纵坑切梢小蠹对云南松蛀害研究

在昆明地区,纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda L.表现出枝梢聚集、树干蛀害等重要的行为学特征,形成三种基本蛀害模式。横坑切梢小蠹、蓝色伴生真菌参与了纵坑切梢小蠹危害过程,并在其中发挥积极作用。上述因素的综合影响,加强了纵坑切梢小蠹对云南松Pinus yunnanensis寄主树木的危害能力。     

纵坑切梢小蠹对云南松蛀害研究

在昆明地区,纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda L.表现出枝梢聚集、树干蛀害等重要的行为学特征,形成三种基本蛀害模式。横坑切梢小蠹、蓝色伴生真菌参与了纵坑切梢小蠹危害过程,并在其中发挥积极作用。上述因素的综合影响,加强了纵坑切梢小蠹对云南松Pinus yunnanensis寄主树木的危害能力。     

纵坑切梢小蠹对云南松枝梢提取物趋性测试

纵坑切梢小蠹ＴｏｍｉｃｕｓｐｉｎｉｐｅｒｄａＬ .是松科树木的蛀食性害虫。在过去近 2 0多年中 ,该虫已毁灭云南松林 2 0余万ｈｍ2 ,成为目前云南森林的第一大虫害[1] 。在云南 ,纵坑切梢小蠹常年在云南松 (Ｐｉ ｎｕｓｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ)枝梢内或树皮下蛀食生活 ,活动     

云南切梢小蠹对云南松树的蛀干危害及致死机理

蛀干危害是云南切梢小蠹致死云南松树的关键环节。通过控制云南切梢小蠹蛀干密度,对云南切梢小蠹在自然条件下蛀干行为与危害进行了首次探讨。结果表明,云南切梢小蠹蛀干密度与云南松存活率呈负相关,蛀干密度直接决定云南松死亡或存活。研究发现,蛀干密度115坑/m2是云南松树的最低致死密度阈值,云南松树在蛀干密度低于26.4坑/m2情况下存活,在26.4-115坑/m2有部分存活,超过115坑/m2以后将被害致死。云南切梢小蠹对树干攻击形成有卵和无卵两类坑道。形成无卵坑道的蛀干攻击可导致树势衰弱,形成有卵坑道的蛀干危害严重破坏了韧皮组织,是导致云南松死亡的直接原因。     

纵坑切梢小蠹携带云南半帚孢研究

云南半帚孢 (Leptogramphyunnanensis)是纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicuspiniperda重要的共生真菌 ,在纵坑切梢小蠹危害寄主树木过程中发挥着重要作用。研究揭示 ,纵坑切梢小蠹主要通过与受到感染云南半帚孢的韧皮组织的接触携带上云南半帚孢的。纵坑切梢小蠹卵、幼虫和蛹对云南半帚孢的带菌率较高 ,均大于 90 % ,而成虫的带菌率较低。纵坑切梢小蠹的体表和体内均携带有云南半帚孢 ,但体表带菌是纵坑切梢小蠹带菌的主要途径。通过对纵坑切梢小蠹成虫头、足、翅和腹部带菌率的研究发现 ,云南半帚孢在纵坑切梢小蠹各部位的分布大体相同 ,揭示纵坑切梢小蠹没有携带云南半帚孢的特化构造或器官。     

云南松三种同域共存切梢小蠹梢转干期的空间分布格局

分布在我国西南地区的横坑切梢小蠹,云南切梢小蠹和短毛切梢小蠹同域危害寄主云南松,给林业生产带来巨大损失。为探讨同域切梢小蠹种群在共存下对其空间分布格局的影响,采用传统聚集指标法和地统计学方法研究了三者在梢转干期不同受害云南松纯林树冠中的空间分布型。结果表明重度受害样地中云南切梢小蠹种群密度显著高于横坑切梢小蠹,在轻度受害样地则相反;传统聚集指标法结果显示同域共存的3种切梢小蠹种群在不同受害程度云南松中均为聚集分布,横坑切梢小蠹和云南切梢小蠹聚集是由环境因素和昆虫本身的聚集习性引起;地统计学结果表明除重度受害样地中短毛切梢小蠹呈随机分布外,其余切梢小蠹在不同种群密度下均呈聚集分布;除重度受害样地横坑切梢小蠹外,其他小蠹的空间依赖范围为4.01—7.45 m。横坑切梢小蠹和云南切梢小蠹在不同受害林分中拟合的半变异函数模型在球形模型和高斯模型之间转换。同域共存关系不影响不同种群密度下的切梢小蠹种群空间分布类型,但影响其半变异函数模型和理论参数。     

