冠层高度对毛竹叶片光合生理特性的影响

借助LI-6400便携式光合作用系统,研究了冠层高度对不同林龄毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)叶片光合生理特性和水分利用效率(WUE)的季节性影响,为促进毛竹林碳汇能力和生产力提升的林分结构调整等可持续栽培技术提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)出笋期,不同竹龄毛竹叶片净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的日均值呈现出冠层上部小于冠层下部的梯度变化趋势,且2a生毛竹不同冠层Pn日均值大于3a生毛竹;孕笋行鞭期,不同林龄毛竹各时间点Pn值和日均值、以及2年生毛竹各时间点的Tr值均为冠层上部大于冠层下部。各生长季节,不同林龄毛竹个体叶片的气孔导度(Gs)均与Tr的变化趋势一致。(2)2年生毛竹各季节仅冠层上部叶片会出现"光合午休",而3年生毛竹仅于出笋期时各冠层叶片出现"光合午休"现象。(3)出笋期毛竹叶片WUE日均值随着冠层高度增加而增加,这种变化趋势不受竹龄影响;而孕笋行鞭期,仅2年生毛竹叶片WUE日均值随着冠层高度增加而下降。不同冠层高度的孕笋行鞭期毛竹叶片WUE日均值都显著高于出笋期;冠层高度对毛竹叶片气体交换特性和WUE的影响受生长发育关键期的季节因素影响,且毛竹叶片WUE与Gs之间存在负相关关系,其不受毛竹个体年龄和叶片冠层高度影响。(4)不同生长季节各冠层叶绿素a/b值均随着冠层高度下降而降低,不同林龄毛竹叶片叶绿素含量基本随着冠层自上而下呈逐渐增加的趋势。各生长季节,不同林龄个体叶片氮素含量、比叶重随冠层高度垂直变化趋势与叶片Pn日均值的垂直变化趋势一致。研究认为,毛竹不同冠层部位叶片通过改变形态、氮素含量来适应不同生长季节生长环境的变化,以便充分利用光能提高光合能力。     

土壤水分对温室盆栽番茄叶片生理特性的影响及光合下降因子动态

以温室盆栽番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill．)为试验材料,研究了土壤水分对叶水势(LWP)、细胞液浓度(CSC)、气孔导度(Gs)、气孔限制值(Ls)和叶片光合特性的影响,以及引起光合下降的因子动态。结果表明,随着土壤水分胁迫程度的增加,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、LWP明显下降．Gs具有相同的趋势,而CSC显著升高。土壤水分胁迫和高水分处理的Pn与Tr日变化呈双峰曲线,但在适宜土壤水分下为单峰曲线。随着土壤含水量的增加,光合下降的非气孔限制出现的时间具有滞后现象。本文对非气孔限制出现的临界点动态作了进一步的探讨。     

5种常见水土保持树种的气体交换特性研究

为了了解水土保持树种的气体交换特性,对无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)、南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)和毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)等常见树种的光合蒸腾特性进行研究。结果表明,香樟、无患子、南酸枣和毛竹的净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈双峰型,有明显的"光合午休"现象;秃瓣杜英的Pn日变化曲线则呈单峰型,未出现"光合午休"现象。5种树种的Pn以香樟毛竹无患子南酸枣秃瓣杜英;蒸腾速率(Tr)以香樟无患子毛竹南酸枣秃瓣杜英;水分利用效率(WUE)以秃瓣杜英毛竹南酸枣无患子香樟。单因素方差分析表明:不同树种间的Tr、气孔导度(Gs)和WUE存在显著差异,而Pn和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的差异不显著。相关性分析表明,Pn与Tr、Gs和光合有效辐射(PAR)呈正相关关系;Tr与Gs呈正相关关系,与WUE呈负相关关系;Gs与WUE呈负相关关系;Ci与PAR和空气CO2浓度(Ta)呈负相关关系。香樟和无患子的Tr相对较大,而WUE较低,在养护过程应加强浇水及遮阴以降低其水分蒸腾的速率;秃瓣杜英、南酸枣和毛竹的Tr相对较低,而WUE相对较高,能够科学地利用土壤水分,可适应较干燥的外界环境。     

