拟青霉菌代谢产物对菜粉蝶幼虫的生物活性

淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)甲醇萃取物柱层析活性馏分DM6和拟青霉(Paeecilomyces sp.)菌株X1甲醇萃取物柱层析活性馏分X1M5对菜粉蝶Pieris rapae(L.)4龄幼虫具有较强的选择性和非选择性拒食作用,处理后24h选择性AFC50分别为5.8652mg/mL和3.5239mg/mL,非选择性AFC50分别为9.0095mg/mL和14.0234mg/mL。饲喂法、注射法、点滴法测定结果表明,DM6和X1M5对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫具有较强的毒杀活性,其中注射法处理后72h,DM6和X1M5对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫的LD50分别为0.1846μg/头和0.6784μg/头。DM6和X1M5以5.0mg/mL饲喂法处理菜粉蝶3龄幼虫后,试虫生长发育受到强烈的抑制作用,发育抑制率分别为73.34%和63.30%。这些结果对于进一步研究拟青霉菌杀虫活性成分具有重要参考意义。     

番荔枝内酯化合物布拉它辛对斜纹夜蛾的杀虫活性及对SL细胞的致凋亡作用

为了明确番荔枝内酯化合物布拉它辛的杀虫活性和探索杀虫作用机理,本研究采用浸叶法测定该化合物对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫的生物活性,采用MTT检测法和流式细胞术,研究该化合物对斜纹夜蛾离体培养卵巢细胞（SL细胞）的细胞毒力和致细胞凋亡作用,以及对SL细胞线粒体膜电位的影响。结果表明: 布拉它辛不仅对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有良好的拒食活性,处理后24 h,对2龄和3龄幼虫的AFC₅₀值分别为60.25 μg/mL和86.73 μg/mL,还对幼虫生长有良好的抑制作用。布拉它辛处理SL细胞后24 h和48 h,IC50值分别为22.32 μg/mL和10.03 μg/mL。流式细胞仪检测结果表明,布拉它辛对SL细胞具有明显的致凋亡作用,可导致SL细胞线粒体膜电位显著下降。本研究表明布拉它辛对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有良好的拒食活性与生长抑制作用, 并且该化合物能明显抑制SL细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,降低线粒体膜电位。因此,布拉他辛具有广阔的研究应用前景。     

C12-水解印楝素A的制备、结构鉴定及生物活性

C12-水解印楝素A是将印楝素A C12位上的-COOCH3水解为-COOH而得到的印楝素衍生物。处理后24h和48h,C12-水解印楝素A对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫AFC50分别为3．44μg／mL和6．89μg／mL。处理后48h,3μg／mL C12-水解印楝素A对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的拒食率为73．59％,5μg／mL C12-水解印楝素A对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的拒食率为67．76％。3μg／mL C12-水解印楝素A处理后72h,小菜蛾3龄幼虫的校正死亡率为78．16％;5μg／mL C12-水解印楝素A处理后72h,棉铃虫3龄幼虫的校正死亡率为58．69％。     

杠柳毒素NW的杀虫活性

杠柳毒素NW是从杠柳(Periploca sepium Bunge)中分离的新化合物,是其主要的杀虫成分。对杠柳毒素NW的杀虫活性进行了测定,结果表明:杠柳毒素NW对小地老虎无明显的胃毒活性,对3龄的小菜蛾、粘虫和菜粉蝶幼虫均有较强的胃毒活性,处理后24h的致死中浓(LC50)分别是866.17,927.92和1107.08mg·L-1;对上述供试昆虫均无明显的触杀活性。此外,杠柳毒素NW对棉蚜、棉红蜘蛛及卫生害虫家蝇3龄幼虫和淡色库蚊3龄幼虫均有很好的毒杀活性,处理后24h的LC50分别为1743.17,2179.49,714.94和653.29mg·L-1。     

银杏外种皮提取液对菜粉蝶幼虫的毒力研究

用银杏外种皮水煮提取液进行室内菜粉蝶毒力实验和田间药效测定试验。结果表明,相当于0.75g/ml的银杏外种皮提取液对菜粉蝶3龄幼虫室内浸虫试验,幼虫死亡率为76.6%,浸叶饲喂健虫的幼虫死亡率为63.3%。0.15g/ml银杏外种皮提取液对菜粉蝶3龄幼虫室内浸虫试验,幼虫死亡率为53.3%,浸叶饲喂健虫死亡率为43.3%。0.75g/ml的银杏外种皮提取液对菜粉蝶5龄幼虫室内浸虫试验,幼虫死亡率仅为33.3%。0.75g/ml银杏外种皮提取液对菜粉蝶3龄幼虫田间药效测定,其幼虫死亡率为64%,校正防治效果为63.6%。     

