两种忍冬属植物叶表皮扫描电镜观察及其生态适应性的研究

利用扫描电镜观察2种忍冬属植物的叶表皮形态特征,观察指标包括气孔器、表皮毛、表皮细胞等。扫描电镜观察结果表明:气孔仅分布在下表皮,气孔器散生并为无规则型;下表皮密被表皮毛(包括腺状毛和非腺毛);上表皮细胞的垂周壁呈沟槽状下陷;同时在下表皮还分布有瘤状的草酸钙簇晶。为进一步研究这2种忍冬属植物叶的形态解剖特征,通过光学显微镜观察发现,叶均为异面叶,栅栏组织发达,细胞长柱形;海绵组织细胞类圆形,排列紧密;叶脉机械组织发达。以上这些构造特征,都有利于减少植物体水分的散失,以适应我国西南岩溶区干旱环境特征。通过进一步分析电镜观察结果,发现在忍冬叶的上表皮中脉处有呈线状分布的腺状表皮毛,而华南忍冬叶的上表皮则无表皮毛分布,这一微形态特征可以作为二者种间特异性差别,从而为二者的合理区分提供一定的依据。     

弄拉典型峰丛岩溶区青冈栎叶片形态特征及对环境的适应

选取广西弄拉典型峰丛洼地生态系统中不同地貌类型的青冈栎 (Cyclobalanopsisglauca)叶片进行形态解剖特征比较分析 ,结果表明 :( 1 )峰丛洼地生态系统中不同地貌青冈栎叶片形态解剖特征差异显著。山顶青冈栎叶片部分表皮结构 (角质膜、表皮毛、表皮细胞、气孔 )趋向旱化。山顶青冈栎下表皮毛比山腰青冈栎的浓密且长。两者叶片的厚度和宽度、上表皮细胞个数、气孔指数、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度存在着显著性差异 ;位于山顶的青冈栎受到水分的胁迫 ,在形态解剖上呈现出中生偏旱的结构。 ( 2 )青冈栎的各种形态解剖指标说明在岩溶区青冈栎的抗旱性主要是通过抵御干旱来适应水分的胁迫 ,并主要取决于减少蒸腾失水和维持水分吸收能力两个方面     

西南岩溶地区黄荆和檵木叶片结构对其生态环境的响应

应用常规石蜡切片法对生长于桂林毛村岩溶区和非岩溶区的黄荆(Vitex negundo)和檵木(Loropetalumchinense)的解剖特征进行了比较研究,并对两区的黄荆叶片表皮形态进行了扫描电镜观察.结果显示:(1)两地的黄荆叶片背面均有浓密的绒毛,但致密程度有差异,岩溶区黄荆叶片的气孔深藏于绒毛间隙,这种结构可减少水分蒸发,降低因岩溶干旱带来的水分缺失.(2)岩溶区黄荆和檵木的叶片厚度、上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织的厚度以及栅栏组织的致密程度均大于非岩溶区,这些特征有利于减少水分蒸腾.(3)岩溶区黄荆和檵木叶片的维管组织发达程度高于非岩溶区,有利于在蒸腾减小的情况下促进水分运输和营养元素的迁移,说明2种植物叶片结构特征在不同生境区的改变是其长期在岩溶区干旱环境条件下形成的适应性变化.     

旱生植物叶密生的表皮毛具有阻止水分蒸发的功能吗?

很多早生植物叶的上下表皮上分布着密生的表皮毛,使在其下面的气孔被遮盖着。所以长时期以来人们认为这种密生的表皮毛有阻碍叶表面空气的流通和阻止水分从气孔蒸发的功能。但是有些试验却证明某些生有密生表皮毛的植物的水分蒸发量反而比具有较少表皮毛的更高些(Johnson HB.BotRev1975,41:222),刚好与人们的习惯看法相反。实际上,水分可以通过质外(apoplast)或共质(symplast)的扩散途径从密生的表皮毛扩散出去。蒸发表面很大的表皮毛所蒸发的水分量可能会比由于气孔的被遮盖所减少的水分蒸发量要大,因此某些生有密生表     

中国干旱半干旱区荒漠植物叶片(或同化枝)表皮微形态特征

为了探讨荒漠植物叶片表皮微形态结构对长期荒漠环境的适应特征及其分类学意义, 应用扫描电镜对中国干旱半干旱荒漠区28科74属117种200多个自然居群的植物叶片(或同化枝)表皮微形态进行了研究。荒漠植物叶(或同化枝)表皮的基本特征是: 表皮附属物相当丰富, 包括大量的表皮绒毛、角质膜蜡质片层或晶体颗粒、表面瘤状或疣状突起以及相对下陷且密度较低的气孔器。对表皮微形态结构及附属物组成进行对比分析, 将荒漠植物粗分为11种基本类型, 包括表皮完全被形态各异的蜡质层或表皮毛覆盖、不同形态类型的表皮毛和蜡质层结合、蜡质层与不同分布类型的气孔器或表皮毛结合, 以及各种突起的表皮细胞与蜡质层的结合等。根据抗逆所依赖的表皮及其附属物微形态结构, 将荒漠植物适应环境胁迫的叶片表皮微形态分为6种主要类型, 它们分别依赖于表皮毛、角质层蜡质、表皮凹凸结构、表面突起、混生的附属物以及上下表皮异化特征。荒漠植物叶表皮微形态结构的适应特征是通过表皮附属物(绒毛和角质膜蜡质层)与表皮结构(凹凸、乳突和气孔器)的相互协调作用, 共同抵御强光、降低叶片的蒸腾来提高植物对干旱等不利环境的抗性。该研究在一定程度上阐明了荒漠植物对逆境的适应机理及其演化趋势, 并为优良固沙植物的筛选提供了理论依据。     

