基于文献计量分析的生态系统服务研究现状及热点

生态系统服务是生态学研究的核心和热点议题。近年来,各国和各相关机构对生态系统服务的研究力度不断加大。基于SCI-E和CNKI数据库,利用文献计量方法,分析了国内外生态系统服务研究的发展特征和变化趋势。研究结果表明:(1)国内外生态系统服务研究的发文量不断增加,发展态势良好。(2)发达国家是生态系统服务领域的主要研究力量,美国占据绝对领先地位;美国的加利福尼亚大学是主要研究机构;总体来看,国家和机构间的合作正在不断增强。(3)当前该领域的8类研究热点分别是生态系统服务机理研究,保护管理及可持续性、生物多样性、脆弱性、土地利用及景观变化、评估与模型、气候变化、政策与决策分析。从各个时期国内外研究热点整体分布情况来看,国际更侧重于生态系统服务及生态系统服务与人类福祉的依存关系的研究,国内则更加关注生态系统服务评估。(4)近年来中国在生态系统服务研究领域的国际地位有所提升,科研产出量显著增加,累积发文量居世界第5位,中国科学院是全球主要研究机构之一,但论文被引频次相对偏低,国际合作亟待加强和提升。     

基于GIS和遥感技术的生态系统服务价值评估研究进展

生态系统服务价值评估是当前生态系统管理领域研究的热点,密切联系着人类的生活福祉.本文系统综述了基于地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)技术的生态系统服务价值评估的研究进展,归纳为以下3个特征：生态经济学理论作为价值定量计算的核心方法被普遍采纳;GIS和RS在数据获取、时空分析和集成平台方面发挥着关键作用;运用生态系统服务功能机理模型模拟自然现象与人类活动之间的关系.根据目前该领域的研究现状及不足,提出了可扩展、分布式的集成研究框架--“生产线”框架,探讨了GIS和RS技术与生态系统服务价值评估集成研究的未来发展趋势.     

基于CiteSpace的陆地生态系统碳水耦合研究现状及趋势

在全球气候变化的背景下,陆地生态系统碳水耦合研究已引起世界各国学者和研究机构的广泛关注。基于Web of Science核心数据库,运用文献数据可视化应用软件CiteSpace对国际上有关陆地生态系统碳水耦合的研究现状进行分析,旨在探究研究热点及趋势,归纳研究主题演进,了解当前国际研究前沿。研究发现:(1)1999—2018年,关于陆地生态系统碳水耦合的研究论文数量呈现快速增加的趋势,后10年的增加速度快于前10年;形成了以Black TA、Yu GR、Chen JQ为主的核心作者群;中国科学院、中国科学院大学、美国林业局、加州大学伯克利分校、俄勒冈州立大学等发文数量居前的研究机构。(2)从共被引期刊和研究领域可以看出,陆地生态系统碳水耦合研究涉及环境科学与生态学、生态学、环境科学、气象与大气科学、林学、农学及水资源等领域,体现出综合性和交叉性特点。(3)在全球气候变化背景下,目前陆地生态系统碳水耦合关系的研究主要以通量观测站为依托,结合模型模拟、稳定同位素技术、涡度相关技术等研究手段,将单个通量站点联合扩展到多点联网格局,并结合GIS、遥感和模型等方法在面上进行观测与模拟,从而构建更大尺度的碳水资源评价模型。拓展和推移研究的空间尺度,预测时间尺度上的变异规律是近年来新兴的研究热点。     

长江三峡库区生态环境变化遥感研究进展

长江三峡库区是我国最重要的生态敏感区之一,受三峡水利工程和相关人类活动影响,其生态环境变化显著.揭示三峡库区生态系统结构、功能和生态过程的变化对于维护库区生态安全具有重要意义.生态环境遥感为此提供了关键途径,并在三峡库区生态环境研究中受到重视.现有的三峡库区生态环境变化遥感研究往往存在较大差异,难以有效反映生态环境变化和响应特征,加之生态本底和人类干扰活动的复杂性,三峡库区生态环境变化遥感研究仍面临诸多挑战.本文对库区环境变化遥感研究的发展阶段、研究尺度、遥感数据和方法等进行了系统总结,并从土地利用/覆盖变化、植被变化、水土安全、生态服务价值评价、生态系统健康与生态规划5个方面对库区生态环境变化遥感研究进展进行综述,在此基础上探讨了当前三峡库区生态环境变化遥感研究存在的问题,并提出未来研究中需重点关注的主要科学问题,以期为三峡库区生态环境管理和类似地区生态环境变化遥感研究提供参考.
     