纵坑切梢小蠹蛀梢期生物学研究

本文研究了纵坑切梢小蠹Tomiaus piniperda对云南松枝梢的危害,并对该虫在蛀梢期的有关生物学特性,如性比、交配、食物选择、卵巢发育、越冬等进行了探讨。在昆明地区,蛀梢期从当年5月持续到次年3月。在此期间,该虫平均可蛀害3-6个枝梢。受害梢以当年生枝梢为主,平均直径为7-8.5mm。同一枝梢可受到多次蛀害。侵入孔距枝梢末端约3～4cm。该虫在蛀梢期已开始交配活动。交配率随卵巢发育进度而增大。各虫态受冬季气温低的影响发育减缓,但均能顺利越冬。     

利用信息化学物质研究松树小蠹虫的扬飞规律

于2005～2006年在辽宁省千山利用信息化学物质野外诱捕黄色梢小蠹Gryphalus fulvus、红松根小蠹Hylastes plumbeus、横坑切梢小蠹Tomicus minor及纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda成虫,结果显示:这4种小蠹在4月18日至8月10日期间都明显出现2次扬飞高峰。第1次扬飞高峰持续均为30d左右,第2次扬飞高峰期约为15d;黄色梢小蠹和红松根小蠹第1次扬飞高峰期在5月上中旬出现,第2次扬飞高峰期分别在7月中下旬和上中旬;横坑切梢小蠹与纵坑切梢小蠹的扬飞高峰期基本一致,第1次扬飞高峰期为4月下旬到5月上旬,第2次扬飞高峰在7月上中旬;结果同时还表明诱虫量第1次扬飞高峰一般都明显大于第2次,只是黄色梢小蠹在首次利用信息化学物质进行监测且密度较高时例外。     

两种切梢小蠹危害云南松的时空生态位

【目的】云南切梢小蠹Tomicus yunnanensis KirkendallFaccoli和横坑切梢小蠹Tomicus minor(Hartig)是中国云南地区两种危害松属Pinus L.植物的钻蛀性害虫,常在云南松Pinus yunnanensis Faranch.上共同危害,通过蛀梢和蛀干为害造成树木衰弱死亡,生态破坏,带来经济损失。【方法】通过样地调查和树木解析,对两种小蠹在"梢转干"及"干转梢"时期的时间和空间生态位进行了研究。【结果】"梢转干"时期之后,横坑切梢小蠹主要分布在主干中下部,云南切梢小蠹分布在主干中上部;侧枝上主要分布着云南切梢小蠹,而横坑切梢小蠹数量很少;5月中旬进入"干转梢"阶段,两种小蠹同时进入羽化期,云南切梢小蠹在6月1日左右到达羽化高峰期,横坑切梢小蠹则比其晚10 d左右到达羽化高峰期;两种小蠹成虫转梢危害后随机分布。两种小蠹的时间和空间生态位宽度均较大,发生期较长,在云南松上分布范围较广。两种小蠹空间生态位重叠较小,在云南松上的分布趋于分离,对空间资源的需求具有较大差异;而时间生态位重叠较大,在云南松的生长季节能同时危害,且发生期较一致,危害期长。【结论】两种小蠹在空间生态位上的种间竞争强度较小,而在时间生态位上的竞争较大。通过研究比较两种切梢小蠹时间及空间生态位的特性及差异,为遥感监测云南松林的生物灾害提供了支撑依据。     

纵坑切梢小蠹蛀梢期空间分布

在昆明地区,纵坑切梢小蠹(Tomicus piniperda)成虫蛀梢多集中在蛀干木附近。 种群密度以蛀干木为中心向周围呈指数递减,散布半径约30m。在蛀梢过程中,该种群逐渐向新区扩张。在树冠内,纵坑切梢小蠹主要分布在4-10轮枝上。第7轮枝虫口百分率最高。6-7轮枝受害率最大。 树冠上层受害较其下层严重。从树冠水平层次考察,树冠外层虫量相对集中,约为树冠中、内层虫量之和。 树冠内层虫量最少。纵坑切梢小蠹在树冠内的种群分布系由梢径、种群密度、蛀梢行为、降落方式、光照等因素综合影响的结果。     

Shoot feeding ecology of Tomicus piniperda and T. minor (Col., Scolytidae) in southern China

Abstract: The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda, is causing substantial tree mortality to Pinus yunnanensis in south‐western China, whereas the same species in Europe seldom kills Pinus sylvestris. In order to understand this difference in aggressiveness, we studied the shoot feeding ecology of the pine shoot beetles in Yunnan, and compared it with European results. We found many similarities in the shoot feeding behaviour of T. piniperda, and also that of Tomicus minor, which was common locally. In contrast to Europe, however, the pine shoot beetles in Yunnan seem to be able to predispose the host trees for stem attack by intensive shoot‐feeding. It has also been observed that beetles aggregate in certain trees during shoot feeding, but we could not verify that in our experiment.     

