紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性——以云南绿春为例

为揭示紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性, 于2006-2007年在云南省绿春县牛孔乡采用陷阱法调查了天然紫胶林、人工紫胶林和旱地的地表甲虫群落。共采集标本1 678头, 分别隶属于24科120种, 其中步甲科(Carabidae)和金龟科(Scarabaeidae)种类最丰富, 均占全部种类的12.50%。拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)个体数量最丰富, 占个体总数的64.48%; 金龟科次之, 占个体总数的17.58%。大多数科的物种数和个体数在不同土地利用生境中的分布没有显著差异, 而步甲科、隐翅甲科(Staphylinidae)、叩甲科(Elateridae)、拟步甲科、瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)和小蠧科(Scolytidae)在不同土地利用生境中的分布有显著差异。天然紫胶林地表甲虫个体数量最少, 物种较丰富, 优势度最低, 多样性最高; 人工紫胶林个体数和物种数均丰富, 优势度和多样性居中; 旱地个体数量最多, 物种最贫乏, 优势度最高, 多样性最低。种级水平的聚类分析体现出人工紫胶林与旱地之间在种类组成上距离较近; 而科级水平的聚类反映出人工紫胶林和天然紫胶林更接近。结果提示, 紫胶林-农田复合生态系统具有区域内土地利用方式多样化的特点; 天然紫胶林在维持地表甲虫多样性水平上具有重要作用, 而人工紫胶林虽具有积极作用, 但仍需进一步恢复。     

吉林蛟河阔叶红松林地表甲虫多样性时间动态分析

阔叶红松林是长白山林区代表性植被类型,具有较高的生物多样性。研究吉林蛟河阔叶红松林中地表甲虫多样性的时间动态,比较优势类群对时间变化的响应,为森林中地表甲虫的保护与利用提供科学依据。在2012—2013年5月中旬至8月下旬整个地表甲虫的活跃期,利用巴氏罐法在吉林蛟河阔叶红松林4个样地中共采集地表甲虫9849头,隶属于22个科79种,步甲科Carabidae、埋葬甲科Silphidae和隐翅虫科Staphylinidae为优势类群。地表甲虫的物种数、个体数和多样性指数均在7月上旬时达到最高,时间对个体数有显著影响(P0.05)。地表甲虫多样性各指数间相关性较低,个别种类对环境变化比较敏感。步甲科个体数在7月上旬显著高于其他时间,物种数与个体数的时间动态不一致,步甲科对8月上旬的适应能力强于埋葬甲科和隐翅虫科。埋葬甲科在7月上旬个体数量极显著高于其他各时间(P0.01),物种数与个体数的时间动态相一致。埋葬甲科对7月下旬适应能力强于隐翅虫科,其对时间变化的反应最敏感,当环境条件适宜时,其数量能够迅速增加。不同时间隐翅虫科的物种数与个体数变化相对较小,对时间变化的敏感程度最低。由于生活习性的特殊化,使得捕食性和腐食性地表甲虫活跃的高峰期也可能与被捕食者在各时期的数量有关。     

紫胶林-农田复合生态系统甲虫群落多样性

在云南绿春县牛孔乡采用网扫法调查了紫胶林-农田复合生态系统(LPFE)中稻田(Ⅰ)、旱地(Ⅱ)、天然紫胶林(Ⅲ)、人工紫胶林(Ⅳ)的甲虫群落.采集标本3569号,隶属26科358种;象甲科种类最丰富,占全部种类的17.0%;瓢虫科数量最丰富,占个体总数的22.9%.虎甲科、隐翅甲科等物种数和个体数量在Ⅰ～Ⅳ中的分布没有明显差异;而叩甲科、粗角叩甲科、朽木甲科、伪叶甲科、瓢虫科、天牛科、负泥虫科、叶甲科和象甲科等有明显差异.LPFE、Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ甲虫物种多度分布符合对数级数模型,Ⅱ符合分割线段模型.Ⅰ～Ⅳ的甲虫多样性为:Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ.指出了栖息于植物上的甲虫群落能度量不同土地利用生境的区别,不同类群的甲虫对于生境的指示作用不同:叩甲等可以指示农田和林地的差异,而朽木甲、天牛、叶甲和象甲可以用于指示天然林和人工林生境的区别.LPFE具有区域内土地利用方式多样化的特点,对维持甲虫的多样性水平具有积极作用.Ⅲ在当地生物多样性保护中具有重要作用,Ⅱ在系统中具有很低的多样性.     