The prominence of and biases in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research

The sub-discipline of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) has emerged as a central topic in contemporary ecological research. However, to date no study has evaluated the prominence and publication biases in BEF research. Herein we report the results of a careful quantitative assessment of BEF research published in five core general ecology journals from 1990 to 2007 to determine the position of BEF research within ecology, identify patterns of research effort within BEF research, and discuss their probable proximal and historical causes. The relative importance of BEF publications increased exponentially during the period analyzed and was significantly greater than the average growth of ecological literature, affirming the prominence of BEF as a current paradigm in ecology. However, BEF research exhibited a strong bias toward experimental studies on terrestrial plant communities, with significantly lower effort devoted to the functional aspects of biodiversity in aquatic systems, multiple trophic level systems, and animal or microbial communities. Such trends may be explained by a combination of methodological adequacy and historic epistemological differences in ecological thinking. We suggest that BEF researchers should direct more effort toward the study of aquatic systems and animal communities, emphasize long-term and trophically complex experiments, such as those with multi-trophic microbial communities, employ larger-scale field observational studies and increase the use of integrative and theoretical studies. Many technical and analytical methodologies that are already employed in ecological research, such as stable isotopes, paleobiology, remote sensing, and model selection criteria, can facilitate these aims. Overcoming the above-mentioned shortcomings of current BEF research will greatly improve our ability to predict how biodiversity loss will affect ecosystem processes and services in natural ecosystems.     

Ecosystem Service Valuations of Mangrove Ecosystems to Inform Decision Making and Future Valuation Exercises

The valuation of ecosystem services is a complex process as it includes several dimensions (ecological, socio-cultural and economic) and not all of these can be quantified in monetary units. The aim of this paper is to conduct an ecosystem services valuation study for mangroves ecosystems, the results of which can be used to inform governance and management of mangroves. We used an expert-based participatory approach (the Delphi technique) to identify, categorize and rank the various ecosystem services provided by mangrove ecosystems at a global scale. Subsequently we looked for evidence in the existing ecosystem services literature for monetary valuations of these ecosystem service categories throughout the biogeographic distribution of mangroves. We then compared the relative ranking of ecosystem service categories between the monetary valuations and the expert based analysis. The experts identified 16 ecosystem service categories, six of which are not adequately represented in the literature. There was no significant correlation between the expert based valuation (the Delphi technique) and the economic valuation, indicating that the scope of valuation of ecosystem services needs to be broadened. Acknowledging this diversity in different valuation approaches, and developing methodological frameworks that foster the pluralism of values in ecosystem services research, are crucial for maintaining the credibility of ecosystem services valuation. To conclude, we use the findings of our dual approach to valuation to make recommendations on how to assess and manage the ecosystem services provided by mangrove ecosystems.     

基于核算目的的生态系统服务估价方法研究进展

开展生态系统服务价值评估不仅是健全生态系统核算方法、完善已有核算体系的重要环节之一,也是加快生态文明体制改革、建设美丽中国的关键技术之一。然而,已有文献少有根据核算目的对生态系统服务的估价方法进行系统梳理并加以区分,这将会从需求侧造成对生态系统服务价值的高估,使不同部门之间的测度结果产生不一致。本文基于生态系统核算目的,对生态系统服务的估价方法展开综述。首先,从生态系统服务的内涵与价值入手,对生态系统服务价值的分类方法进行梳理,总结了生态系统服务经济单位的途径,以识别生态系统服务纳入国民经济核算体系的程度;其次,系统阐述了已有生态系统服务估价方法的内涵、适用范围和数据需求;再次,从生态系统核算的角度,探讨不同类型生态系统服务所适用的估价方法;最后,分析了当前研究存在的不足,并对未来研究予以展望。     