土壤水分状况对花生和早稻叶片气体交换的影响

通过田间测坑试验研究了长期处于不同土壤水分状况下花生和早稻叶片气体交换的一些特点.结果表明,花生分枝期轻度和中度水分胁迫使气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)略有下降,净光合速率(Pn)和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)减小,轻度水分胁迫Gs/Tr略有上升而中度胁迫Gs/Tr变小.花生结荚期轻度和中度水分胁迫都使Gs、Tr、Gs/Tr和Pn显著降低,WUE大幅度上升.花生结荚期明显受土壤水分胁迫影响.早稻灌浆期轻度和中度水分胁迫Gs、Tr和Gs/Tr变化不显著,Pn和WUE增加,并且轻度水分胁迫下籽粒产量增加.Gs和Gs/Tr变化情况相结合可以作为作物水分胁迫程度的一个参考指标,即如果Gs和Gs/Tr同时下降则作物已经受到水分胁迫影响.     

水肥耦合对汉源花椒幼苗叶片光合作用的影响

以汉源花椒幼苗为试验材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同水肥耦合处理对汉源花椒叶片气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)和叶面饱和水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)日变化的影响,并探讨了汉源花椒光合特性与土壤田间持水量(FWC)、施肥量(包括施全量NPK、1/2NPK和不施肥,其中全量NPK含尿素150 kg N/hm~2、过磷酸钙60kg P_2O_5/hm~2和硫酸钾150 kg K_2O/hm~2)和环境因子间的关系。结果表明:各处理汉源花椒叶片Gs、Pn、Tr和Vpdl日变化均呈"单峰"型曲线,其峰值分别出现在10:00—12:00、10:00—12:00、14:00和14:00左右,没有出现光合"午休"现象;Ci最低值出现在10:00—12:00左右;WUE日变化呈"双峰"型曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00和16:00左右,但第2个峰值明显低于第1个峰值。NPK+50%FWC和1/2NPK+50%FWC两处理叶片Pn日变化峰值出现在12:00左右,而其他处理均出现在10:00左右。叶片Gs、Pn、Tr和WUE平均值均随施肥量的增加而增加,而Ci和V_(pdl)平均值随施肥量的增加而降低。叶片Gs、Pn和Tr平均值随土壤水分含量的增加总体上呈先增加后降低的趋势变化;Ci平均值总体上随土壤水分含量的增加而增加;WUE平均值随土壤水分含量的增加而降低;V_(pdl)平均值随土壤水分含量的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势变化。叶片Pn与地径(D)、苗高(H)、D~2H、叶绿素含量和chla/chlb比值呈显著正相关。为了促进植株生长和获得较高的叶片Pn和WUE,土壤水分应控制在35.9%—46.7%FWC。叶片Gs、Pn和Tr与光合有效辐射强度(PAR)呈显著正相关,Tr与气温的相关系数高于它与其他环境因子的相关系数,提高叶片Pn的最佳PAR为1263.6μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。说明适宜的土壤水分含量和肥料施用量能延长汉源花椒叶片Pn达到峰值的时间,对提高叶片Pn和WUE及促进植株生长具有重要作用;PAR是影响叶片Gs和Pn的主要环境因子,气温是影响叶片Tr的首要环境因子。     

塔里木河上游胡杨与灰杨光合水分生理特性

在自然条件下对塔里木河上游优势树种-胡杨、灰杨的光合水分生理特性进行比较研究.结果表明,整个生长季胡杨、灰杨的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr,除8月份)日进程均为单峰曲线,水分利用效率(WUE)变化无明显规律性.胡杨与灰杨12:00后Pn的下降主要取决于非气孔因素限制.胡杨Pn、WUE高于灰杨,而Tr低于灰杨,表明胡杨属高光合、低蒸腾、高WUE型树种,灰杨属低光合、高蒸腾、低WUE型树种.胡杨、灰杨枝水势(Ψw)、清晨与正午水势日进程均呈"V"字型曲线,胡杨水势日变幅、正午水势月变幅均小于灰杨,但两树种水势间无显著差异.胡杨与灰杨具有较强的水分吸收和减少水分丧失的能力,但胡杨调节气孔导度(Gs)控制蒸腾失水的能力较强,对干旱环境表现出更强的生态适应性,从而导致两树种产生了种群地理分化.     