白龙江林区地表甲虫沿海拔梯度的群落结构及动态分析

【目的】揭示白龙江林区地表甲虫群落沿海拔梯度（927-2 735 m）的多样性格局、群落结构及动态变化,为林区内生物多样性长期监测及保护提供理论基础和依据。【方法】采用巴氏罐诱捕法,沿不同海拔梯度（927、1 794、2 376和2 735 m）设置陷阱诱集地表甲虫。【结果】共采集2 015头地表甲虫,包括18科95种。虎甲科Cicindelidae的个体数量最多（436只）占总数的21.6%,其次是叩甲科Elateridae、步甲科Carabidae、葬甲科Silphidae、隐翅甲科Staphylinidae。5个科的采集数量占到总数的75.1%,是白龙江地区优势种群。随着海拔梯度的升高,流域内地表甲虫的数量及优势种群数量都呈先上升后下降的趋势。在海拔2 376 m处,地表甲虫丰富度最高,诱集数量最多。低海拔地区地表甲虫丰富度低,诱集数量少。在种群动态变化中,中高海拔地区的优势种群在6-9月间的种群数量变化趋势呈单峰增长模式,且不同海拔高度不同科种群的诱集峰值不同。如在不同海拔梯度内诱集的步甲科数量均在7月份最多;在海拔2 376 m处,叩甲科个体数量在8月份最多,相比海拔较低的1 794 m处,则7月份数量最多,在低海拔927 m处和高海拔地区2 735 m处,叩甲科的个体数量急剧减少,且动态变化不明显。【结论】在白龙江林区拱坝河流域,地表甲虫种类丰富,优势种群明显。在不同海拔梯度上,其优势种群表现出不同的变化模式。根据地表甲虫群落在海拔梯度上的分布,可将地表甲虫分为三类。一是分布在中高海拔,包括步甲科、隐翅甲科及虎甲科等,在流域内4个不同海拔梯度都有分布。二是在中高海拔和高海拔处种类丰富,在低海拔处未诱集到相应甲虫,包括叩甲科及葬甲科。三是在不同海拔高度都有分布,但数量少,未形成优势种群,包括金龟科、象甲科及瓢虫科等。     

卧龙自然保护区落叶松林不同恢复阶段地表甲虫的多样性

在四川卧龙国家自然保护区,以落叶松种植林邻近的天然落叶阔叶林(100年生,5块样地)为对照,分别选择刚种植(5年生)、幼年期(15年生)和成熟期(45年生)的3种落叶松林各4块样地,每个样地4个重复,研究森林不同恢复阶段地表甲虫的多样性。通过巴氏罐诱法取样,采集甲虫标本共7444号。步甲科、隐翅虫科和拟步甲科分别占总数的40·2%、38·3%和6·4%,共同构成本研究地区的优势类群。甲虫的科丰富度、多样性和均匀度在3种落叶松林内显著高于天然林,且在3种落叶松林中,刚种植的最高,幼年期的最低;个体数量正相反,天然林显著高于落叶松林,而且3种落叶松林内,幼年期最高,刚种植的最低。主坐标分析排序和聚类分析表明,不同树龄的落叶松林和天然阔叶林间的地表甲虫群落组成存在显著差异,成熟期落叶松林与幼年期落叶松林和天然阔叶林有较高的相似性。甲虫个体数量的季节变化在3种落叶松林内相似性很高,与天然阔叶林差异显著,而科丰富度、多样性和均匀度的季节变化在3种落叶松林以及天然阔叶林间相似性都很低。多元回归分析表明,林冠层、草本层及枯落物的高(厚)度和覆盖率是决定科丰富度、个体数量、多样性和均匀度的决定因素。以上结果表明,在科级水平上,地表甲虫群落组成在不同树龄的落叶松林以及天然落叶阔叶林内存在显著差异,虽然成熟期的落叶松林已经具有了部分天然阔叶林的甲虫群落特点,但仍无法完全恢复到天然林的群落水平。因此,在鼓励森林恢复的同时,保留大面积的天然落叶阔叶林免受破坏和干扰仍然是保护地表甲虫群落的必要措施。     