生态系统服务价值测度模式与方法

为了更好地权衡人类福祉与经济发展之间、生态系统各类服务之间的关系,加速生态系统服务价值评估成为全世界生态保护与可持续发展政策制定面临的首要难题。总结了原始价值评估和价值转移两类主要的生态系统服务评估测度模式,侧重概述了价值转移的涵义、类型、历史研究、应用限制及现有的可用于价值转移的有代表性的数据库,在此基础之上归纳两类测度模式的优势和普遍存在的局限性。总体而言,基于生态功能的原始评估更适用于地区尺度的精细化管理,评估准确但相对难度大、耗时长、成本高;基于相似生境的价值转移方法更适用于国家或区域尺度进行估判和分级,估值快速但相对信息少、不确定性大、影响因素多。其后还介绍了集成了一类或多类测度模式中不同方法的综合评估模型与工具。通过分析当前主流的评估方法与日益增长的评估需求之间的矛盾,结合生态系统服务级联,最终提出基于关键生态系统特征建立简化预测模型的评估思路,目的是为了简化传统评估过程、缩短评估周期,完善并发展以往的价值转移,推动生态系统服务多尺度、大范围的摸底清查。     

条件价值评估法在非市场价值评估中的应用

条件价值评估法（CVM）是非市场价值评估技术中最为重要、应用最为广泛的一种方法。从生态系统服务功能评估的角度出发,在CVM的基础理论和大量国内外研究案例的基础上,总结出CVM国内外研究各自的特点,并比较了二者的异同之处。CVM国内外研究案例主要在研究领域、研究重点、研究结果、引导工具及调查方式五大方面有所不同,而在总体趋势等方面具有共同的特征。最后针对我国国情,对CVM的实际操作提出改进方向。     

1997—2018年生态系统服务研究热点变化与动向

生态系统服务研究已成为生态学、地理学、环境经济学等学科的热点议题.基于Citespace与Carrot 2文献分析工具,以Web of Science为数据源,本文分析了1997—2018年生态系统服务研究热点与发展趋势.结果表明: 近20年来,生态系统服务研究文献数量、研究机构均明显增加,主要的发文国家有美国、英国、德国、中国、澳大利亚,其中,美国的发文量与影响力最大.综合来看,中国在生态系统服务研究方面起步较晚,近期发展势头迅猛,科研产出量显著增加;但与国际相比还存在一定差距,文献质量及影响力还有待提高,国际合作交流有待提升.生态系统服务的热点主要集中在评估方法与模型、气候变化、生物多样性、土地利用变化、权衡与协同关系、科学研究决策及管理6方面.未来亟需加强的研究方向主要包括:生态系统服务的形成机制、评估指标及方法与模型、权衡与协同关系的时空动态与影响因素、生态系统服务与人类福祉的耦合关系、面向可持续发展的生态系统服务科学研究与决策管理等.     

Remote sensing of biodiversity: what to measure and monitor from space to species?

Global biodiversity monitoring systems through remote sensing can support consistent assessment, monitoring, modelling and reporting on biodiversity which are key activities intended for sustainable management. This work presents an overview of biodiversity monitoring components, i.e. biodiversity levels, essential biodiversity variables, biodiversity indicators, scale, biodiversity inventory, biodiversity models, habitat, ecosystem services, vegetation health and biogeochemical heterogeneity and discusses what remote sensing through Earth Observations has contributed to the study of biodiversity. The technological advancements in remote sensing have enabled information-rich data on biodiversity. Remote sensing data are making a strong contribution in providing unique information relevant to various biodiversity research and conservation applications. The extensive use of Earth observation data are not yet realized in biodiversity assessment, monitoring and conservation. The development of direct remote sensing approaches and the techniques for quantifying biodiversity at the community to species level is likely to be a great challenge for comprehensive earth observation-based monitoring strategy.

