KATP通道开放剂对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的易化作用

在30只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠, 观察了KATP通道开放剂(cromakalim, Cro)对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响.结果如下: (1)以Cro (10 μmol/L)隔离灌流大鼠左侧颈动脉窦区时, 压力感受器机能曲线向左下方移位, 曲线最大斜率 (PS) 由0.36±0.01增至0.48±0.01 kPa/kPa (P<0.001), 反射性血压下降幅度(RD)由5.78±0.14增至7.87±0.12 kPa (P<0.001);阈压(TP)、平衡压(EP)和饱和压(SP)则分别从8.34±0.35, 12.71±0.25和24.89±0.25下降至6.41±0.09 kPa, 11.78±0.24 kPa, 22.56±0.16 kPa (P<0.01～0.001).其中RD, PS和TP的变化呈明显的剂量依赖性.(2)用KATP通道阻断剂格列苯脲(glibenclamide, 10 μmol/L)预处理后, Cro的上述反射效应即被阻断.(3)先给予腺苷(adenosine, 125 μmol/L)则可以加强Cro对压力感受器反射的影响.以上结果表明, KATP通道开放剂Cro对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射有易化作用, 此作用是由KATP通道开放剂引起窦壁扩张而牵张压力感受器所致.     

链霉素对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的抑制作用

在 2 3只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠 ,观察了链霉素对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响。结果如下 :(1)以链霉素 (10 0 μmol/L)隔离灌流大鼠左侧颈动脉窦区时 ,压力感受器反射机能曲线向左下方移位 ,曲线最大斜率 (PS)由 0 40± 0 0 1kPa降至 0 33± 0 0 1kPa (P <0 0 0 1) ,血压反射性下降 (reflexdecrease ,RD)幅度由 6 2 2±0 13kPa降至 5 0 2± 0 11kPa (P <0 0 0 1) ,阈压 (TP)、平衡压 (EP)和饱和压 (SP)则分别从 8 2 7± 0 2 5 ,12 71± 0 2 1和 2 4 41± 0 14kPa增至 10 33± 0 32 (P <0 0 1) ,13 33± 0 30 (P <0 0 1)和 2 6 11± 0 2 8kPa (P <0 0 1)。其中RD ,PS和TP的变化呈明显的剂量依赖性。 (2 )应用腺苷隔离灌流大鼠颈动脉窦区 ,引起颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的易化 ;在用链霉素预处理后 ,此易化效应不仅完全被阻断 ,且可使反射效应小于应用腺苷前的对照值。以上结果表明 ,链霉素对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射有明显的抑制作用。     

17β-雌二醇抑制雄性大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射

采用隔离灌流麻醉雄性大鼠颈动脉窦技术 ,观察了 17β 雌二醇 (E2 )对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响。结果如下 :(1)以E2 (10 μmol/L)隔离灌流颈动脉窦区时 ,压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位 ,曲线最大斜率(peakslope,PS)由 0 49± 0 0 3降至 0 2 5± 0 0 1(P <0 0 1) ,反射性血压下降幅度 (reflexdecrease,RD)由 7 37± 0 42kPa降至 3 49± 0 2 0kPa (P <0 0 0 1) ,阈压 (thresholdpressure ,TP)和饱和压 (saturationpressure ,SP)分别由 9 5 2±0 6 8kPa和 2 4 5 3± 0 48kPa增至 13 3± 0 11kPa (P <0 0 0 1)和 2 7 5 2± 0 2 0kPa (P <0 0 1) ,其中PS、RD、TP和SP呈明显的剂量依赖性 ;(2 )用雌激素受体阻断剂tamoxifen (1、5、10、30 μmol/L)预处理后 ,不能阻断E2 对压力感受器反射的抑制作用 ;(3)预先灌流NO合酶阻断剂 (L NAME ,10 0 μmol/L) ,可完全消除E2 (10 μmol/L)对压力感受器反射的抑制效应。以上结果表明 ,17β 雌二醇可通过非基因组机制抑制大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射 ,其效应系E2 引起血管内皮细胞释放NO所致。     

