分的生化检测技术,克服了传统培养方法只能分离出少量微生物(1%)的缺点。采用PLFAs方法,解析了土壤活性微生物对PAHs污染胁迫的反应。结果表明,土壤微生物分布情况可分为4种类型:Ⅰ型,微生物PLFAs种类最多,占该区土壤微生物PLFAs种类总数的57.7%,PAHs对变量的解释量最小;Ⅱ型,微生物PLFAs占PLFAs总数的30.8%,PAHs对变量的解释量较小;Ⅲ型,微生物PLFAs种类占总数的7.68%,PAHs对变量的解释量较大;Ⅳ型,微生物PLFAs的种类仅占总数的3.85%,PAHs对变量的解释量最大。相关性分析表明:土壤微生物PLFAs的种类、生物量和生态多样性指数与土壤中萘(Nap)、芴(Flu)、蒽(Ant)、苯并[K]荧蒽(Bkf)、苯并[a]芘(Bap)、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(Ind)的相对含量呈负相关关系;与苊(Ace)、菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)、芘(Pyr)、苯并[a]蒽(Baa)的相对含量呈正相关关系;与PAHs的种类和浓度呈负相关关系。结果将为开展PAHs污染土壤的生态风险评价和微生物生物修复技术研究提供理论依据。     

石油污染土壤中菲、蒽和正十六烷的微生物降解

在模拟自然条件下,考察了芳香烃(菲、蒽)和脂肪烃(正十六烷)单独存在以及共存于土壤中时,土著微生物对它们降解的影响。结果表明,土著微生物对它们的降解均符合一级反应动力学。菲、蒽或正十六烷单独存在于土壤中时,其微生物降解速率常数分别为0.0226、0.0283和0.0096 d^-1。菲和正十六烷共存时,正十六烷能够作为土著微生物降解菲的共代谢底物,促进菲的降解,使菲的半衰期比其单独存在于土壤中缩短44%;同时,正十六烷的加氧酶被菲诱导,使其活性提高而增强对正十六烷的降解作用,其微生物降解半衰期比其单独存在于土壤中缩短49%。菲和蒽共存促进了土著微生物对菲的降解,却抑制了对蒽的降解。     

污染土壤中苯并(a)芘的微生物降解途径研究进展

苯并(a)芘(BaP)是一种具有强致癌、致畸和致突变的多环芳烃(PAHs)。为了修复BaP污染的土壤,探索其降解途径是很重要的。为此,综述了国内外有关污染土壤中苯并(a)芘的微生物降解情况,对不同真菌、细菌降解苯并(a)芘的能力、代谢途径、共代谢底物以及环境影响因素进行了介绍和比较,提出了苯并(a)芘中间代谢产物的累积及其环境毒性方面的研究是修复苯并(a)芘污染土壤的重要方向。     

一株产漆酶土壤真菌F-5的分离及土壤修复潜力

漆酶因可氧化许多种有机污染物,在土壤污染修复方面的应用潜力受到广泛重视。筛选具有较高漆酶活性的土壤真菌,可以为污染土壤修复提供生物资源。通过培养基中愈创木酚颜色反应,从土壤中筛选获得1株真菌菌株F-5。18S rRNA基因序列显示该菌株属于巨座壳科(Family Magnaporthaceae)。单因素试验和正交试验结果显示,蔗糖和蛋白胨分别是最有利于该菌产漆酶的碳源和氮源。在适当培养条件下,真菌F-5培养液酶活性可达4033U/L,表现出该菌具有较强的产漆酶能力。在多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的生物修复中,真菌F-5可使土壤中苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽等高环、高毒性多环芳烃降解,并使土壤多环芳烃毒性当量大幅降低。因此,真菌F-5适合修复PAHs污染土壤。     

一株高分子量多环芳烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性研究

采用富集培养方法从多环芳烃污染土壤中筛选分离得到1株能以苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株.形态特征观察和16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,该菌株为副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.),编号为HPD-2.HPD-2在3.0 mg/L的B[a]P液体培养基中生长较慢,培养5 d后B[a]P的降解率为89.7%.同时,该菌株对四环的芘和荧蒽也具有较好的降解能力,培养7 d后芘和荧蒽的降解率分别达到47.2%和84.5%.可见,该菌株对高分子量PAHs具有很好的降解潜力.     

固定化引进菌降解土壤中芘和苯并(a)芘的效果比较

将引进菌用于有机污染土壤中芘和苯并(a)芘的生物修复,目的是使引进菌在环境工程中的利用成为可能.通过对引进的3株细菌进行固定化包埋,研究了它们对土壤中芘和苯并(a)芘的降解效果.结果表明,引进菌驯化固定后,无论是单株菌还是混合菌对污染物的降解都明显高于游离菌,与土著固定菌相比,部分引进菌具有一定的优势.通过不同时间采样点的对比分析可以看出,引进菌混合固定后对污染物的降解效果相对较好,在96 h时B61B67对芘和苯并(a)芘的降解率分别为43.49%和38.55%.     