     

海岛生态系统服务价值评估及其时空变化——以浙江舟山金塘岛为例

生态系统服务价值研究是目前生态学研究的热点之一,海岛生态系统的特殊性令其更易受人类活动和环境变化的影响。文章在海岛生态系统服务价值当量修订的基础上,对典型海岛金塘岛1986—2014年的生态系统服务价值进行评估,分析了金塘岛近30年来生态系统服务价值的时空动态变化。结果表明:城镇生态系统面积持续增加,其他生态系统类型面积不同程度减少,减少的生态系统类型大多数转化为城镇。1986—2014年金塘岛的生态系统服务总价值呈下降趋势,共减少了1.08亿元,减少了30.23%,其中湿地与森林的生态系统服务价值量减少最多,城镇的价值变化率最大。空间上表现为价值极低区域沿着人类活动方向呈现急剧扩大趋势。生态系统提供的产品与服务在数量和质量上逐步下降,不利于海岛的可持续发展。该研究为海岛地区生态系统服务价值当量修订提供参考,同时对转变海岛经济发展方式,促进海岛可持续发展提供基础信息与决策依据。     

基于生物量因子的山西省森林生态系统服务功能评估

根据森林生态系统的特征和服务功能的内涵,采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法,基于生物量因子和前人研究成果,定量评价了山西省森林的生态系统服务价值。结果表明:山西省1995、2000和2005年森林生态系统服务的总价值量分别为377.24×108、428.79×108和501.12×108元,服务单价分别为2.60×104、2.72×104和2.93×104元,均呈加速增加趋势;山西省10 a间增加的森林生态系统服务价值量由栎类贡献最大(39%),油松次之(17%),云杉贡献了14%。10 a间山西省森林面积约增加了18%,生态系统服务的各种物质量和价值量却增加了33%,表明山西省森林生态系统具有极为重要的服务功能。10 a间山西省单位面积森林生态系统服务的物质量和价值量约均增加了13%;各项功能的价值量依次为涵养水源>生物多样性保护>保育土壤>固碳释氧>净化大气环境>积累营养物质。如果不考虑生物量因子,山西省森林生态系统服务的物质量和价值量将比实际值明显偏高,表明生物量因子对森林生态系统服务功能具有重要影响。     

生态系统文化服务研究进展——基于Web of Science分析

随着社会经济的发展,人类对精神层面产品的需求越来越多。生态系统具有文化服务功能,因此近年来学者对文化服务的研究和关注越来越多,发表的文献数量也在持续增加。通过收集与生态系统文化服务相关的文献资料,运用统计分析方法,试图理清国际生态系统文化服务研究脉络。利用Web of Science核心合集数据库,共析出样本文献1530篇,分别对文化服务的研究趋势、时段特征、作者分布、机构分布和文献期刊分布等进行分析。研究发现,生态系统文化服务研究逐渐从以生态学为主,演变为融合生态学、地理学、管理学、社会学等众多学科的综合研究。未来文化服务的研究将集中在文化服务价值的货币化评估、文化服务管理与应用、文化服务指标体系构建、文化服务价值制图、游憩功能和美学功能6大方向。     

Double counting in ecosystem services valuation: causes and countermeasures

Many studies have been conducted on ecosystem services and double counting is a frequent problem that causes uncertainty and poor reliability of estimating the value of ecosystem services. By referring to previous studies of ecosystem service valuation, our research has identified the basic causes of double counting. These include ambiguous definitions and inconsistent classifications of ecosystem services, poor understanding of ecosystem complexity, inadequate recognition of exclusiveness and complementarities of individual ecosystem services, spatio-temporal scale dependence of ecosystem services, and overlap and lack of cross-referencing between ecosystem service valuation methods. Measures for reducing double counting in ecosystem service valuation are proposed as follow: (1) identifying the spatio-temporal scales of ecosystem services; (2) valuing the final benefits obtained from ecosystem services; (3) establishing consistent classification systems for ecosystem services; and (4) selecting valuation methods appropriate for the study context.     

The loss of biodiversity conservation in EU research programmes: Thematic shifts in biodiversity wording in the environment themes of EU research programmes FP7 and Horizon 2020

Society has been seeking ways to express biodiversity's value to stimulate its protection. Economic valuation of ecosystem services has had limited success to motivate biodiversity protection and reaching the EU 2020 biodiversity strategy targets is in danger of failure. The expression of biodiversity's value in policy documents thus becomes a topic of discussion, because it greatly influences the ways policy makers think about environmental problems. We present an analysis of the word use related to biodiversity conservation versus ecosystem services in the environment themes of the FP7 and Horizon 2020 research work programs of the European Commission in the period of 2007–2014, and the projects accepted under these themes. We conclude first that biodiversity was lost as a topic in the transition from FP7 to Horizon 2020, accompanied by a three-quarters loss of biodiversity topics in the projects accepted under these research work programs. Moreover, the use of ‘ecosystem services’ was 1.5 times higher at the end of that period compared to the beginning in the research work programs, to the detriment of the use of ‘sustainability’ and ‘conservation’ which halved during that same period. In the light of international commitments to biodiversity conservation, the focus toward ecosystem services and away from conservation is of great concern.     

