白榆-刺槐混交林叶片养分与光合生理特性

通过田间试验,测定了不同生长时期白榆、刺槐纯林及其不同比例混交林[白榆∶刺槐分别为1∶1(1B1C)、1∶2(1B2C)和2∶1(2B1C)]植物叶片的N、P含量、叶绿素(Chl)含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的变化.结果表明:5—9月,2种纯林和3种混交林植物叶片N、P含量均呈减小趋势,到植物生长末期,1B2C混交林中刺槐叶片的N含量和白榆叶片的P含量均较其纯林有明显提高;3种混交林中,白榆叶片的叶绿素含量明显高于刺槐,且1B2C混交的白榆叶片Chl值在7月达到最大;3种混交林刺槐和白榆的光合速率(Pn)均大于其纯林,1B2C混交的刺槐叶片Pn在7月达到18.54μmol.m-2.s-1;不同比例混交林刺槐叶片的蒸腾速率和气孔导度均较其纯林有明显改善,为1B2C1B1C2B1C.至9月,3种混交林中白榆叶片的PSII电子传递量子效率明显大于纯林;2种纯林与3种混交林叶片光化学淬灭系数差异较小,而纯林的非光化学淬灭系数显著高于1B2C混交林.白榆-刺槐混交林可以显著提高植物叶片的养分含量和光合作用能力,其最优混交比例为1B2C.     

夜间变暖提高荫香叶片的光合能力

研究了不同氮供应的条件下夜间变暖对荫香叶片光合能力的影响。当植株生长在相同的日间温度(25℃),而夜间温度从18℃增至20℃时,叶片的光合速率增高(p<0.05)。高氮供应的植株,夜间变暖下其叶片光合速率较低氮供应的高,氮供应增高能促进夜间变暖提高叶片光合速率的效应。在低氮供给和夜间变暖下,植株叶片的光下呼吸和暗呼吸的增高显著(p<0.05)。无论在高氮或低氮供应下,生长在夜间变暖下的植物,其叶片的R ub isco最大羧化速率(Vcm ax)和光合电子传递最大速率(Jm ax)增高(p<0.05),氮供应能增强夜间变暖对Vcm ax和Jm ax的正向效应。夜间变暖降低植株叶片的比叶重,而增加单位叶干重的氮含量(Nm),单位叶面积的氮含量(Na)没发生明显变化。随着全球气候变化,夜间趋暖将有利于树木叶片光合能力的提高,结合高氮供给将会明显地增高植物的碳固定。     

Ecophysiological adaptation of green roof plant Sedum lineare to temperature variation

以屋顶生长的佛甲草为材料,通过光照培养箱进行不同温度条件处理,分别测量了叶片的CO2交换、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数以及植株不同部位的碳同位素比率变化(δ13 C).结果表明:持续高温/低温、较大的昼夜温差和叶表面风力的条件下,佛甲草为适应环境变化,光合会由C3代谢途径转变成景天酸代谢途径(CAM),是兼性CAM植物.短期降温会使叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)发生不可逆失活,光合能力下降;复水后有助于PSⅡ的恢复和重建,而干旱天气会减缓恢复过程;在不利温度环境中生长的佛甲草老叶掉落较多,剩余叶片的叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm值增高,光合能力提高.δ13C测定结果显示,高温使嫩叶气孔导度降低,对成熟叶片气孔导度影响小,佛甲草茎杆虽然含有叶绿素,但没有明显的光合作用.     