四种农药对小菜蛾体温的影响

【目的】本研究旨在为阐明小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella体温在其防治中的应用价值提供资料。【方法】在不同人工气候箱内温度(环境温度)下,测定小菜蛾2, 3和4龄幼虫的体温,建立各龄幼虫体温(y)与环境温度(x)的关系方程;同时测定了不同环境温度下不同浓度阿维菌素、毒死蜱、氟虫腈和高效氯氰菊酯分别处理后小菜蛾3龄幼虫在不同处理时间的体温。【结果】小菜蛾2, 3和 4龄幼虫体温(y)与环境温度(x)关系方程分别为y＝0.95x+1.19(r=0.9463), y＝0.95x+1.18(r=0.9988),以及y＝0.93x+1.45(r=0.9989),等温点分别为22.16℃,21.40℃和21.41℃。在气候箱温度设定为15℃或40℃时,4种农药都对小菜蛾3龄幼虫体温无影响;而其他温度条件下,农药处理都可能改变小菜蛾3龄幼虫体温。对于阿维菌素,25℃下 2, 4和8 mg/L处理12 h,2和4 mg/L处理24 h, 0.5, 2, 4和8 mg/L处理36 h以及0.5, 1, 2和8 mg/L处理48 h时3龄幼虫体温均显著高于对照, 8 mg/L阿维菌素处理24 h时3龄幼虫体温显著低于对照;30℃下0.5 mg/L处理24 h及1 mg/L处理36 h 3龄幼虫体温显著低于对照,1 mg/L处理48 h和各浓度处理60 h时3龄幼虫体温均显著高于对照;35℃下只有1和8 mg/L处理48 h时3龄幼虫体温显著低于对照。对于毒死蜱,20℃下50, 200和800 mg/L处理24 h, 100, 400和800 mg/L处理36 h时3龄幼虫体温都显著低于对照;25℃下100和200 mg/L处理12h, 800 mg/L处理24 h, 100, 200和800 mg/L处理60 h时3龄幼虫体温均显著低于对照,而50, 100, 200和400 mg/L处理24 h, 100和200 mg/L处理36 h及100和400 mg/L处理48 h时3龄幼虫体温均显著高于对照;30℃下只有800 mg/L处理24 h时3龄幼虫体温显著低于对照,50, 100, 200和800 mg/L处理60 h时3龄幼虫体温显著高于对照。对于氟虫腈,20℃下只有0.5 mg/L处理36 h时3龄幼虫体温显著低于对照;25℃下 4 mg/L处理12 h和各浓度处理60 h时3龄幼虫体温显著低于对照,0.5 mg/L处理24 h以及0.25, 1和2mg/L处理48 h时3龄幼虫体温均显著高于对照;30℃下 0.25和0.5 mg/L处理12 h, 0.25和2 mg/L处理24h, 4 mg/L处理48 h以及2 mg/L处理60 h时3龄幼虫体温显著低于对照;35℃下只有0.25和0.5 mg/L处理60 h时3龄幼虫体温显著高于对照。对于高效氯氰菊酯,20℃下2和8 g/L处理36 h, 4和8 g/L处理48 h时3龄幼虫体温显著高于对照;25℃下 2, 4和8 g/L处理12 h时3龄幼虫体温均显著低于对照, 0.5, 4和8g/L处理24 h, 1, 4和 8 g/L处理36 h以及1, 2和4 g/L处理60 h时3龄幼虫体温均显著高于对照;30℃下 0.5和1 g/L浓度处理12 h, 0.5, 1, 4和8 g/L处理24 h以及1, 2和8 g/L处理60 h时3龄幼虫体温都显著低于对照。【结论】小菜蛾幼虫自律性体温调节能力低;阿维菌素、毒死蜱、氟虫腈或高效氯氰菊酯处理影响小菜蛾3龄幼虫的体温,影响形式随农药种类和浓度,环境温度及处理时间不同而不同。本研究拓宽了农药毒理学及害虫防治研究内容。     