生态系统服务与自然资本价值评估

生态系统服务是生态系统提供的商品和服务,是人类生态和发展的物质基础和基本条件,是人类拥有的关键自然资本。概述了生态系统服务的内涵及类型,介绍了当前国内外有关生态系统服务及自然资本的价值理论、价值评估的各种方法及其类型;评述了研究的主要进展,存在的主要问题、难点和研究的主要趋向。认为生态系统服务及自然资本的价值评估研究是建立生态－环境－经济综合核算体系（可持续发展核算体系）的重要内容和关键环节,完善价值评估的理论与经济技术方法是生态系统服务价值评估研究亟待解决的问题。     

Indexation of psychiatric journals from low‐ and middle‐income countries: a survey and a case study

There is a marked underepresentation of low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC) in the psychiatric literature, which may reflect an overall low representation of LAMIC publications in databases of indexed journals. This paper investigates the worldwide distribution of indexed psychiatric journals. A survey in both Medline and ISI Web of Science was performed in order to identify journals in the field of psychiatry according to their country of origin. Two hundred and twenty-two indexed psychiatric journals were found. Of these, 213 originated from high-income countries and only nine (4.1%) from middle-income countries. None were found in low-income countries. We also present the experience of a LAMIC psychiatric journal, the Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, in its recent indexation process. This case study may serve as an example for other LAMIC journals to pursue indexation in major databases as a strategy to widen the international foundation of psychiatric research. There is an important need for the inclusion of LAMIC psychiatric publications in the major indexation databases. This process will require multiple agents to partner with journals from LAMIC to improve their quality and strengthen their chances of being indexed.     

Ecosystem services and biodiversity in developing countries

The concept of ecosystem services has become important for our understanding of the role of nature for maintaining human livelihoods. But is biodiversity essential to maintain ecosystem services? Many studies suggest that higher biodiversity allows a higher level of ecosystem services, but others argue that there is little hard evidence, especially from tropical environments, to document the necessity of high biodiversity for provision of most ecosystem services. Thus, effective valuation of biodiversity for ecosystem services and long-term studies and monitoring are needed to fully understand the complex biodiversity-ecosystem service interface. This introduction briefly reviews some of the main arguments in this debate and provides an overview of the other five special issue papers. Exploring biodiversity and ecosystem interactions in the context of the provision of ecosystem services, these papers address population and biodiversity coexistence, the importance of dung beetles in agricultural landscapes, the knowledge and use of palms by local communities, bioprospecting for drugs and how biodiversity conservation may have added benefits in terms of improved watershed functions and health.     

自然资本流变及其对生态系统服务价值的演变路径

生态系统服务价值化是将生态系统惠益于人类社会的价值进行量化，以评估生态系统服务状态，便于生态系统监测和管理。自然资本是生态系统服务的来源，结合自然资本视角进行生态系统服务价值化，其成果有利于提高生态系统保护政策制定的精准性和统筹力，有利于创新生态系统服务评估方法。通过梳理自然资本概念的缘起与发展过程，认为自然资本经历了"同义指代"、"边界明晰"、"多领域交汇"和"隐喻多义"四个阶段逐步丰富的过程。当今针对自然资本研究的三种主流视角，即将自然资本视为"产生经济价值的资产"、"产生服务流的存量"和"金融资本"为生态系统服务的价值化提供了多种途径。生态系统服务价值化的过程要体现可持续发展的基本目标，保证自然资本的稳定，维持人类社会代际公平。以此为前提，鼓励生态系统价值化视角的多样性。价值化途径应关注生态系统服务的时空动态变化、多种服务协同作用和供需权衡。生态系统服务价值化是自然资本金融杠杆化的推手，应警惕有可能带来的金融风险和生态风险。