紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性——以云南绿春为例

为揭示紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性, 于2006-2007年在云南省绿春县牛孔乡采用陷阱法调查了天然紫胶林、人工紫胶林和旱地的地表甲虫群落。共采集标本1 678头, 分别隶属于24科120种, 其中步甲科(Carabidae)和金龟科(Scarabaeidae)种类最丰富, 均占全部种类的12.50%。拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)个体数量最丰富, 占个体总数的64.48%; 金龟科次之, 占个体总数的17.58%。大多数科的物种数和个体数在不同土地利用生境中的分布没有显著差异, 而步甲科、隐翅甲科(Staphylinidae)、叩甲科(Elateridae)、拟步甲科、瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)和小蠧科(Scolytidae)在不同土地利用生境中的分布有显著差异。天然紫胶林地表甲虫个体数量最少, 物种较丰富, 优势度最低, 多样性最高; 人工紫胶林个体数和物种数均丰富, 优势度和多样性居中; 旱地个体数量最多, 物种最贫乏, 优势度最高, 多样性最低。种级水平的聚类分析体现出人工紫胶林与旱地之间在种类组成上距离较近; 而科级水平的聚类反映出人工紫胶林和天然紫胶林更接近。结果提示, 紫胶林-农田复合生态系统具有区域内土地利用方式多样化的特点; 天然紫胶林在维持地表甲虫多样性水平上具有重要作用, 而人工紫胶林虽具有积极作用, 但仍需进一步恢复。     

紫胶林-农田复合生态系统蝗虫群落多样性

在云南绿春县采用网扫法调查了紫胶林-农田复合生态系统中稻田、旱地、天然紫胶林和人工紫胶林的蝗虫群落.共采集蝗总科（Acridoidea）昆虫1426头,5科22属,计33种.4个样地的群落物种丰富度S分别为16.333、13.000、11.000和12.000,Margalef 指数分别为2.873、2.266、2.335和2.137,Shannon-Wiener指数分别为2.034、1.976、1.982和1.488,Simpson指数分别为0.196、0.189、0.174和0.323,Pielou指数分别为0.728、0.787、0.829和0.599.紫胶林-农田复合生态系统蝗虫多样性总体较低,系统内不同农业土地利用生境蝗虫群落具有不同的物种组成及多样性特点,农田中稻田比旱地能容纳更多的蝗虫种类和数量,其蝗虫群落多样性高,均匀性和稳定性一般;天然紫胶林蝗虫群落多样性较高,群落稳定性强;而人工紫胶林蝗虫群落多样性低、群落不稳定.系统内不同土地利用生境中蝗虫群落之间存在物种的交流.     

阿尔泰山两河源自然保护区森林生态系统朽木生地衣群落的数量分类

应用双向指示种分析和除趋势对应分析对阿尔泰山两河源国家级自然保护区的朽木生地衣群落进行了数量分类。初步结果表明,该自然保护区朽木生地衣共有43种,隶属于5目、14科、20属,它们组成了以下4个地衣群落。群落(Ⅰ):分布在样点1、2、3、4、5中,包括15种地衣种类,命名为对开蜈蚣衣+半羽蜈蚣衣+红心黑蜈蚣衣群落。群落(Ⅱ):分布在样点6、7、8、9、11中,包括25种地衣,命名为尖头石蕊+粉石蕊+矮石蕊群落。群落(Ⅲ):由样点10、12、13、14、16组成,常见的地衣种类有19个种,命名为蜡黄橙衣+茎口果粉衣+冷杉粉衣群落。群落(Ⅳ):包括样点15、17、18、19和20,由22个地衣种组成。命名为疑小梅衣+同色黄烛衣+脱落网衣群落。群落Ⅰ和群落Ⅱ的相似性最高为0.723,其次为群落Ⅰ和群落Ⅲ为0.609,群落Ⅲ和群落Ⅳ之间的相似性最低为0.262。群落Ⅲ的多样性最大为1.954;其次为群落Ⅱ和群落Ⅰ,分别为1.742和我1.685,群落Ⅳ的多样性最低为0.543。各群落的相似性和多样性之间的差异与其所处环境和朽木树种的多样性有关。同时发现在研究地区的朽木生地衣群落的分布与海拔高度、朽木腐蚀程度、朽木大小、森林郁闭度等因子具有密切的关系。     

宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区地表甲虫群落多样性

2006年7—9月在宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区内选取5个不同样地,主要以巴氏罐诱法结合网捕等采集方法对各样地地表甲虫群落组成和多样性变化进行了调查。结果共获得甲虫标本1 896号,分属17科,其中拟步甲科数量最多,占25.58%;叶甲科次之,占20.99%;肖叶甲科、芫菁科和瓢虫科的数量也相对较多,它们共同构成该地区地表甲虫的优势类群。白芨滩样地地表甲虫的物种数和个体数量最丰富;长流水样地的多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数最高;马鞍山样地的物种数、个体数量和与此相应的均匀度指数、多样性指数、丰富度最低。通过聚类分析显示白芨滩样地和大泉样地具有一定程度的相似性,长流水样地与磁窑堡样地相似性程度较高,马鞍山样地与其他4个地点差异最大。表明生境类型差异性与地表甲虫群落的物种多样性和相似性密切相关;荒漠化环境治理使地表甲虫栖息环境的空间异质性增大,从而增加了地表甲虫的多样性。     

横断山区东部四种林型地表甲虫的物种多样性

2001年7月8—14日在横断山区东部选择皆伐后经过管理的人工次生林(MSF)、无人管理的农耕区次生林(USF)、邻近天然的冷杉林(NAF)和杜鹃矮曲林(NRF)4种林型,共设置样地20块,以巴氏罐诱法收集地表甲虫的物种组成和数量数据,并以地表甲虫的种类和数量分布为属性做主成分分析和聚类分析,研究森林皆伐和管理行为对地表甲虫物种多样性的影响。共采集地表甲虫标本4292号,步甲科、觅葬甲科和隐翅虫科分别占总数46．8％、13．1％和11．4％,是数量最多的类群;金龟科、象甲科和拟步甲科的数量也各在5％以上,为常见类群。其中,步甲科的个体数量在NRF显著多于其他林型,在USF显著少于其他林型;觅葬甲科在两个天然林显著多于两个次生林;拟步甲科在NRF显著多于其他林型;花萤科在MSF和NAF显著多于USF;叩甲科在USF显著多于MSF和NAF;象甲科在NRF和MSF明显多于USF;叶甲科在NRF明显多于USF。地表甲虫的个体数量从USF、MSF、NAF到NRF逐渐增多,而均匀度指数则逐渐降低;MSF内物种丰富度和多样性指数分别显著高于USF和NRF。主成分分析和聚类分析表明,除了USF与其他林型有明显差异外,其他林型间有一定的相似性,但MSF与天然NAF间相似性较低。以上结果表明,森林砍伐后并种植人工林措施改变了该地区地表甲虫群落的物种分布格局,有助于恢复物种多样性。     

元谋干热河谷不同人工林中鞘翅目甲虫多样性比较

在元谋干热河谷采用网扫法调查了云南松林、桉树林、新银合欢林、桉树＋新银合欢林、印楝林及多树种混交的人工林鞘翅目昆虫多样性。结果表明,鞘翅目甲虫标本925号,计71种,分属18个科,其中叶甲科种类最丰富,象甲科数量最丰富。人工林鞘翅目昆虫群落物种丰富度在7～23,Shannon—Wiener多样性指数在1．249～2．562,昆虫多样性总体较低。各样地鞘翅目群落之间为不相似水平。云南松林鞘翅目昆虫群落物种丰富度、Shannon—Wiener指数、Simpson指数及Pielou指数分别为20、2．562、0．104和0．855,其多样性最高,多树种混交林较高,印楝林较低,而桉树林、新银合欢林、桉树＋新银合欢林多样性极低。多树种混交的恢复对昆虫多样性提高有显著促进作用。     