煤矿污染土壤降解苯并(a)芘微生物多样性及降解能力研究

以苯并(a)芘(50 mg/L)为唯一碳源,对新疆芦草沟煤矿开采区土壤微生物进行3代胁迫培养(每代60 d);采用PCR-DGGE方法了解不同污染程度土样中降解苯并(a)芘的微生物类群和多样性特点;利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定胁迫培养每代培养物混合菌群对苯并(a)芘的降解能力。PCR-DGGE结果显示:不同污染程度原始样品与苯并(a)芘胁迫培养第3代培养物的微生物香浓指数(H)、丰度(S)和均匀度(E)有所不同,其中重度污染培养物降解苯并(a)芘的微生物类群最丰富。对优势条带进行克隆,其主要归属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。经HPLC检测发现重度污染样品中的群体微生物对苯并(a)芘的降解率明显高于轻度和中度污染样品,达到78.4%。研究表明新疆芦草沟煤矿开采区污染的土壤中可能蕴藏着降解苯并(a)芘的微生物资源。     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

Identification of specific binding sites for leukotriene C4 in human fetal lung

Specific leukotriene C₄ (LTC₄) binding sites were identified in membrane preparations from human fetal lung. Specific binding of [³H]-LTC₄ represented 95 percent of total binding, reached steadystate within 10 minutes and was rapidly reversible upon addition of excess unlabeled LTC₄. Binding assays were performed at 4°C under conditions which prevented metabolism of [³H]-LTC₄ (80 mM serineborate, 10 mM cysteine, 10 mM glycine). Under these conditions, greater than 95 percent of the membrane bound radioactivity, as analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, co-eluted with the LTC₄ standard. Computer-assisted analyses of saturation binding data showed a single class of binding sites with a dissociation constant (K_d) of 26 + 6 nM and a density (B_max) of 84 ± 18 pmol/mg protein. Pharmacological specificity was demonstrated by competition studies in which specific binding of [³H]-LTC₄ was displaced by LTC₄ and its structural analogs with inhibition constants (K_j) of 10 to 30 nM, whereas LTD₄, diastereoisomers of LTD₁, LTE₄ and the end organ antagonist FPL 55712 were 150 to 700 fold less potent competitors than LTC₄. These results provide evidence for specific, reversible, saturable, high affinity binding sites for [³H]-LTC₄ in human fetal lung membranes.     

多马胺能药物对鲇鱼促性腺激素（GtH）分泌活动的影响

以珠江流域鲇鱼（silurus asotus)为实验材料,研究了多巴胺（DA）能药物（DA及其D－2型受体拮抗物 ,DOM）对鲇鱼促性腺激素（GtH)释放的影响,结果表明,在性腺发育的各个时期,单独注射DOM（5ug/g)均不能显著提高鲇鱼血液基础GtH水平,当DOM与LHRH－A联合注射时能显著增强LHRH－A刺激GtH释放的作用;DA只能抑制GnRH诱导的GtH释放,对基础GtH释放无抑制作用,这种生殖内分泌调节方式与鲇形目的革胡子鲇（Clarias gariepinus)和大鳍Hu（Mystus macropterus)相似,而与鲤形目的鲁科（Cyrpindiae)鱼类不同。     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

Interactions of an antitumor platinum compound with deoxyribonucleic acid, histones, L-amino acids, poly-L-amino acids, nucleosides and nucleotides

Interaction of cis-dichloro(dipyridine)platinum(II) (cis-PPC) with calf thymus DNA, calf thymus histone, l-amino acids, poly-l-amino acids, nucleosides, and nucleotides has been evaluated by equilibrium dialysis technics. At least a 28 % decrease in the association of cis-PPC with DNA occurs when the platinum compound is pre-incubated with l-amino acids. The greatest decrease in association is seen upon pre-incubation of the platinum compound with the free amino acids. Glut, Asp, Lys, Arg, and CySH, before the addition of a sack containing a solution of DNA. The low level of association between DNA and the amino acids tends to rule out competition between cis-PPC and amino acids for DNA association sites. cis-PPC was repelled from sacks containing positively charged poly-l-Lys, poly-l-Arg, and calf thymus histone; however, in the presence of poly-l-Glut and poly-l-Asp, cis-PPC associated with these negatively charged polymers to a considerable degree. Enhanced chloride dissociation from cis-PPC was observed in the presence of all of the amino acids and the nucleotides GMP, CMP, UMP, and TMP, but not in the presence of AMP or the nucleosides rG and dG. In the presence of calf thymus histone, the association of cis-PPC with calf thymus DNA was reduced by more than 50% at histone/DNA ratios of 0.8–1.0.These data suggest that cis-PPC or cis-Pt(II) may associate with electron-rich areas of not only nucleic acids and proteins but also with body pools of free nucleotides and amino acids. The presence of positively charged histones shielding DNA strands in vivo suggests that the most probable point of platinum-DNA association would be at de-repressed areas of DNA which are undergoing RNA synthesis. The aquated form of the platinum complex may also associate with acidic proteins which appear to be involved in the positive control of RNA synthesis and, as a result, this interaction may be of pharmacological significance.     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets – iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine

The diets of over two-thirds of the world's population lack one or more essential mineral elements. This can be remedied through dietary diversification, mineral supplementation, food fortification, or increasing the concentrations and/or bioavailability of mineral elements in produce (biofortification). This article reviews aspects of soil science, plant physiology and genetics underpinning crop biofortification strategies, as well as agronomic and genetic approaches currently taken to biofortify food crops with the mineral elements most commonly lacking in human diets: iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I) and selenium (Se). Two complementary approaches have been successfully adopted to increase the concentrations of bioavailable mineral elements in food crops. First, agronomic approaches optimizing the application of mineral fertilizers and/or improving the solubilization and mobilization of mineral elements in the soil have been implemented. Secondly, crops have been developed with: increased abilities to acquire mineral elements and accumulate them in edible tissues; increased concentrations of 'promoter' substances, such as ascorbate, β-carotene and cysteine-rich polypeptides which stimulate the absorption of essential mineral elements by the gut; and reduced concentrations of 'antinutrients', such as oxalate, polyphenolics or phytate, which interfere with their absorption. These approaches are addressing mineral malnutrition in humans globally.