小尺度下柠条林破碎化生境对地表甲虫多样性的影响

一般认为,景观斑块面积和破碎化对物种丰富度和分布格局有重要的影响。在宁夏中部荒漠地区,天然柠条林和人工柠条林地交错排列,形成点、片、带状等大小不等的斑块性分布,表现为典型的破碎化斑块格局生境特征。本文采用巴氏罐诱法调查了在小尺度下荒漠景观人工柠条林破碎化生境不同斑块内地表甲虫的物种多样性。结果共获得10科20属29种地表甲虫,其中拟步甲科昆虫占绝对优势,阿小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi alashanica Skopin、克小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi kraatzi(Reitter)为优势种。Rarefaction曲线显示较大面积的斑块有较多的物种多样性,但群落多样性指数各斑间块差异不显著。利用斑块面积对物种数-个体数进行回归分析表明,地表甲虫的物种多样性受斑块面积的影响,生境破碎化会导致地表甲虫多样性下降。     

大巴山北坡地表甲虫的物种多样性

采用巴氏罐诱法取样,对大巴山北坡3种主要林型（林区人工林、农耕区天然次生林和农耕区人工林）地表甲虫的类群组成、数量分布进行了分析,并采用对应趋势分析和聚类分析法,研究了3种林型地表甲虫类群组成和数量分布的相似性.结果表明：2002年8月9—13日,研究区共捕获地表甲虫1094号,其中,隐翅虫科和叶甲科分别占40.59%和33.18%,步甲科、球蕈甲科、金龟科、象甲科、蚁甲科和缨甲科均各占1%以上,这8科地表甲虫是该地区常见的类群;地表甲虫的个体数量从林区人工林、农耕区天然次生林到农耕区人工林依次减少;农耕区人工林的科丰富度指数明显低于林区人工林和农耕区天然次生林.大巴山北坡农耕区天然次生林地表甲虫的类群组成和数量分布与林区人工林差异明显,农耕区人工林与林区人工林和农耕区天然次生林各有部分相似性.     

横断山区东部四种林型地表甲虫的物种多样性

2001年7月8—14日在横断山区东部选择皆伐后经过管理的人工次生林(MSF)、无人管理的农耕区次生林(USF)、邻近天然的冷杉林(NAF)和杜鹃矮曲林(NRF)4种林型,共设置样地20块,以巴氏罐诱法收集地表甲虫的物种组成和数量数据,并以地表甲虫的种类和数量分布为属性做主成分分析和聚类分析,研究森林皆伐和管理行为对地表甲虫物种多样性的影响。共采集地表甲虫标本4292号,步甲科、觅葬甲科和隐翅虫科分别占总数46．8％、13．1％和11．4％,是数量最多的类群;金龟科、象甲科和拟步甲科的数量也各在5％以上,为常见类群。其中,步甲科的个体数量在NRF显著多于其他林型,在USF显著少于其他林型;觅葬甲科在两个天然林显著多于两个次生林;拟步甲科在NRF显著多于其他林型;花萤科在MSF和NAF显著多于USF;叩甲科在USF显著多于MSF和NAF;象甲科在NRF和MSF明显多于USF;叶甲科在NRF明显多于USF。地表甲虫的个体数量从USF、MSF、NAF到NRF逐渐增多,而均匀度指数则逐渐降低;MSF内物种丰富度和多样性指数分别显著高于USF和NRF。主成分分析和聚类分析表明,除了USF与其他林型有明显差异外,其他林型间有一定的相似性,但MSF与天然NAF间相似性较低。以上结果表明,森林砍伐后并种植人工林措施改变了该地区地表甲虫群落的物种分布格局,有助于恢复物种多样性。     