为害云南松的纵坑切梢小蠹 (Tomicus piniperda)经济阈值的研究(英文)

经过对纵坑切梢小蠹 (TomicuspiniperdaL .)种群密度和云南松 (PinusyunnanensisFranch .)生长状况的长期、仔细的调查 ,加上改进的回归分析方法 ,得出了为害云南松的纵坑切梢小蠹防治上的经济阈值 :当林木枯死率不超过 0 .5 2 %时 ,自然控制因子能控制纵坑切梢小蠹种群不向高密度方向发展 ,因而可以不必防治。当林木枯死率达到 0 .5 0 % ,对应的枯捎率为 0 .6 1 % ,以及对应的平均每株侵入孔数为 0 .6 6时 ,防治费用和挽回损失价值相当。所以 ,若既考虑到经济上的合理性 ,又考虑到控制其种群不向高密度方向发展 ,当林木枯死率超过 0 .5 % ,对应的枯梢率超过 0 .6 1 % ,以及对应的平均每株侵入孔数超过 0 .6 6时 ,就有了进行防治的必要。本文还给出了各云南松林区可以用来根据自己的具体情况计算出适合自己的经济阈值的公式。     

THE STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC THRESHOLD OF TOMICUS PINIPERDA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDEA) ON YUNNAN PINE

Abstract By careful and long period field investigation of the population density of Tomicus piniperda L. and the growth of Yunnan pine ( Pinus yunnanensis French.), and improved regression analysis, the economic threshold of Tomicus piniperda on Yunnan pine is determined: When the death rate of the trees is not more than 0.52%, the natural control factors can prevent the density of the bark beetle from increasing and no control measure is needed. When the death rate of the trees reaches 0.5%, the corresponding rate of shoots attacked is 0.61% and the mean of invading holes per tree 0.66, the cost for control is equal to the economic loss saved. So, considering both the economic justification and the prevention of the pest density from increasing, when the death rate of the trees is more than 0.5%, the corresponding rate of shoots attacked more than 0.61% and the mean of invading holes per tree more than 0.66, control measure should be taken. The paper also gives formulae for different Yunnan pine forest areas to calculate their own economic threshold according to their special situations.     

Suitability of some southern and western pines as hosts for the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), is an exotic pest that has become established in North America. Discovered in Ohio in 1992, it has since been found in at least 13 states and parts of Canada. The beetle can cause significant growth loss in pines, and it represents a potential threat to trees in areas where it has not yet become established. To evaluate this threat to native pines, field and laboratory tests were conducted on several common and important southern and western species to determine whether they are acceptable hosts for T. piniperda. Comparisons with Pinus sylvestris L., Scots pine, a preferred natural host for the beetle, were made where possible. Measurements of beetle attack success on southern pine billets showed that Pinus taeda L., Pinus echinata Miller, Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelmann, Pinus palustris Miller, and Pinus virginiana Miller (loblolly, shortleaf, slash, longleaf, and Virginia pine, respectively) and two western pines, Pinus ponderosa Lawson and Pinus contorta Douglas (ponderosa and lodgepole pine, respectively), were acceptable for breeding material, but brood production was highly variable. Among the southern pines, P. taeda and P. echinata were susceptible to shoot feeding by T. piniperda, whereas P. elliottii was highly resistant and P. palustris seemed to be virtually immune. Shoot feeding tests on the western pines were conducted only in the laboratory, but there was moderate-to-good survival of adults feeding on both species. It seems that if T. piniperda is introduced into the south and west it will likely establish and may cause some damage to native pines. P. taeda may be affected more than other southern pines because it is the most abundant species, it is readily attacked for brood production, which can result in moderately large broods, and the beetle survives well during maturation feeding on P. taeda shoots.     

Induced defence reaction in Scots pine following stem attacks by Tomicus piniperda

The induced defence reaction of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris to stem attacks by the common pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Col, Scolytidae), was studied by inducing natural attacks on young Scots pine trees of different vigour Pruned trees were more heavily attacked by T piniperda than unpruned ones Vigorous trees successfully contained the attacking beetles within resinous lesions, whereas less vigorous trees failed to defend themselves The content of resin acids increased dramatically in the lesions on all trees, and the resin acid composition differed somewhat between some treatments Starch accumulation in the inner bark of the main stem was lower in pruned trees than in unpruned ones, and starch reserves were depleted in the most heavily attacked trees All but one of the unpruned trees survived the attack, whereas most of the severely pruned ones died following attack by beetles at densities exceeding c 300 egg galleries m⁻²     

纵坑切梢小蠹蛀梢期空间分布

在昆明地区,纵坑切梢小蠹（Ｔｏｍｉｃｕｓ　ｐｉｎｉｐｅｒｄａ）成虫蛀梢多集中在蛀干木附近。种群密度以蛀干木为中心向周围是指数递减,散布半径约３０ｍ。在蛀虹梢过程中,该种群逐渐向新区扩张。在树冠内,纵坑切梢小蠹主要分布在４—１０轮枝上。第７轮技虫口百分率最高。６—７轮枝受害率最大。树冠上层受害较其下属于重。从树冠水平层次考察,树冠外层虫量相对集中,约为树冠中、内层虫量之和。树冠内层虫量最少。纵坑切梢小蠹在树冠内的种群分布系由梢径、种群密度、蛀梢行为、降落方式、光照等因素综合影响的结果。