辣椒素对颈动脉窦压力感受性反射的易化作用

在30只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠,观察了辣椒素(capsaicin,CAP)对颈动脉窦压力感受性反射的影响.结果显示(1)以CAP(1 μmol/L)隔离灌流大鼠左侧颈动脉窦区时,颈动脉窦压力感受性机能曲线向左下方移位,曲线最大斜率(peak slope,PS)由0.34±0.01增至0.42±0.01(P＜0.01),反射性血压下降幅度(reflex decrease,RD)由36.51±1.26增至45,01±0.71 mmHg(P＜0.01).阈压、平衡压和饱和压分别从70.43±2.09、95.5±1.71和177.60±1.37 mmHg下降至52.86±2.80、87.00±1.58、163.55±2.12 mmHg(P＜0.01).其中PS和RD的变化呈明显的剂量依赖性.(2)用香草酸受体亚型(vanilloid receptor subtypel,VRl)阻断剂钌红(ruthenium red,100 μmo1/L)预处理后,CAP的上述反射效应即被阻断.(3)先给予KArp通道阻断剂格列苯脲(glibenclamide,20 μmo1/L)也取消了CAP对压力感受性反射的影响.结果表明,CAP对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受性反射有易化作用,此作用似与VR1介导的KATP通道开放有关.     

植物雌激素三羟异黄酮抑制麻醉大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射

采用隔离灌流麻醉雄性大鼠颈动脉窦技术,观察了植物雌激素三羟异黄酮（genistein,GST）对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响。其结果如下:（1）以GST（50μmol/L）隔离灌流颈动脉窦区时,压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位,曲线最大斜率（peak slope,PS）由0.36±0.01降至0.23±0.01（P<0.001）;反射性血压下降幅度（reflex decrease,RD）由39.75±1.58降至27.00±0.60 mmHg（P<0.001）,阈压（TP）和饱和压（SP）分别从65.63±2.10和192.23±3.90升至82.05±1.95mmHg（P<0.001）和215.76±3.75mmHg（P<0.001）。其中RD、PS和TP呈明显的剂量依赖性;（2）用Ca2+通道激动剂Bay K 8644（500 nmol/L）预处理后,能取消GST（50 μmol/L）对压力感受器反射的抑制作用;（3）预先灌流NO合酶阻断剂（L-NAME,100μmol/L）,不能阻断GST（50μmol/L）对压力感受器反射的抑制效应。以上结果提示,GST可能通过阻断Ca2+通道途径而抑制大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射,并非由血管内皮细胞释放NO所致。     

腺苷对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的易化作用

在27只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠,观察了腺苷（adenosine,Ado）对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响。所得结果如下：（1）以 Ado（125μmol／L）隔离灌流大鼠左侧颈动脉窦区时,压力感受器机能曲线向左下方移位,曲线最大斜率（PS）由0．37±0．02增至0 55±0．02kPa／KPa（P＜0．001）,反射性血压下降幅度（RD）由5．53±0．12增至7．76±0．36KPa;阈压（TP）、平衡压（EP）和饱和压（SP）则分别从8．60±0．27,12．53±0．30和23．69±0．15下降至5．63± 0．11kPa,10．89±0．29KPa和20．18±0．55KPa（P＜0．01－0．001 ）。其中RD,PS和TP的变化呈明显的剂量依赖性。（2）用腺苷选择性 A1受体拮抗剂（8－cyclopentyl－l,3－dipropylianthene,0．134mmol／L）预处理后,Ado的上述反射效应即被阻断。（3）先给予KATP通道阻断剂格列苯脲（glibenclamide．10μmol／L）亦可取消腺苷对压力感受器反射的影响。以上结果表明, Ado对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器活动有易化作用,这一作用似与腺苷A1受体介导的KATP通道开放有关。     

缓激肽抑制麻醉大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射

在36只隔离灌流左侧颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠上观察了缓激肽(bradykinin,BK)对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响.结果如下:(1)以BK (1.0μmol/L)隔离灌流大鼠颈动脉窦区时,压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位,曲线的最大斜率(peak slope,PS)由0.44±0.14降至0.31±0.01(P<0.01),反射性血压下降幅度(reflex decrease,RD)由6.85±0.18 kPa降至4.46±0.16 kPa (P<0.01),阈压(TP)由7.76±0.20增至10.04±0.09kPa (P<0.05),其中RD,PS和TP的变化呈明显的剂量依赖性.(2)用环氧酶抑制剂消炎痛(indomethacin,10 μmol/L)预处理后,对BK (1.0μmol/L)抑制压力感受器的作用无影响; (3)预先灌流NO合酶阻断剂(L-NAME,100μmol/L),则可完全消除BK (1.0μmol/L)对压力感受器反射的抑制效应; (4)预先给予转换酶抑制剂(captopril,20μmol/L),可加强BK对压力感受器反射的抑制作用.以上结果表明:BK对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射有抑制作用,此作用系BK引起血管内皮细胞生成NO所致.     