不同景观结构下麦田地面甲虫和蜘蛛物种多样性及优势种分布的时空动态

【目的】揭示在不同景观结构下,麦田地面甲虫和蜘蛛物种多样性及优势种分布的时空动态,为实际小麦生产过程和害虫种群控制提供理论上的依据和方法。【方法】采用地面陷阱法调查,对不同景观结构下地表甲虫和蜘蛛物种多样性的田间分布和时间动态进行分析与模拟。【结果】所得银川平原4种不同景观结构下麦田生境中地表甲虫和蜘蛛17科,92种,计5 683头。蜘蛛和步甲分别占总个体数的15.61%、31.15%。对不同景观结构下地表甲虫和蜘蛛物种多样性的田间分布和时间动态进行分析与模拟,得出:复杂景观结构较简单景观结构的调查区,表现出明显较高的物种多样性。步甲在5月上旬多样性指数最大,随后出现先降后升的趋势;蜘蛛在6月下旬多样性指数最大,之后一直呈现下降趋势。其原因主要是灌水影响了部分地表甲虫和蜘蛛活动所致。【结论】通过绘制了毛青步甲Chlaenius pallipes和星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera种群密度的田间分布图,可看出复杂景观结构调查区较简单景观结构调查区二者种群数量明显较高。     

苜蓿邻作麦田地表步甲和蜘蛛种群动态及其对苜蓿刈割的响应

设计苜蓿-麦邻作与麦-麦邻作的农田界面捕食性天敌空间分布对比试验,在距离交接界面3、6、9、12、15、18、21、24和27 m处设诱集小区,采用陷阱法诱集调查地表步甲和蜘蛛种类与数量.结果表明: 不同界面麦田边缘地表步甲和蜘蛛物种多样性和多度都表现出一定的边际效应.苜蓿 麦界面15～18 m范围内边际效应明显,超过20 m, 边际效应逐渐消失.麦-麦界面的边缘效应明显弱于苜蓿 麦界面.苜蓿的刈割使苜蓿田中的天敌向邻作麦田迁移,苜蓿刈割后10 d内,邻作小麦田20 m内地表步甲和蜘蛛种类和个体数都有所增加,其中个体数的增长幅度大、速度快.绘制了苜蓿-麦界面地表步甲和蜘蛛的物种多样性和优势种(毛青步甲和星豹蛛)种群数量空间动态分布图,能直观地看出天敌由苜蓿向小麦田的迁移过程.     

Attraction of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and nontarget insects to methyl eugenol bucket traps with different preservative fluids on Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands

Attraction of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and nontarget insects to preservative fluids ethylene glycol antifreeze, propylene glycol antifreeze, or mineral oil in bucket traps that contained captured decaying male oriental fruit flies, a male lure (methyl eugenol), and a toxicant (DDVP vapor insecticidal strip) were compared with dry control traps. Significantly (P < 0.05) greater numbers of B. dorsalis were captured in propylene glycol antifreeze traps than in other attractant trap types. Among attractant trap types with lowest negative impacts on nontarget insects, control traps captured significantly lower numbers of three species and one morphospecies of scavenger flies, one species of plant-feeding fly, and one species each of sweet-and lipid-feeding ants. Mineral oil traps captured significantly lower numbers of two species of scavengers flies and one morphospecies of plant-feeding fly, and one species of sweet-feeding ant. Because of the fragile nature of endemic Hawaiian insect fauna, the propylene glycol antifreeze bucket trap is best suited for use in environments (e.g., non-native habitats) where endemic species are known to be absent and mineral oil traps are more suited for minimizing insect captures in environmentally sensitive habitats.     