3个桃砧木品种对淹水的光合生理响应特征

以生产中常用的3个桃砧木品种毛桃、山桃和列玛格幼苗为试材,以正常供水为对照,采用模拟水涝试验研究了淹水对其光合特性的影响,探讨桃砧木耐涝的光合机理.结果显示:淹水胁迫下,3个桃砧木叶片净光合速率(Pn)、相对含水量(RWC)、水分利用效率(WUE)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、表观量子效率(AQY)、羧化效率(CE)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)等均显著低于对照,而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于对照.试验后期,淹水胁迫下列玛格叶片的叶绿素含量增加显著高于毛桃和山桃,MDA含量显著低于毛桃和山桃,且Pn、RWC、Tr、WUE和Gs下降幅度最小,光合能力最强,而毛桃次之,山桃下降幅度最大;3个桃品种的耐涝性表现为列玛格＞毛桃＞山桃.研究表明,淹水使桃砧木叶片膜脂过氧化加剧,气孔开度减小,水分代谢机能降低,光合电子传递和光合碳同化能力下降,光合机构受损,光合作用效率降低;而列玛格品种在淹水胁迫下叶绿素合成加强,叶片RWC下降缓慢,光能吸收、传递和水分代谢能力以及抗光抑制和光氧化能力最强,膜脂过氧化程度最轻,从而保持最高的光合能力.     

桂西北喀斯特地区菜豆树和红背山麻杆旱、雨季光合特性比较

利用Li-6400光合测定系统测定了2009年雨季(6—8月)和旱季(10—12月)桂西北喀斯特地区菜豆树、红背山麻杆叶片气体交换特征,并分析了2种植物光合速率(Pn)与叶氮及叶绿素含量的相互关系。结果表明:2种植物旱、雨季叶片Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)日变化均为单峰曲线,水分利用效率(WUE)日变化规律不明显;旱季叶片Pn、Tr、Gs均低于雨季(P0.01),WUE高于雨季(P0.01),叶氮含量及叶绿素含量旱季低于雨季(P0.05),这与植物通过降低Gs限制蒸腾,提高WUE来适应较为恶劣的环境有关;在同一季节,红背山麻杆Pn、WUE、叶氮及叶绿素含量均高于菜豆树(P0.05),具有更强的光合及水分利用能力,在喀斯特生境中更有竞争优势;2种植物在相同季节及同种植物在不同季节Pn与各环境因子的相关系数不同,光辐射强度(PAR)是影响Pn的主导因素。     

野生酸枣光合及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

为探究鲁中地区自然条件下野生酸枣光合生理参数对土壤逐渐干旱的响应机制,明确其与土壤水分的定量关系。该研究以2年生野生酸枣盆栽苗为实验材料,采用人工给水和自然耗水相结合法模拟自然条件下土壤干旱过程,分析野生酸枣叶片光合作用和荧光参数对土壤水分含量(RWC)的响应过程及其机制。结果表明:(1)野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)均随着土壤含水量的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势。当RWC38.5%时,P_n下降,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)上升,气孔限制值(L_s)下降,叶片光合速率下降主要是非气孔限制因素所致;当RWC在38.5%~65.1%范围内,野生酸枣P_n下降,伴随C_i、气孔导度(G_s)均降低,野生酸枣叶片光合速率下降处于气孔限制阶段。(2)通过P_n和WUE对土壤水分的阈值模拟,发现维持野生酸枣叶片具有较高光合生产力的土壤水分范围为46.0%~0.5%,维持其较高水分利用效率的水分范围为56.3%~73.9%。(3)在土壤逐渐干旱过程中(RWC范围为29.9%~86.5%),野生酸枣最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)逐渐降低,初始荧光(Fo)显著升高,光化学猝灭(qP)先升高再降低,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)在过高(RWC83.7%)或过低(RWC38.5%)的土壤水分下呈现较高值,表现出热耗散增加。研究认为,野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤水分均具有明显的阈值响应,阈值点的土壤相对含水量大约为38.5%,低于阈值时叶片光合速率由气孔限制转向非气孔限制,PSⅡ受到损伤,电子传递受阻,光合机构受到破坏。     