铁皮石斛叶片光合作用的碳代谢途径

 利用LI-6400光合测定系统测定了不同天气条件下铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）叶片24h CO2吸收的动态以及CO2吸收对光强和温度的响应。晴天的白天和夜间铁皮石斛都能吸收CO2,中午CO2吸收速率为负值, CO2的交换方式具景天酸代谢途径(CAM)的特点。阴雨天,只有白天吸收CO2,夜间表现为暗呼吸,光合作用碳代谢的途径为C3途径。在多云的天气条件下,白天吸收CO2,并持续至日落后。夜间21∶00仍有CO2吸收,23∶00以后至次日凌晨处于暗呼吸状态。在500 μmol·m-2·s-1光照件下,20℃出现最大CO2吸收值。在夜间,25℃时CO2的吸收速率最高。有光和无光条件下,低温或高温引起CO2吸收速率下降均为非气孔因素所致。晴天上午,铁皮石斛叶片的表观量子产额为0.035,光合补偿点为2.9μmol·m-2·s-1,饱和光强为500μmol·m-2·s-1,强光下出现光抑制现象。叶片受到强光预先照射后,即使光照减弱光抑制效应仍保持一段时间,致使光合补偿点升高,表观量子产额下降,相同光强下的CO2吸收效率降低。结果表明：铁皮石斛为兼性CAM植物,随着环境条件的变化,其光合作用在景天酸代谢途径(CAM)与C3途径间变化。     

屋顶绿化植物佛甲草对温度梯度的生理生态适应

以屋顶生长的佛甲草为材料,通过光照培养箱进行不同温度条件处理,分别测量了叶片的CO2交换、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数以及植株不同部位的碳同位素比率变化(δ13C)。结果表明:持续高温/低温、较大的昼夜温差和叶表面风力的条件下,佛甲草为适应环境变化,光合会由C3代谢途径转变成景天酸代谢途径(CAM),是兼性CAM植物。短期降温会使叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)发生不可逆失活,光合能力下降;复水后有助于PSⅡ的恢复和重建,而干旱天气会减缓恢复过程;在不利温度环境中生长的佛甲草老叶掉落较多,剩余叶片的叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm值增高,光合能力提高。δ13C测定结果显示,高温使嫩叶气孔导度降低,对成熟叶片气孔导度影响小,佛甲草茎杆虽然含有叶绿素,但没有明显的光合作用。     

露天煤矿煤粉沉降对矿区周边主要植物的生理影响

随着新疆准东煤田开采的日益加剧,露天开采及运输造成的煤粉尘不仅影响区域大气环境,同时在一定程度上影响周边植物的生理生长。为探讨煤粉尘对周边植物的生理影响,以准东露天煤矿周边人工绿化树种白榆、乡土植物梭梭和柽柳为研究对象,通过野外控制实验,探究覆尘、无尘条件下3种植物的光合生理特性的变化。结果表明:煤粉沉降对3种植物的光合生理均产生了明显影响,覆尘叶片在不同光照强度下净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均降低,净光合速率柽柳(18.6%)梭梭(28.3%)白榆(30.7%),气孔导度梭梭(24.1%)柽柳(30.9%)白榆(33.2%),蒸腾速率梭梭(16.7%)白榆(18%)柽柳(39.1%);煤尘对白榆、梭梭的影响主要为非气孔因素,对柽柳的影响有待继续研究。因此露天煤矿开采造成的粉尘会在一定程度上影响周边植物的光合生理过程,抑制其生长,长期排放可能会导致植被覆盖度降低。     

两种相思叶片光合作用对干旱的反应

比较了绢毛相思和大叶相思的叶特性,旱季的田间光合速率和供水短缺对光合速率、气孔传导率和蒸腾速率的影响。绢毛相思的比叶重、单位叶面积的叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b均较大叶相思高,但叶片含水量略低。绢毛相思的中午时叶片水势为-0.6±0.05MPa,而大叶相思则为-1.18±0.07MPa。绢毛相思叶片水势降低时,叶片鲜重的变化较大叶相思大。旱季10月,两种相思的日平均光合速率相近似,但绢毛相思有较高的气孔传导率和蒸腾速率。干旱处理引起大叶相思叶片水势降低较绢毛相思大。当绢毛相思叶片水势从-0.76MPa降至-1.35MPa,日平均光合速率降低49.4％;而大叶相思,叶片水势从-1.22MPa降低至-2.2MPa,日平均光合速率降低55.0%。大叶相思叶片水势降低的幅度比较大,光合速率降低亦大。     

薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)非同化器官光合特征及其生态学意义

薇甘菊因为其在新生境的强入侵能力而臭名昭著,有关其入侵的光合生理原因主要集中在叶片光合速率研究,而对非同化器官光合特性少见报道.以叶片为对照,对非同化器官花、果、茎、根的光合电子传递速率、PSII光化效率以及不同器官光合碳固定对群落碳平衡的影响进行了研究,发现尽管非同化器官光合电子传导速率均低于叶片,但是其色素利用效率(叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)显著高于叶片.在生殖生长季节,叶片光合能力明显下降的时期内,非同化器官的光合碳固定对薇甘菊生长起到积极作用.把不同器官的光合碳固定量尺度放大到群体水平发现,基于使用红外线CO2分析法和叶绿素荧光方法计算结果表明,单位土地面积上分布的薇甘菊非同化器官(生殖器官、茎和根等)分别占群体总光合能力的19%和49%,说明非同化器官光合在薇甘菊生长和入侵中可能具有的重要作用.尽管薇甘菊叶片为典型C3植物特征,结果发现了茎以及主叶脉内存在类似C4途径的、具有丰富叶绿体的维管束鞘结构.C4途径的光合效率远比C3植物高可能是薇甘菊非同化器官光合叶绿素效率高于叶片的一个原因,尚需要更多的直接生化证据支持.     

漓江上游毛竹生理生态特征对不同土壤水分的响应

漓江上游毛竹林面积大,是我国毛竹最南端产区。该研究针对当地季节性干旱问题,通过模拟降水使土壤水分变化,共设立了5个毛竹水分处理小区(CK.对照;A.无降水+覆膜;B.降水5 mm+覆膜;C.降水10mm+覆膜;D.降水20 mm+覆膜),并与HM(木荷Schima superba)(自然状态)进行对比。结果表明:土壤水分变化影响了毛竹叶片水势和叶绿素的变化,叶片白天水势下降,傍晚均可恢复到凌晨水势。C处理的毛竹午间水势下降值最小,叶绿素含量也最高。本研究区位于最南端产区,毛竹的光合生产力也属偏低水平。适当的土壤水分亏缺,毛竹表现出相对的高净光合速率(P_(n))、高蒸腾速率(Tr)、低水分利用效率(WUE)的特点;过多或过少土壤水分,则为低P_(n)和Tr,但高WUE。毛竹叶片的P_(n)与气孔导度Gs呈极显著的正相关关系,说明毛竹的光合速率受气孔调节明显;Tr与午时叶水势呈负相关(符合二项式函数)关系,土壤水分问题造成的叶片水分不足同时也影响了毛竹的Tr。水分亏缺,P_(n)主要由气孔调节,但水分过多导致P_(n)的下降应该是由气孔导度的下降和叶肉细胞光合能力的下降共同作用的结果。水分过少或过多均对毛竹生理生态过程产生负效应。相对于木荷,毛竹的P_(n)较高,但同时也消耗更多的水分。     

瓦松的CAM活性

瓦松是生长于屋顶或岩石上的肉质植物,在自然条件下研究了它们的昼夜酸波动、CO_2气体交换和气孔阻力。其幼叶和成熟叶在浇灌条件下仍为CAM型,是一种典型的CAM植物。经三周的水分胁迫后,阶段2与阶段4相应消失,即白天完全无CO_2吸收;未见有无效CAM的出现。     