A comparison of trap type and height for capturing cerambycid beetles (Coleoptera)

Wood-boring beetles in the family Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) play important roles in many forest ecosystems. However, increasing numbers of invasive cerambycid species are transported to new countries by global commerce and threaten forest health in the United States and worldwide. Our goal was to identify effective detection tools for a broad array of cerambycid species by testing some known cerambycid attractants and a pheromone in different trap designs placed across a range of habitats. We compared numbers and species richness of cerambycid beetles captured with cross-vane panel traps and 12-unit Lindgren multiple-funnel traps, placed either at ground level (1.5 m high) or canopy level (approximately 3-10 m high), at eight sites classified as either residential, industrial, deciduous forest, or conifer forest. We captured 3,723 beetles representing 72 cerambycid species from 10 June to 15 July 2010. Species richness was highest for the subfamilies Cerambycinae and Lamiinae, which accounted for 33 and 46% of all species captured, respectively. Overall, the cross-vane panel traps captured approximately 1.5 times more beetles than funnel traps. Twenty-one species were captured exclusively in traps at one height, either in the canopy or at ground level. More species were captured in hardwood sites (59 species) where a greater diversity of host material was available than in conifer (34 species), residential (41 species), or industrial (49) sites. Low numbers of beetles (n < 5) were recorded for 28 of the beetle species. The number of species captured per week ranged from 49 species on 21 June to 37 species on 12 July. Cross-vane panel traps installed across a vertical gradient should maximize the number of cerambycid species captured.     

Differences in endemic insect assemblages among vegetation types on a small island of the oceanic Ogasawara Islands

Natural vegetation is often replaced by invasive alien plants on isolated oceanic islands. To determine how invasive alien plants affect insect diversity, we compared flying insects captured using Malaise traps among different vegetation types on a small island (Nishijima; 0.49 km²) in the oceanic Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands in the north‐western Pacific. The numbers of individuals and species, and the species composition of pollinators (bees), predators (wasps) and wood borers (cerambycid, mordellid and elaterid beetles) were compared among three vegetation types: Casuarina equisetifolia (an invasive alien tree) forest, natural forest and natural grassland (forest edge), during two seasons (June and October–November 2005). In traps, 80.0, 66.7, 87.5, 85.7 and 100.0% of bee, wasp, cerambycid, mordellid and elaterid beetle species, respectively, were endemic to the Ogasawara Islands. Grassland had the highest wasp and bee species richness, whereas natural forest had the highest species richness of wood‐boring beetles. The C. equisetifolia forest had the poorest species richness for most insect groups (except mordellid beetles). More individuals of most insect groups (except bees) were captured in June than in October–November. More individual bees and wasps were captured in grassland than in forests, whereas more individual mordellid and elaterid beetles were captured in forests than in grassland. The number of cerambycid individuals did not differ among vegetation types. Redundancy analysis suggested that most insect species preferred natural forest or grassland to alien forest. Therefore, further invasion of natural grassland and forest by the alien tree C. equisetifolia may negatively affect the endemic insect fauna of Nishijima.     

Habitat patch and matrix effects on small-mammal persistence in Amazonian forest fragments

Tropical forest mammal assemblages are widely affected by the twin effects of habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. We evaluated the effects of forest patch metrics, habitat structure, age of patch isolation, and landscape metrics on the species richness, abundance and composition of small mammals at 23 forest fragments (ranging in size from 43 to 7,035 ha) in a highly deforested 3,609-km² landscape of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Using pitfall traps and both terrestrial and arboreal traplines of Sherman, Tomahawk and snap traps, we captured a total of 844 individuals over 34,900 trap-nights representing 26 species and 20 genera of small-mammals, including 13 rodent and 13 marsupial species. We also consider the effects of distance from forest edges on species occupancy and abundance. Overall small mammal abundance, species richness and species composition were primarily affected by the quality of the open-habitat matrix of cattle pastures, rather than by patch metrics such as fragment size. Ultimately, small mammal community structure was determined by a combination of both landscape- and patch-scale variables. Knowledge of the anthropogenic factors that govern small mammal community structure is of critical importance for managing the persistence of forest vertebrates in increasingly fragmented neotropical forest landscapes.     