干旱和复水对大豆(Glycine max)叶片光合及叶绿素荧光的影响

选用河南省大面积种植的大豆品种豫豆29作为实验材料,通过研究逐步干旱和旱后复水条件下大豆叶片光合、叶绿素荧光等指标随土壤水分的动态变化规律,以期为大豆的水分高效利用提供理论依据。研究发现,在土壤相对含水量高于46.5%时,虽然随着土壤相对含水量的下降,豫豆29仍可以保持它的叶片水分状态;豫豆29的叶片净光合速率在土壤水分中等条件下最大,在土壤相对含水量为64.3%时,它比对照组高出11.2%(P<0.01);在实验的第3d,处理组的土壤相对含水量降为46.5%,叶片水势与对照组相比降低了7.2%(P>0.05),净光合速率为对照组的89.6%(P<0.05),但气孔导度却迅速下降为对照组的44.7%(P<0.01),这说明与叶片的光合和水分状况相比,豫豆29的气孔对土壤水分的匮缺更加敏感。复水后,豫豆29叶片的水势、净光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素荧光等值都可以得到迅速的恢复,并在实验的最后接近对照组的水平,这表明豫豆29的叶片光合在水分胁迫解除后有迅速恢复的能力。     

Anthocyanin production in the hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens in response to herbivory and zinc stress

Stomatal behavior in response to drought has been the focus of intensive research, but less attention has been paid to stomatal density. In this study, 5-week-old maize seedlings were exposed to different soil water contents. Stomatal density and size as well as leaf gas exchange were investigated after 2-, 4- and 6-week of treatment, which corresponded to the jointing, trumpeting, and filling stages of maize development. Results showed that new stomata were generated continually during leaf growth. Reduced soil water content significantly stimulated stomatal generation, resulting in a significant increase in stomatal density but a decrease in stomatal size and aperture. Independent of soil water conditions, stomatal density and length in the trumpeting and filling stages were greater than in the jointing stage. Irrespective of growth stage, severe water deficit significantly reduced stomatal conductance (G _s), decreasing the leaf transpiration rate (T _r) and net photosynthetic rate (P _n). Stomatal density was significantly negatively correlated with both P _n and T _r but more strongly with T _r, so the leaf instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE _i ) correlated positively with stomatal density. In conclusion, drought led to a significant increase in stomatal density and a reduction in stomatal size and aperture, resulting in decreased P _n and T _r. Because the negative correlation of stomatal density to T _r was stronger than that to P _n, leaf WUE _i tended to increase.     

Stomatal control of transpiration in the canopy of a clonal Eucalyptus grandis plantation

 Predawn leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and microclimatic variables were measured on 13 sampling days from November 1995 through August 1996 to determine how environmental and physiological factors affect water use at the canopy scale in a plantation of mature clonal Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex-Maiden hybrids in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. The simple ”big leaf” Penman-Monteith model was used to estimate canopy transpiration. During the study period the predawn leaf water potential varied from –0.4 to –1.3 MPa, with the minimum values observed in the winter months (June and August 1996), while the average estimated values for canopy conductance and canopy transpiration fell from 17.3 to 5.8 mm s^–1 and from 0.54 to 0.18 mm h^–1, respectively. On the basis of all measurements, the average value of the decoupling coefficient was 0.25. During continuous soil water shortage a proportional reduction was observed in predawn leaf water potential and in daily maximum values of stomatal conductance, canopy transpiration and decoupling coefficient. The results showed that water vapour exchange in this canopy is strongly dominated by the regional vapour pressure deficit and that canopy transpiration is controlled mainly by stomatal conductance. On a seasonal basis, stomatal conductance and canopy transpiration were mainly related to predawn leaf water potential and, thus, to soil moisture and rainfall. Good results were obtained with a multiplicative empirical model that uses values of photosynthetically active radiation, vapour pressure deficit and predawn leaf water potential to estimate stomatal conductance. Received: 10 June 1998 / Accepted: 20 July 1998     