黄柳与垂柳的耐热性和耐旱性比较研究

 作为一种优良的固沙植物,黄柳（Salix gordejevii）主要分布于内蒙古科尔沁沙地和浑善达克沙地,在流动沙丘边缘和半流动沙丘生长最多,属于灌木型先锋植物。实验对黄柳的耐热性和耐旱性与垂柳（Salix babylonica）进行了比较研究。两种植物的离体叶片在6个温度（即25、30、35、40、45、50 ℃）下处理1 h;在6个水势梯度（即0、-0.25、-0.5、-0.75、-1.0、-1.25 MPa）下处理24 h后,测定了其含水量、膜透性、光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率（由Fv/Fm计算）等参数。黄柳叶片在温度处理和干旱处理中均能保持比垂柳较高的含水量;45 ℃以下的温度对两种植物叶片的膜透性没有明显影响,但高于45 ℃的温度（本实验中为50 ℃）使黄柳和垂柳叶片膜透性剧增,且黄柳增大更多;干旱处理造成两种植物叶片膜透性增大,且垂柳的总是大于黄柳的;低于35 ℃的温度对Fv/Fm没有影响,高于40 ℃的温度使两种植物叶片的Fv/Fm明显降低,且黄柳的极显著地小于垂柳的;干旱处理总使两种植物叶片的Fv/Fm降低,当渗透势小于-0.75 MPa时,黄柳的Fv/Fm显著地大于垂柳的。这些结果说明黄柳的耐旱性比垂柳强,其耐热性比垂柳差。就光合器官而言,黄柳、垂柳耐热性和耐旱性的差别主要是由于通过光系统Ⅱ的电子传递对高温和干旱的敏感性不同造成的。     

风力胁迫对具鞘微鞘藻结皮光合活性的影响

抵抗风力胁迫是荒漠藻类适应干旱区环境的重要生物学机制,也是藻结皮能够拓殖流沙的必要条件之一,但有关藻类对风力胁迫的响应机理国内外尚无研究报道。以具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus Gom.)人工结皮为实验对象,研究了不同强度风力吹蚀对结皮含水量、藻类活力、生物量、及其光合活性的影响。结果表明:不论低于当地起沙风(3m/s)还是高于起沙风(5m/s和7m/s)的风力吹蚀,结皮中藻类生物量均明显下降,而且结皮生物量的变化与风速大小和吹蚀时间呈线性关系(y=14.78+0.035a-1.48b,a风速,b时间,r2=0.79)。进一步分析发现,风力吹蚀后结皮中藻类活力并没有降低但主要光合色素和天线色素的含量普遍降低,叶绿素荧光(Fv/Fm)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)和净光合速率(Pn)明显下降,并且风速越大,降幅越大。这些结果说明风力胁迫对藻结皮生长和光合活性的影响主要是通过影响光合色素代谢合成和电子传递速率引起的,对其生命力没有明显影响。       

Effects of winter cold stress on photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency of PSII of the Mediterranean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cistus albidus</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus ilex</Emphasis> L.

This study examined the photosynthetic and growth performances of potted plants of Cistus albidus L. and Quercus ilex L. submitted either to natural Mediterranean winter conditions or to mild greenhouse conditions. Plants grown outdoors exhibited lower light and CO₂-saturated CO₂ assimilation rates (A_sat) and apparent quantum yield (_i) than those indoors. Until mid-winter, C. albidus had higher A_sat than Q. ilex, but differences disappeared after a period of severe cold. Maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) measured predawn was higher in C. albidus than in Q. ilex, and decreased throughout the season in outdoor plants. Fv/Fm also decreased at light saturation (A_sat) in both species. Fv/Fm was correlated with photosynthetic capacity and efficiency (quantum yield), but the resulting regression slopes were different between the two species. At the physiological level, C. albidus seemed to cope better with cold stress than Q. ilex. However, winter stress induced reduction of leaf absorptance, increased leaf mass per area, extensive leaf damage and high plant mortality in C. albidus. This suggests that the high performance of C. albidus leaves is not likely to be maintained for long periods of cold stress, and may therefore depend on continuous leaf replacement. Quercus ilex showed a conservative behaviour, with low net assimilation rates but greater leaf and plant survival than C. albidus.     