豆薯种子中的杀虫成分及其毒力测定

为明确豆薯Pachyrrhizus erosus (L.) Urban种子中的杀虫成分及其杀虫毒力,以白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus 4龄幼虫为目标昆虫,在活性跟踪的基础上,通过多种色谱技术和核磁共振技术分离鉴定其化学成分结构,并通过浸渍法、点滴、夹毒叶碟法等测定各化合物对白纹伊蚊幼虫、棉蚜Aphis gossypii无翅成蚜、甘薯天蛾Herse convolvuli幼虫和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫的杀虫活性和作用方式。结果表明,从豆薯种子中共分离、鉴定了14个化合物,即12a-hydoxyrotenone,pachyrrhizine,12a-hydoxypachyrrhizone,12α-dehydropachyrrizone,α-naphthoflavone,7-methoxyflavanone,12α-hydroxydolineone,6-methoxyflavone,4′-hydoxyflavanone,quercetin dihydate,5-methoxyflavone,7-hydroxyflavone,3′-hydoxyflavanone和3-hydroxyflavone。上述化合物中的前7个化合物对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫具有毒杀活性, 处理24 h的LC₅₀分别是25.0,51.1,196.2,48.4,98.9,107.2 和15.6 mg/L;前6个化合物对棉蚜成虫24 h 的毒力分别为1.5,10.9,80.7,8,32.1和112.8 mg/L;前5个化合物以及12α-hydroxydolineone对甘薯天蛾3龄幼虫有毒杀活性;12α-hydoxyrotenone对3龄小菜蛾幼虫24 h的胃毒毒力LD₅₀为17.3 μg/头,7-methoxyflavanone对该虫仅表现出较弱的生长发育抑制活性。首次从豆薯种子中分离得9个化合物,即6-methoxyflavone,4′-hydoxyflavanone,quercetin dihydate,α-naphthoflavone,7-methoxyflavanone,5-methoxyflavone,7-hydroxyflavone,3′-hydoxyflavanone和3-hydroxyflavone;豆薯种子含有7个活性成分,其作用方式因目标昆虫不同而不同,其主要杀虫成分不是鱼藤酮而是12α-羟基鱼藤酮。     

泽漆乙醇提取物对十星瓢萤叶甲幼虫的拒食作用研究

研究结果表明泽漆乙醇提取物对十星瓢萤叶甲3龄幼虫有明显的拒食作用。拒食率随着浓度的增加而升高,而拒食效果随时间的延长而降低。选择性拒食作用中,24h和48h的AFC50分别为2600mg·L^-1和3698mg·L^-1;完全拒食作用中,24h和48h的AFC50分别为3749mg·L^-1和2754mg·L^-1。     

爵床的甲醇提取物对小菜蛾的生物活性作用

为探明爵床(Justicia procumbens)甲醇提取物对小菜蛾的生物活性,采用室内生测法测定了爵床甲醇提取物对小菜蛾的触杀、拒食、胃毒、生长发育抑制和产卵忌避作用。结果表明,爵床甲醇提取物对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强的触杀、拒食、胃毒和生长发育抑制活性,对小菜蛾成虫具有较强的产卵忌避活性。在触杀试验中,药后1、2 d和3 d爵床甲醇提取物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为5.17、4.05和3.06 mg/m L;在拒食试验中,药后1 d和2 d提取物对3龄幼虫的选择性拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为2.64和3.13 mg/m L,药后1 d和2 d提取物对3龄幼虫的非选择性拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为3.70、4.54 mg/m L;在胃毒试验中,药后4、5、6 d和7 d提取物对3龄幼虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为8.13、3.65、2.88、2.23 mg/m L;在生长发育抑制试验中,药后1 d和2 d提取物对3龄幼虫的抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为2.02、1.40 mg/m L;在产卵忌避试验中,药后1、2 d和3 d提取物对小菜蛾成虫的选择性产卵忌避中浓度(AOC50)分别为2.61、3.66、4.58 mg/m L,药后1、2和3 d提取物对小菜蛾成虫的非选择性产卵忌避中浓度(AOC50)分别为3.19、4.52、5.65 mg/m L。由此证实,爵床提取物对小菜蛾具有显著的毒杀活性,具有开发为新型高效、低毒植物源农药的潜在价值。     

瑞香狼毒提取物对昆虫生物活性的研究

就瑞香狼毒根乙醇提取物（简称SCEE）对菜粉蝶,桃蚜,小菜蛾,斜纹夜蛾和亚洲玉米螟的生物活性进行测定。采用夹毒法测定,SCEE处理2天后菜粉蝶五龄幼虫胃毒作用的LD50为12.32mg／头,采用叶碟法测定当SCEE浓度分别为5,10和50mg/mL时,处理7天后菜粉蝶五龄幼虫,小菜蛾三龄幼虫和斜纹夜蛾三龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为100％、65．52％和16．67％。采用浸叶法测定,SCEE处理2天后,桃蚜的LC50值为0.5922mg/mL。采用食料混药法测定,处理7天和14后,SCEE对亚洲玉米螟三岭幼虫的校正死亡率分别65．52％和85．52％,以上结果表明SCEE对菜粉蝶幼虫,亚洲玉米螟幼虫和桃蚜具有很强的生物活性,而对斜纹夜蛾幼虫和小菜蛾幼虫的生物活性弱。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).