Water‐use efficiency in response to climate change: from leaf to ecosystem in a temperate steppe

Water‐use efficiency (WUE) has been recognized as an important characteristic of ecosystem productivity, which links carbon (C) and water cycling. However, little is known about how WUE responds to climate change at different scales. Here, we investigated WUE at leaf, canopy, and ecosystem levels under increased precipitation and warming from 2005 to 2008 in a temperate steppe in Northern China. We measured gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE), evapotranspiration (ET), evaporation (E), canopy transpiration (T_c), as well as leaf photosynthesis (P_max) and transpiration (T_l) of a dominant species to calculate canopy WUE (WUE_c=GEP/T), ecosystem WUE (WUE_gep=GEP/ET or WUE_nee=NEE/ET) and leaf WUE (WUE_l=P_max/T_l). The results showed that increased precipitation stimulated WUE_c, WUE_gep and WUE_nee by 17.1%, 10.2% and 12.6%, respectively, but decreased WUE_l by 27.4%. Climate warming reduced canopy and ecosystem WUE over the 4 years but did not affect leaf level WUE. Across the 4 years and the measured plots, canopy and ecosystem WUE linearly increased, but leaf level WUE of the dominant species linearly decreased with increasing precipitation. The differential responses of canopy/ecosystem WUE and leaf WUE to climate change suggest that caution should be taken when upscaling WUE from leaf to larger scales. Our findings will also facilitate mechanistic understanding of the C–water relationships across different organism levels and in projecting the effects of climate warming and shifting precipitation regimes on productivity in arid and semiarid ecosystems.     

桂西南喀斯特地区优势木本经济植物叶功能性状变异及其适应策略

植物叶功能性状可直接或间接地反映植物对环境变化的响应与适应策略。该文采用野外气体交换测量和实验室分析相结合的方法,以桂西南典型喀斯特灌丛常见种龙须藤和黄荆为对照,对该区域5种优势木本经济植物的叶功能性状指标及其关系进行研究。结果表明:(1) 11个叶功能性状指标种内均存在不同程度的变异,除胞间CO_2浓度和水分利用效率外,其余指标均存在显著差异。(2)比叶面积与叶干物质含量、叶组织密度呈极显著负相关;净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关;叶绿素与净光合速率、胞间CO_2浓度和蒸腾速率呈显著或极显著负相关。(3)结合叶经济谱理论分析,毛葡萄、长穗桑和黄荆属快速投资-收益型物种,趋向于选择光合能力强、比叶面积大但寿命短的生存策略;而柠檬、山黄皮、枇杷和龙须藤属缓慢投资-收益型物种,趋向于选择光合能力弱、比叶面积小和寿命长的生存策略;其中,枇杷和龙须藤的功能性状又发生了趋异分化,枇杷具有较高的水分利用效率,而龙须藤具有较高的叶干物质含量。综上结果说明桂西南喀斯特地区5种优势木本植物通过叶功能性状间的权衡采取了不同的适应策略,对于喀斯特退化生态系统植被恢复与重建具有重要的理论指导意义。     

Photosynthesis, water use efficiency and stable carbon isotope composition are associated with anatomical properties of leaf and xylem in six poplar species

Although fast‐growing Populus species consume a large amount of water for biomass production, there are considerable variations in water use efficiency (WUE) across different poplar species. To compare differences in growth, WUE and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem and to examine the relationship between photosynthesis/WUE and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem, cuttings of six poplar species were grown in a botanical garden. The growth performance, photosynthesis, intrinsic WUE (WUE_i), stable carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem were analysed in these poplar plants. Significant differences were found in growth, photosynthesis, WUE_i and anatomical properties among the examined species. Populus cathayana was the clone with the fastest growth and the lowest WUE_i/δ¹³C, whereas P. × euramericana had a considerable growth increment and the highest WUE_i/δ¹³C. Among the analysed poplar species, the highest total stomatal density in P. cathayana was correlated with its highest stomatal conductance (g_s) and lowest WUE_i/δ¹³C. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between WUE_i and abaxial stomatal density and stem vessel lumen area. These data suggest that photosynthesis, WUE_i and δ¹³C are associated with leaf and xylem anatomy and there are tradeoffs between growth and WUE_i. It is anticipated that some poplar species, e.g. P. × euramericana, are better candidates for water‐limited regions and others, e.g. P. cathayana, may be better for water‐abundant areas.     