横断山区蝶类的垂直分布及其多样性

2006年对横断山区蝶类的垂直分布进行了调查,共发现蝴蝶603种,隶属12科229属,其中,蛱蝶科在属数、种类数和个体数量上均为最多,绢蝶科、珍蝶科和喙蝶科种类数量很少,但都是该区域的珍稀蝶类.从山麓到山地上部,沿高程梯度,蝴蝶群落的差异明显,无论是种类组成还是群落多样性特征,蝴蝶群落都呈现出明显的垂直分带;横断山区蝴蝶群落垂直带谱包括低山农田蝴蝶群落(Ⅰ)、山地中亚热带常绿阔叶林蝴蝶群落(Ⅱ)、山地暖温带常绿阔叶与落叶阔叶混交林蝴蝶群落(Ⅲ)、山地温带针阔混交林蝴蝶群落(Ⅳ)、山地寒温带暗针叶林蝴蝶群落(Ⅴ)和高山亚寒带灌丛草甸蝴蝶群落(Ⅵ),群落多样性指数变化趋势为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅴ>Ⅵ;在6个垂直带中,山地中亚热带常绿阔叶林带是地形最复杂、植物种类最丰富的垂直带,其蝶类物种数、个体数量、多样性指数均高于其他垂直带,表明在横断山区的蝴蝶群落垂直带谱中,该带蕴藏了最为丰富的蝶类多样性,因此也是最需要优先保护的生态带.     

紫胶虫蜜露对地表蚂蚁多样性的影响

2009年12月至2010年5月,采用陷阱法在云南省墨江县雅邑乡调查了紫胶林地表蚂蚁群落多样性,分析了紫胶虫蜜露对地表蚂蚁多样性的影响.结果表明:紫胶虫蜜露资源的有无及变动对地表蚂蚁群落物种组成、多度及多样性均产生影响.在紫胶林样地共采集蚂蚁标本4953头,隶属5亚科23属34种,在对照样地共采集蚂蚁标本2416头,隶属5亚科20属30种;紫胶林地表蚂蚁相对多度、物种丰富度(S)及ACE估计值均高于对照样地,地表蚂蚁常见种和指示种均与对照样地不同,表明放养紫胶虫改变了地表蚂蚁群落结构;紫胶虫成虫期蜜露分泌量高于幼虫期,其地表蚂蚁相对多度、S及ACE估计值也高于幼虫期,且两阶段的蚂蚁常见种和指示种显著不同.     

小兴安岭阔叶红松林地表甲虫Beta多样性

Beta多样性用来衡量集群内物种组成的变异性,可以被分解为空间物种转换和物种集群镶嵌两个组分,是揭示群落构建机制的重要基础。目前开展了较多的地上生态系统beta多样性研究,然而地下生态系统beta多样性进展缓慢。以小兴安岭凉水和丰林自然保护区为研究地区,于2015年8、10月采用陷阱法对阔叶红松林进行调查,揭示地表甲虫(步甲科、隐翅虫科、葬甲科)的beta多样性。结果表明:(1)凉水共发现39种、856只地表甲虫,丰林共发现43种、1182只地表甲虫。8月凉水明显具有较高的全部甲虫(三个科的总和)物种多样性和丰富度,10月正好相反。(2)凉水和丰林之间地表甲虫beta多样性的差异仅发现于8月的步甲科和葬甲科之间。(3)凉水和丰林地表甲虫的beta多样性主要由空间物种转换组成,物种集群镶嵌对beta多样性的贡献很小,说明地表甲虫物种组成变异主要由本地物种之间较高的转换引起。研究表明小兴安岭阔叶红松林地表甲虫的beta多样性主要由空间物种转换组成,在揭示群落构建机制过程中,其内部物种交换和环境调控不容忽视。     

