A型肉毒毒素注射影响情绪加工的认知神经机制

A型肉毒毒素（简称肉毒素）可引起可逆的局部肌肉麻痹，注射于特定面部肌肉可影响个体的情绪体验，还会干扰个体对情绪性材料（面部表情、语言文字和视频）中情绪信息的加工。认知神经科学研究发现，注射肉毒素会影响杏仁核的激活，影响奖赏系统的功能，以及其他大脑皮层的认知神经功能。面部反馈假说和社会反馈假说分别从个体与社会层面对肉毒素的作用加以解释：注射肉毒素使被注射者的肌肉反馈减少，弱化相应情绪的体验和加工；人际交往中，面部模仿使观察者的情绪体验与被注射者趋同，反过来同样影响被注射者的情绪体验。基于已有研究，本文提出面部反馈与社会反馈的整合模型对注射肉毒素影响情绪加工的认知神经机制进行系统阐释。未来研究可拓展相关的研究范式和方法，关注肉毒素注射对不同层面和水平的情绪加工的影响，及其相应的认知神经机制，进一步明确面部反馈与社会反馈的相互作用，并且考察肉毒素用于抑郁症等心理疾病治疗的作用机制。     

面孔社会性线索的加工机制

本文旨在综述面孔社会性线索加工的神经机制。通过系统回顾面孔社会性线索相关的研究,分别从面孔情绪、面孔吸引力、眼睛注视方向和面孔朝向以及唇读四个角度阐述其加工的神经机制。首先简要阐述了人类大脑对面孔刺激的一般加工机制,包括下颞叶梭状回面孔区、颞上沟后部面孔区和枕下回的枕叶面孔区等脑区在加工面孔刺激中的功能。接下来探讨了大脑对情绪面孔的加工。情绪面孔加工主要包括对面孔的知觉编码和情绪编码。研究显示,除了视觉皮层的面孔加工区之外,杏仁核在情绪编码中具有重要作用。神经系统对面孔表情的反应受到情绪类型、情绪面孔的动态性以及情绪面孔阈下呈现等因素的影响。在面孔吸引力加工方面,研究表明高吸引力面孔会激活奖赏相关的神经环路,但是吸引力对神经活动的具体影响目前仍存在争议。对面孔吸引力的神经反应可能受实验任务类型、观察者性取向和性别、观察者心理因素、面孔其他社会线索等因素的调节。眼睛注视方向和面孔朝向线索则和视觉注意有关,其神经加工系统除了包括面孔加工区外,还包括和注意相关的顶内沟等区域。关于唇读的研究则表明唇读在言语知觉中具有重要作用,可以激活听觉皮层和言语相关皮层。最后,一方面总结了以上各方面实验证据对面孔信息加工理论的支持和改善作用,另一方面进一步探讨了特殊人群中这些加工存在的缺陷,并指出了该领域未来的研究方向。     

情绪面孔注意偏向的加工机制:愤怒和快乐优势效应

由于情绪信息在个体社交生活中的重要地位,情绪面孔的注意偏向问题已成为当今注意研究领域中的一个热点问题。然而,目前对于情绪面孔注意偏向加工机制的问题还存在很大争论。即使采用相似的实验程序和刺激材料,不同研究者获得的研究结果仍不一致或存在冲突。部分结果表明,愤怒面孔会自动吸引注意,表现愤怒优势效应;相反,越来越多的证据支持存在注意偏向的是快乐面孔而非愤怒面孔,即存在快乐优势效应。本文对支持不同优势效应的行为和认知神经科学证据进行整合,指出刺激材料选择、实验程序设定以及加工进程这三个方面的差异可能是造成这两种优势冲突的主要原因。根据既往研究的对比分析,未来还需要进一步对实验材料和程序进行控制,并结合认知神经科学技术手段对愤怒和快乐优势效应的加工机制进一步深入研究,以解决其背后的争论。     

孤独症谱系障碍患者的面部表情敏感性缺陷:任务性质的影响与干预启示

大量研究指出,孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患者存在面部表情识别和理解的缺陷,这是患者社会功能受损的核心来源.对面孔表情具有情绪敏感性是理解与识别表情的先决条件,但ASD患者对面部表情的情绪敏感性迄今尚未得到系统分析.本文将ASD与面部表情知觉的相关研究按照实验任务类型进行了分类,发现该领域研究可划分为3种任务类型:外显表情观察任务、引导注视点观察任务和内隐表情观察任务.由此重点对比了ASD患者在3种任务类型下的行为,外周生理反应与脑激活模式.结果发现,ASD患者对面孔表情的情绪敏感性缺陷主要体现在外显表情观察与引导注视点观察任务中.相比上述两种要求被试有意注意面孔表情特征的任务,ASD患者在内隐表情观察任务中能对面部表情表现出与正常被试相似或更大的注意偏向及杏仁核激活.这提示ASD患者并非完全缺乏对面部表情的情绪敏感性;而很可能是在有意注意表情的条件下,该群体的面孔适应困难使之产生了对面孔情绪特征的回避,故无法有效激活以杏仁核为核心的情感神经环路.据此,本文提出了对ASD患者的表情敏感性缺陷的干预设想,即通过无意识地、内隐地训练ASD患者维持对面孔情绪特征的注意很可能会改善其表情敏感性和面孔适应能力,这种方式对于ASD的临床干预和社会能力的提高或将具有重要意义.     