三种相思植物对短期大气污染的响应

3种2－3年生相思盆栽于代表不同污染程度的交通繁忙区、工业生产区和相对清洁区,4个月后进行植物叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特征参数的测定。结果表明,生长在污染区的相思植物的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（gs）和光系统Ⅱ原初光化学效率（Fv／Fm）均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度因植物种类和污染类型的不同而有差异,不同实验点上大腺相思叶片蒸腾速率（E）和水分利用效率（WUE）则维持相对稳定,多花和流苏相思的WUE均以污染环境下较低,根据Pn、gs和Fv/Fm的变化以及实验点上其它植物对应测定值比,推测3种相思植物对大气污染都表现出中等强度的抗性,且多花相思和流苏相思相对好于大腺相思。     

Effects of Hydroponic Solution EC,Substrates, PPF and Nutrient Scheduling on Growth and Photosynthetic Competence During Acclimatization of Micropropagated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spathiphyllum</Emphasis> plantlets

In vitro regenerated shoots of Spathiphyllum from bioreactor were hydroponically cultured for 30 days. The response of plant growth and photosynthesis to different substrates, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), nutrient scheduling and electrical conductivity (EC) of hydroponic solution were studied. The best plant growth response was observed in perlite based substrates with moderate PFF (70–100μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Highest fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, root length, root number and photosynthetic characteristics (chlorophyll, carotenoids and Fv/Fm) was observed in continuous immersion system. Plant growth responses, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were also found to be affected by EC levels. The optimum EC of a balanced nutrient solution was recorded as 1.2 dS m⁻¹. Photosynthetic activity was also characterized in terms of photochemical efficiency using measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence. Fv/Fm (it is a measure of the intrinsic or maximum efficiency of PSII i.e. the quantum efficiency if all PSII centers were open) also decreased significantly in plants grown under higher EC level; a decrease in this parameter indicates down regulation of photosynthesis or photoinhibition. Antioxidant defense enzymes such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) significantly elevated in the leaves and roots of plantlets at higher EC levels. This increase could reflect a defense response to the cellular damage provoked by higher EC levels in the nutrient solution.     

Anatomy and photosynthetic parameters of roots and leaves of two shade-adapted orchids, Dichaea cogniauxiana Shltr. and Epidendrum secundum Jacq.

This study compares photosynthetic and structural features of Dichaea cogniauxiana and Epidendrum secundum leaves and roots. The diurnal titratable acidity fluctuations indicated crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in E. secundum leaves, associated with anatomical features like thick cuticle, large and vacuolated cells, and reduced stomata size and frequency. Roots of both species had chloroplasts in their cortical parenchyma. However, neither the roots nor D. cogniauxiana leaves did show tissue sap acidity fluctuations. This indicates C₃ metabolism in these organs. This lack of oscillation of organic acids in Epidendrum roots was at odds with a CAM-like ¹³C ratio, suggesting that in spite of active CO₂ fixation in roots during the day, the bulk of carbon is imported from the leaves. Roots of both species showed Fv/Fm, ΔF/Fm′, ETR values similar to reports from other non-foliar photosynthetic organs. Besides reducing root carbon cost, root photosynthesis may also be important by alleviating potential hypoxia, since water-saturated velamen severely impedes the gas exchange between radicular cortex.     

Increased exposure to UV-B radiation during early development leads to enhanced photoprotection and improved long-term performance in Lactuca sativa

Plant responses to solar UV radiation are numerous and have often been considered from a perspective of negative outcomes for plant productivity. In this study, we used two experimental approaches consisting of: (1) field-based spectrally modifying filters in addition to (2) controlled indoor exposure to UV-B, to examine the effects of UV radiation on growth and photosynthetic performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings. Various aspects of growth were affected in plants grown under a UV-inclusive environment compared to a UV-depleted environment, including reductions in leaf expansion, increases in leaf thickness and the rate of net photosynthesis. After transplantation to a uniform field environment, lettuce plants initially propagated under the UV-inclusive environment exhibited higher harvestable yields than those from a UV-depleted environment. In controlled conditions, photosynthetic rates were higher in plants grown in the presence of UV-B radiation, and relative growth of plants pre-acclimatized to UV-B was also increased, in addition to higher maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (F(v) /F(m) ) following subsequent exposure to high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature stress. Our findings are discussed within the context of sustainability in agriculture and the paradigm shift in photobiology which such beneficial responses to UV radiation could represent.     