番荔枝科植物叶的比较解剖学

利用扫描电镜、叶表皮离析法和石蜡切片法研究了番荔枝科93种2变种植物叶片的形态结构.结果表明番荔枝科植物叶片形态结构具有较大相似性,如叶表面均具有表皮毛,表皮细胞具有晶体,气孔器为平列型,具2～6个副卫细胞,仅分布在远轴面,普遍具有败育气孔器,叶肉组织中普遍含有油细胞等,但表皮毛的类型,表皮细胞的形状,表皮细胞内晶体的类型和形态,叶肉组织的结构具有明显的属间和种间差异.     

北方地区藤本类忍冬叶表皮结构及其生态适应性比较研究

利用光镜和扫描电镜观察了8种在北京地区引种栽培成功的藤本类忍冬的叶表皮形态,观察指标包括气孔器、表皮毛、表皮细胞特征等.结合其在北京的栽培状况,发现叶片表皮形态和解剖结构与生态适应性之间有很强的相关性.自然分布广、适应性强的种在叶表皮形态上表现出气孔密度大、表皮细胞小、被毛或叶革质等特征.金银花、红白忍冬、淡红忍冬是8种忍冬中适应性最强的,具有推广应用价值.本研究为藤本类忍冬在北方地区推广应用提供了理论基础.     

黄耆属裂萼亚属6种植物叶表皮微形态特征研究

为了明确黄耆属裂萼亚属内部类群的关系,该研究采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,观察了黄耆属裂萼亚属6个组6种植物的叶表皮特征。结果表明:(1)在光学显微镜下,裂萼亚属6种植物的表皮毛密度、长度、臂长比以及气孔频率都存在较大差异:除莲山黄耆和地八角上表皮无毛外,其他种上下表皮都有毛分布并且下表皮毛密度较大;表皮毛臂长比在1.22~2.15之间;表皮毛的长度为104.7~902.0μm,同一个种的同一叶片上表皮毛长度差异在200~400μm之间,但上下表皮毛长度没有明显差别,其中短序组地八角的表皮毛长度最短(195.5μm),剑叶组鸡峰山黄耆的表皮毛长度最长(781.6μm)。(2)在光学显微镜下,裂萼亚属6种植物的表皮细胞形状和垂周壁式样也各不相同,其中灰叶黄耆和地八角垂周壁平直,莲山黄耆和鸡峰山黄耆为明显的波状,而斜茎黄耆和糙叶黄耆的垂周壁介于两者之间,相对应的表皮细胞形状分别为:多边形、不规则形和近多边形,这些特征可以作为物种鉴别的依据。(3)扫描电镜下,裂萼亚属6种植物的微形态特征基本一致,表皮毛均呈圆柱状,表面具有棱状条纹或乳头状突起,其中地八角的棱状条纹最为明显,其他各种之间的毛表面特征差异不明显;表皮细胞的蜡质层纹饰均为薄片状,气孔器外拱盖边缘平滑或微波状,其中地八角的气孔器周围角质层有明显的"T"型加厚。(4)比较不同环境下6种植物的气孔频率和密度发现,采自水边的地八角气孔频率最大,且上下表皮气孔频率一致,而采自黄土高原干旱地区鸡峰山黄耆的气孔频率却最小,与前人研究结果不一致。     

广西石韦属七种植物叶片结构与孢子形态的比较研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了石韦属7种植物叶片的形态结构。结果显示:7种植物的叶片均属异面叶,且具典型的旱生叶结构;表皮大多为复表皮,表皮细胞排列紧密,主脉表面覆有厚角质膜,表皮毛为星状毛,由多细胞组成;气孔集中分布于下表皮,气孔类型为围绕型,气孔器略下陷;孢子两侧对称,极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或超半圆形,表面饰纹为瘤状饰纹。石韦属7种植物的叶表皮细胞形状、表皮毛、表皮细胞垂周壁式样、气孔密度等解剖结构均表现出一定的种间差异,这些特征可为石韦属植物种间分类提供依据。     

黑龙江绣线菊属植物叶表皮形态结构的研究北大核心CSCD

利用扫描电子显微镜对黑龙江绣线菊属(Spiraea)15种植物成熟叶片表皮形态结构进行比较研究。结果表明:叶表皮细胞呈不规则形和多边形,垂周壁式样为平直弓形、深波状或浅波状;多数植物不具有表皮毛,少数植物上下表皮均具表皮毛或上表皮具有表皮毛;气孔器为无规则型、轮列型和不典型的辐射型且均位于叶的下表皮;气孔外拱盖内缘平滑、近平滑、波状和浅波状;气孔外拱盖单层或双层;保卫细胞两极无"T"型加厚。为该属植物的系统演化关系和植物分类学提供形态学理论依据。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.