Water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in two cultivars of upland rice during different developmental stages under three water regimes

A pot experiment was conducted in a glasshouse to clarify and quantify the effect of plant part, water regime, growth period, and cultivar on carbon isotope discrimination (CID), and to analyze the relationship between CID, stomatal behavior and water-use efficiency (WUE). The experiment was comprised of two upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars and three water regimes (100, 70, and 40% of saturation moisture) in a completely randomized design. Plants were harvested at tillering, flowering, and maturity. No significant cultivar differences in above-ground dry matter-based WUE (WUE_A) and total dry matter-based WUE (WUE_T) were observed. WUE_A (and WUE_T) increased with water stress up to tillering, but decreased with water stress after tillering. Significant cultivar differences in CID in all the analyzed plant parts were observed at all harvest times. Reduction in CID with water stress was greatest at tillering, and the effect was less pronounced at flowering and at maturity. At each harvest, the effect was most pronounced in newly developed plant parts. Root and grain tended to have the lowest CID values, and stem the highest, at all harvest times. A negative relationship was observed between CID measured at tillering and WUE_A (and WUE_T) measured over the period from seedling to tillering, whereas a reverse relationship was obtained between CID measured at flowering and WUE_A (and WUE_T) measured over the period from tillering to flowering, and an unclear relationship between CID measured at maturity and WUE_A (and WUE_T) measured over the period from flowering to maturity. The ratio of the intercellular and atmospheric concentration of CO₂ (C_i/C_a) were closely associated with CID throughout the water regimes when one cultivar was considered, however, cultivar differences in CID were not related to variations in C_i/C_a. The results indicate that significant cultivar difference existed in CID in all the analyzed plant parts at all harvest times, while corresponding difference in WUE_A (and WUE_T) between the cultivars was not necessarily consistent. Abbreviations: WUE – water-use efficiency; WUEi – instantaneous WUE (or leaf transpiration efficiency); ADM – above-ground dry matter; TDM – total dry matter; WUE_A– ADM-based WUE; WUE_T– TDM-based WUE} CID – carbon isotope discrimination; NL – the newest leaves; FEL – recently fully expanded leaves; FL – flag leaves; P – photosynthesis rate; g – leaf stomatal conductance to water vapor; C_i– intercellular CO₂ concentration; C_a– atmospheric CO₂ concentration; T – transpiration rate; gs – total conductance of CO₂     

Comparisons of biomass,water use efficiency and water use strategies across five genomic groups of Populus and its hybrids

Genetic improvement and hybridization in the Populus genus have led to the development of genotypes exhibiting fast growth, high rooting ability and disease resistance. However, while large biomass production is important for bioenergy crops, efficient use of resources including water is also important in sites lacking irrigation and for maintaining ecosystem water availability. In addition, comparison of water use strategies across a range of growth rates and genetic variability can elucidate whether certain strategies are shared among the fastest growing and/or most water use efficient genotypes. We estimated tree water use throughout the second growing season via sapflow sensors of 48 genotypes from five Populus taxa; P. deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall × P. deltoides (D × D), P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii A. Henry (D × M), P. deltoides × P. nigra L. (D × N), P. deltoides × P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray (D × T) and P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides (T × D) and calculated average canopy stomatal conductance (G_S). We regressed G_S and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) wherein the slope of the relationship represents stomatal sensitivity to VPD. At the end of the second growing season, trees were harvested, and their dry woody biomass was used to calculate whole tree water use efficiency (WUE_T). We found that D × D and D × M genotypes exhibited differing water use strategies with D × D genotypes exhibiting high stomatal sensitivity while retaining leaves while D × M genotypes lost leaf area throughout the growing season but exhibited low stomatal sensitivity. Across measured taxa, biomass growth was positively correlated with WUE_T, and genotypes representing each measured taxa except D × N and T × D had high 2-year dry biomass of above 6 kg/tree. Overall, these data can be used to select Populus genotypes that combine high biomass growth with stomatal sensitivity and WUE_T to limit the negative impacts of bioenergy plantations on ecosystem water resources.     