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇对盐度适应生理的研究 Ⅱ.不同生态型芦苇的光合气体交换特点

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇光合速率和气孔导度有明显差异 ,随生境盐度的增加而降低 ,气孔限制因素是盐胁迫下芦苇光合降低的原因之一。低盐度生境中生长的芦苇的 Rn BPCase活性均大于高盐度下的 ,而 PEPCase活性均小于高盐度下的 ,表明在盐渍条件下 ,叶肉光合器官光合活性的降低也限制芦苇的光合速率。随盐度升高 ,Ru BPCase与PEPCasc活性之比降低。高 PFD下 ,盐胁迫加剧 Fv/Fm降低程度。此外 ,在高盐度下由于叶片蒸腾下降而导致的叶温较高也可能与光合活性降低有关。     

Effects of the multiple stressors high temperature and reduced salinity on the photosynthesis of the hermatypic coral Galaxea fascicularis

This study investigates the physiological responses in the hermatypic coral Galaxea fascicularis exposed to salinity stress (from 37 ppt to 15 ppt) for 12 h, combined effects of reduced salinity (from 37 ppt to 20 ppt) and two temperatures (26 °C and 32 °C) for 12 h and combined effects of reduced salinity (from 37 ppt to 25 ppt) and two temperatures (26 °C and 29.5 °C) for 10 d. The results demonstrate that the coral is tolerant to 12 h exposure to extremely low salinity (15 ppt). The study also shows that combined effects of temperature and low salinity aggravate the damage on the photosynthesis of the symbiotic dinoflagellates in 12 h exposure to 20 ppt sea water. This study suggests that high temperature (29.5 °C) aggravates the damage of trivially low salinity (30 ppt) on the holobiont (the coral and its symbiotic dinoflagellates) in 10 d exposure. However, high temperature (29.5 °C) may have an antagonistic effect between temperature and low salinity (25 ppt) on metabolism of the holobiont. Based on the above results, we suggest that (1) the true mechanism of corals exposed to combined effects of low salinity and high temperature is complicated. This calls for more studies on different corals. Future studies should aim at investigating long-term low-level stress in order to simulate in situ conditions more accurately; (2) when corals exposed to extremely severe combined stressors for short-term or trivially severe stressors for relative long-term, the combined effects of two stressors (such as low salinity and high temperature) may be negative, otherwise, the effects may be additive.     

金矮生苹果水分利用效率研究

通过对金矮生苹果 ( Malus pumila CV.goldspur)在不同土壤水分和光照条件下叶片光合速率 ( Pn)和蒸腾速率( Tr)进行测定 ,并计算水分利用效率 ( WUE)。结果表明 ,由于光合有效辐射 ( PAR)和土壤水分 ( SWC)决定了金矮生苹果Pn和 Tr,从而影响到 WUE。在水分胁迫存在时 ,不同 SWC条件下的 WUE随 PAR的变化规律相差较大 ,SWC为 1 0 %(田间持水量 F C的 5 0 % )左右时 ,WUE最大值在所有土壤水分处理中居于最高 ( 2 30 μmol CO2 /g H2 O)。在水分供应充足时 ,尽管 WUE在达到最大值之后下降缓慢 ,但最大值只有 1 6 0 μmol CO2 /g H2 O左右 ,并且各 SWC水平之间差异不显著 ,模拟曲线基本重叠。 WUE随 SWC的变化与光照条件有关 ,光强范围在 5 0 0 相似文献