自传体记忆与阈下抑郁关系的神经机制研究

情绪对记忆的影响是十分重要的,记忆与情绪存在很多的相互作用,主要包括积极和消极两方面。本文从神经机制的角度论述了自传体记忆与情绪的关系,不同情绪状况的自传体记忆的大脑神经机制特征,积极情绪状况下,记忆效果比较好;但消极情绪状态下,记忆效果比较差。其次,自传体记忆是关于个人自己生活事件的记忆;阈下抑郁一般指的是具有抑郁症状,但达不到抑郁诊断标准的个体。阈下抑郁作为一种常见的消极情绪状况对于记忆的影响也是很明显的,尤其是对于自传体记忆的干扰具有明显的情绪一致性效应,既消极情感的视角看待所有的自传体记忆。本文重点分析了阈下抑郁对自传体记忆影响的神经机制,包括脑成像、脑损伤以及临床研究方面的研究现状。最后对相关研究的不足和未来的展望做出了述评。     

面孔社会信息对注视提示效应的调制及其神经机制

眼睛注视是一种独特的非言语社会线索,能够诱发对生存和进化至关重要的注意效应。近年来,研究者采用中央线索提示范式及其变式,关注了面孔社会信息尤其是表情对这一注意效应的调节。面孔表情的调节作用与具体的表情类型有关,同时会受到任务因素和个体因素的影响。这一调节作用会随个体发展而逐渐成熟,与负责对面孔表情和注视方向各自及整合加工的机制相关,涉及到杏仁核和颞上沟脑区。除了面孔表情,其他面孔社会信息(如熟悉性和可信任度、优势度和社会地位、群体属性)也可以调节注视提示效应。这一调节可能涉及额叶视区、额顶注意网络。对面孔表情及其他社会信息调制注视提示效应的行为学证据及其神经机制进行系统综述,能够深化当前对面孔加工和注视提示效应间关系的理解,为社会认知障碍的临床诊断和干预提供参考。     

社会信息加工对瞳孔大小的调节及其机制

瞳孔大小作为反映个体心理状态的窗口在社会互动中担任着重要的角色。除了非社会性信息（如刺激物理属性等因素）加工被发现影响瞳孔大小变化之外,越来越多的文献指出,瞳孔大小与个体社会信息加工之间也存在密切关系。基于此,本文系统综述了社会性刺激（如面孔和生物运动）本身以及社会性刺激含有的情绪信息对于瞳孔大小的影响,总结出瞳孔大小变化不仅可以反映个体对社会信息的感知,同样可以体现个体对更为复杂的社会互动情境的加工。这种社会性信息加工相关的瞳孔大小变化主要涉及个体的情绪唤醒和社会性注意过程。此外,对于自闭症谱系患者这一在社会互动中存在障碍的特殊群体,有关研究发现其对社会性刺激存在异常的瞳孔反应模式。这一特异性为进一步采用瞳孔指标对自闭症进行早期诊断提供了支持,具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

年龄相关的情绪偏向效应的时间进程

来自记忆、注意和决策等领域的大量研究发现,在加工情绪刺激时老年人具有正性情绪偏向或负性情绪规避的特点.本研究采用oddball变式,将情绪面孔图片作为分心刺激呈现.实验过程中记录被试脑电,考察不同情绪效价对脑电波的影响,同时考察老年人在非任务相关条件下情绪加工和情绪调节的时间进程.研究发现,在相对早期时间窗口(270~460 ms),年轻组脑电不受情绪效价影响,而老年组中悲伤情绪面孔较之快乐和中性情绪面孔引发了一个更大的正成分(P3a).在晚期时间窗口(500~850 ms),年轻组中悲伤情绪面孔吸引了被试更多注意并引发了一个更大的正性慢波.相反,老年组在晚期加工阶段,情绪效价效应消失.研究揭示了老年人和年轻人在加工非任务相关的情绪刺激时存在的时间进程差异,年龄相关的正性情绪效应发生在晚期时间窗口,表现为年轻组的负性情绪偏向和老年组的无情绪偏向.研究结果为社会情绪选择理论提供了来自脑电数据的支持.     

年龄相关的情绪偏向效应的时间进程（英文）

来自记忆、注意和决策等领域的大量研究发现,在加工情绪刺激时老年人具有正性情绪偏向或负性情绪规避的特点.本研究采用oddball变式,将情绪面孔图片作为分心刺激呈现.实验过程中记录被试脑电,考察不同情绪效价对脑电波的影响,同时考察老年人在非任务相关条件下情绪加工和情绪调节的时间进程.研究发现,在相对早期时间窗口(270~460 ms),年轻组脑电不受情绪效价影响,而老年组中悲伤情绪面孔较之快乐和中性情绪面孔引发了一个更大的正成分(P3a).在晚期时间窗口(500~850 ms),年轻组中悲伤情绪面孔吸引了被试更多注意并引发了一个更大的正性慢波.相反,老年组在晚期加工阶段,情绪效价效应消失.研究揭示了老年人和年轻人在加工非任务相关的情绪刺激时存在的时间进程差异,年龄相关的正性情绪效应发生在晚期时间窗口,表现为年轻组的负性情绪偏向和老年组的无情绪偏向.研究结果为社会情绪选择理论提供了来自脑电数据的支持.     

情绪刺激影响源记忆的理论模型与研究进展

源记忆是对信息来源(例如信息获取的媒介和感觉通道)的记忆.情绪刺激是能使个体产生正性或负性情绪的刺激.已有研究所揭示的情绪刺激对源记忆的影响不尽相同.综合情绪刺激对源记忆影响的研究成果,阐述注意资源缩减理论和优先捆绑理论,并基于情绪刺激增强、减弱和不影响源记忆三种实验现象总结现有相关实验研究,指出现有研究存在的局限,并对未来研究进行展望.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.