Gas exchange and resource-use efficiency of Leymus cinereus (Poaceae): diurnal and seasonal responses to naturally declining soil moisture

We examined factors that limit diurnal and seasonal photosynthesis in Leymus cinereus, a robust tussock grass from shrub-steppes of western North America. Data from plants in a natural stand and in experimental field plots indicate that this bunchgrass has 1) a high photosynthetic capacity, 2) high leaf nitrogen content and high nitrogen-use efficiency, 3) a steep leaf-to-air diffusion gradient for carbon dioxide, which enhances intrinsic water-use efficiency, and 4) photosynthetic tissues that tolerate severe water stress and recover quickly from moderate water stress. Midday depressions of CO₂ assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance were slight in plants with plentiful water, but marked in plants subject to moderate water stress. Midday stomatal closure in moderately stressed plants reduced intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (c_i) by ≈40 μl liter^-1. The maximum rate of A achieved during the day for severely stressed plants (predawn water potential = -4 MPa) was one-third and daily carbon gain per unit leaf area was about one-fourth that of well-watered plants. For plants in the natural stand, CO₂-saturated photosynthesis declined almost linearly with decreasing soil water availability over the growing season, whereas there was little effect on A at CO₂ ambient levels or on carboxylation efficiency until predawn water potentials reached -1.8 MPa. Nitrogen-use efficiency declined with diminishing soil moisture, but there was no seasonal change in stomatal limitation or instantaneous water-use efficiency as estimated from A vs. c_i curves at optimal leaf temperature and moderate atmospheric evaporative demand. Thus, reduced stomatal conductance in response to increased evaporative demand may increase stomatal limitation diumally, but over the growing season, stomatal limitation estimated from A vs. c_i curves is relatively constant because maximum stomatal conductance is closely tuned to the CO₂ assimilatory capacity of the mesophyll.     

干旱胁迫下油橄榄品种光合特性研究

为揭示油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)耐旱性与光合特性之间的关系,以筛选出的适宜于半干旱川西南地区种植的7个引进油橄榄品种为供试材料,采用盆栽模拟干旱胁迫的方法,研究持续干旱胁迫对其光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度加剧,7个油橄榄品种叶片相对含水量均显著降低,至干旱胁迫后期(25d),各品种叶片均出现大幅失水,其中品种‘科拉蒂’失水率最高(45.79%),而品种‘小苹果’失水率最低(25.52%),说明‘小苹果’叶片在干旱胁迫下较其他油橄榄品种具有更高保水能力。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度加剧,7个油橄榄品种叶片光合色素含量均不同程度降低,表明光合色素分解量大于合成量;干旱胁迫持续25d时,品种‘豆果’的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量下降幅度最大(P0.05),品种‘皮削利’类胡萝卜素含量下降幅度最大(P0.05),而品种‘小苹果’叶绿素a含量下降幅度最小。(3)随着干旱胁迫的持续进行,各油橄榄品种叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均不同程度降低,而水分利用效率(WUE)则呈上升趋势;干旱胁迫期间,品种‘佛奥’的Pn、Tr和Ci以及‘皮削利’的Gs降幅均高于其他品种,而‘小苹果’的Pn、Gs和Ci降幅均为最小且WUE上升幅度最大。研究发现,在持续干旱胁迫条件下,油橄榄幼苗叶片均大幅失水,光合色素结构被破坏、色素分解、含量降低,同时气孔关闭蒸发减少,光合作用减弱,而供试油橄榄品种中‘小苹果’对干旱胁迫的适应性最强,适宜于在半干旱的川西地区种植。