Pitfall trap design affects the capture efficiency of harvestmen (Opiliones) and millipedes (Diplopoda)

Pitfall trapping is one of the standard methods used for the capture of ground‐active arthropod groups. Despite being frequently used, the standardization of this method is problematic due to the large range of combinations of the individual parameters of pitfall traps with varying efficacy under different environmental conditions. We evaluated the effects of the trap diameter, the fixing fluid, and their combination on the capture efficacy for harvestmen (Opiliones) and millipedes (Diplopoda). We used pitfall traps with three different diameters: 3 cm, 5 cm, and 12 cm, filled with three types of fixing fluids (saturated fluid of NaCl, 10:1 mixture of 70% ethanol and glycerol and 4% formaldehyde). Altogether, 90 traps representing nine combinations of trap diameters and fixing fluid were placed on a mown meadow in spring and autumn intervals for a total of 45 days. We sampled 1,488 individuals representing 11 harvestmen species and 881 individuals representing 11 millipede species. Large (d = 12 cm) and medium (5 cm) traps captured significantly more millipede species and individuals than the small‐sized traps (3 cm). The same effect was observed for harvestmen species richness, whereas the medium traps (d = 5 cm) captured the highest mean activity of harvestmen. By analyzing the differences in the body sizes of the studied arthropods in relation to the trap diameter and fluid, we found that larger traps, as well as traps filled with NaCl solution, captured larger harvestmen more frequently than the other trap types. Our results revealed that the combination of larger traps (d = 5 and 12 cm) and formaldehyde was most effective in the capture of both studied groups. However, the disadvantage of formaldehyde is its toxicity.     

Ant diversity and bio-indicators in land management of lac insect agroecosystem in Southwestern China

The segregation of land-use intensity signifies an important change in land use in lac insect agroecosystem of Southwestern China. Farming conversions have led to a highly diversified landscape, with a mosaic made up of patches of land with different succession, from cultivated lands to closed forest. Our aim here is to characterize ant assemblages within this mosaic and identify key ant community metrics and species that can be used for bioindication. The habitats supported different level of ant species richness and abundance. For ants captured by pitfall trapping, the mean plot species richness in lac plantation was significantly higher than that in dry land (deforestation land-use). For ants captured by sweep netting and foliage shaking, there was significant difference among lac plantation, dry land and secondary forest occurring from afforestation of lac plantations, with lac plantation having greatest species richness. Ant species composition was different among the three land-use habitats. Seven of the fifteen most common species had statistically different abundances or occurrence within the three land-uses. Thirteen species had statistically significant different distributions among land-use habitats (among them three species were captured by sweep netting and foliage shaking). Ten species had statistically significant habitat associations determined by IndVal analysis. Among these ten species, five ant species were associated with secondary forest, two with lac plantation, and three with dry land. Lac plantation integrated with lac-production and farming is clearly an important land-use protecting ant diversity, and thus having great conservation potential. The use of ants as bio-indicators is a promising method for determining ecological responses to human land use in China.     

Vertical distribution of fruit‐feeding butterflies with evidence of sex‐specific differences in a Tanzanian forest

Tropical forests accommodate rich species diversity, particularly among insects. Habitat heterogeneity along the vertical gradient extending from the forest understorey to the tree canopy influences diversity. The vertical distribution of forest insects is poorly understood across Africa, most especially eastern Africa. Food‐baited traps were used to study the vertical stratification of adult fruit‐feeding nymphalid butterflies in Mtai Forest Reserve, north‐eastern Tanzania. Traps were located in the forest canopy and understorey. A total of 277 individuals of 24 species were captured. Species composition differed by trap locations: 33% of the species captured were found in both the canopy and understorey strata; however, significantly more species were captured in the understorey (54%) than canopy (13%). Males were significantly more abundant than females and captured in both strata. A greater proportion of females were captured in the understorey than the canopy. The time of day affected capture rates, with more individuals caught in the afternoon; however, there was no association between the time period and the sex of individuals captured in canopy versus understorey locations. Understanding how the sexes of butterflies vary in understorey versus canopy offers new biological insights into the vertical stratification of insects.     

Species characterization and responses of subcortical insects to trap‐logs and ethanol in a hardwood biomass plantation

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