Ca2+在链霉素对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射影响中的作用

在23只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠上, 观察了链霉素(streptomycin, SM)对动脉压力感受器反射影响的离子机制.结果: (1) 用SM (200 μmol/L)隔离灌流大鼠颈动脉窦区时, 压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位, 曲线最大斜率及反射性血压下降幅度均减小(P<0.01), 提示SM对压力感受器反射有抑制作用; (2)预先灌流高Ca2+溶液(4 mmol/L)后, 可部分消除SM (200 μmol/L)对压力感受器反射的抑制作用(P<0.01), 使其压力感受器机能曲线向左下方移位, 曲线的最大斜率由0.27±0.04增至0.37±0.02 (P<0.01), 反射性血压下降幅度由4.32±0.14 kPa增至6.18±0.17 kPa (P<0.01), 而阈压和饱和压则分别从10.29±0.29和27.26±0.42 kPa降至9.98±0.33 和25.22±0.38 kPa (P<0.05); (3) 用Ca2+通道激动剂Bay K 8644 (500 nmol/L)预处理, 可完全消除SM (200 μmol/L)对压力感受器反射的抑制效应; (4)预先给予Ca2+激活性K+通道阻断剂(charybdotoxin, ChTX, 100 nmol/L), 对压力感受器反射无明显影响, 加入SM后仍呈现抑制作用.以上结果表明, SM可能是通过抑制颈动脉窦压力感受器中机械敏感性通道的Ca2+内流而发挥作用.     

八肽胆囊收缩素对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的抑制作用

在36只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠上,观察了八肽胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin octapepide,CCK-8)对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响。其结果如下：(1)以CCK-8(0．1、0．5、1．0μmol／L)隔离灌流颈动脉窦区时,压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位,曲线最大斜率(peak slope,PS)减小,反射性血压下降幅度(reflex decrease,RD)减少,阈压(threshold pressure,TP)和饱和压(saturation pressure,SP)均增高。其中RD、PS和TP呈明显的剂量依赖性;(2)用CCK-8的非特异性受体拮抗剂丙谷胺(100μmol／L)预处理后,能明显减弱CCK-8(0．50mol/L)对压力感受器反射的抑制;(3)预先灌流一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)阻断剂(L-NAME,100μmol／L),不能阻断CCK-8(0．5μmol/L)对压力感受器反射的影响;(4)用Ca^2 通道激动剂Bay K 8644(500nmol／L)预处理后,也能明显减弱CCK-8(0．5μmol／L)对压力感受器反射的抑制作用。以上结果提示,CCK-8是通过作用于颈动脉窦压力感受器神经元末梢上的受体而起到抑制作用的,其机制可能为抑制了牵张敏感性通道,致使Ca^2 离子内流减少,而与内皮细胞释放NO无关。     

内皮素对麻醉大鼠动脉压力感受器反射的调制作用

在27只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠,观察了内皮素（ET-1）对动脉压力感受器反射的调制作用。结果如下：（1）在颈动脉窦区灌流1nmol／L的ET-1时,压力感受器机能曲线向左下方移位,曲线的最大斜率（PS）由0.40±0.02增至0.51±0.02kPa／kPa（P＜0.01）,压力感受器反射性血压下降幅度（RD）由5.66±0.23增至6.76±0.22kPa（P＜0.01）。由此提示,这一剂量的FT-1对压力感受器反射有易化作用。（2）用10nmol／L的ET-1灌流时,压力感受器机能曲线则向右上方移位,PS降至0.28±0.01kPa／kPa（P＜0.01）,RD降至4．16±0.19kPa（P＜0.01）;100nmol／L的ET-1可使压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位更为明显,PS降至0.19±0.03kPa（P＜0.001）,RD进一步降至3.33±0.38kPa（P＜0.001）。这些结果表明,上述两种剂量的ET-1对压力感受器反射有抑制作用。（3）ETA受体选择性阻断剂BQ123（0.15μmol／L）可以阻断ET-1（10nmol／L）对压力感受器反射的抑制效应。（4）预先灌流KATP通道阻断剂格列苯脲（10μmol／L）,也可阻断ET-1的效应。综上所述,ET-1对压力感受器反射有双重效应,低剂量时有易化作用,而较高剂量时则有抑制作用,后一作用由ET-1型受体介导并有KATP通道的参与。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.