荒漠景观地表甲虫群落边缘效应研究

本文以宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区两种典型的边缘类型:荒漠草原-人工固沙柠条林(边缘类型Ⅰ)和荒漠草原-固定半固定沙地(边缘类型Ⅱ)作为研究对象,以距离梯度(25 m)的形式设置样点,主要采用巴氏罐诱法探讨边缘效应对其地表甲虫群落多样性的影响。本研究共采集到地表甲虫标本6 760头,分属于19科68种,其中样地Ⅰ采集到2 045头,样地Ⅱ采集到4 715头。统计发现,拟步甲科昆虫占样地Ⅰ的70.46%、样地Ⅱ的81.91%,是该地区地表甲虫中的绝对优势类群。边缘类型Ⅰ中,边缘生境地表甲虫的物种数、优势度指数以及丰富度指数均高于相邻生境内部核心区域,而其均匀度指数和多样性指数则低于人工固沙柠条林核心生境。边缘类型Ⅱ中,边缘生境地表甲虫的物种数、丰富度指数以及多样性指数均高于相邻生境的内部核心区域。边缘效应强度分析表明,边缘类型Ⅰ的E H'=0.9958,E C=1.1391,呈负的边缘效应,但负效应很弱,边缘类型Ⅱ的E H'=1.1394,E C=0.5994,呈正的边缘效应,这一结果与边缘地带的环境复杂性和生境异质性有关。     

Beetle families as indicators of Coleopteran diversity in forests: a study using Malaise traps in the central mountainous region of Japan

The conservation of biodiversity is an important goal of most forest management efforts, and proper monitoring of biodiversity requires immediate attention. Coleoptera, the largest order of organisms on Earth, should be monitored as a crucial part of overall biodiversity. To facilitate monitoring of Coleopteran diversity, indicators at the family level that adequately represent the beetle diversity were investigated. One Malaise trap was placed in each of 52 forest stands in the central mountainous region of Japan; all captured beetles were identified to species. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated between the number of species in each family and the total number of species in all families combined. The relationship between the species composition of each family and the overall composition of all families was examined using Mantel tests. Families with high correlation coefficients for species richness included Cerambycidae, Cleridae, Curculionidae, Lycidae, Elateridae. Families exhibiting strong similarity in composition to the composition of all families were Scolytidae, Elateridae, Curculionidae, Cerambycidae, and Staphylinidae and the Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, and Elateridae were determined to be useful surrogates for Coleopteran diversity. All significant pairwise correlations between each of these three families and other Coleopteran families were positive, indicating that each was appropriate as a competent surrogate. Thus, this study identified adequate diversity indicators in Coleoptera that can be caught by Malaise traps. The accumulation of data on indicators obtained through different methods or in different climates is necessary to ensure the selection of widely applicable indicator families as stable surrogates of beetle diversity.     

Rainforest conversion to smallholder cash crops leads to varying declines of beetles (Coleoptera) on Sumatra

Southeast Asian arthropod biodiversity is in rapid decline, but the variability of responses within taxa has received little attention. Using canopy fogging, we collected ~50,000 beetles (Coleoptera) in (1) lowland rainforest, (2) jungle rubber (rubber agroforest), and smallholder monoculture plantations of (3) rubber and (4) oil palm in Sumatra, across two landscapes and seasons. On average, beetle abundance was more than 50%, and biomass over 75%, lower in rubber and oil palm plantations than in rainforest and jungle rubber. This pattern was influenced by landscape and season. Abundance and biomass declines were similar in Chrysomelidae, Elateridae, and Staphylinidae, but differed in Curculionidae, which were most abundant in oil palm due to the introduced oil palm pollinator Elaeidobius kamerunicus. Across beetle families, species richness in monocultures was reduced by at least 70% compared to rainforest, with beetle richness in jungle rubber being similar to rainforest. Community composition in oil palm plantations differed markedly from the other land-use systems for Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae, but less for Elateridae and Staphylinidae. Turnover contributed more to overall beta diversity than nestedness for all families and land-use systems. Likely undersampling of the beetle community in rainforest suggests that declines of beetle density and diversity are much more severe than reported here, especially for beetle families with many concealed species, such as Staphylinidae. This study provides first evidence that negative responses of beetles to tropical land-use change vary among families, and is the first report of its kind from heavily understudied Sumatra.     

Chromosome numbers of Coleoptera from Argentina

A list is presented containing data on chromosome numbers and sex determining mechanisms of 90 species of Argentina beetles, belonging to the families Staphylinidae (2 spp.), Meloidae (3 spp.), Elateridae (1 sp.), Coccinellidae (5 spp.), Tenebrionidae (11 spp.), Scarabaeidae (30 spp.), Cerambycidae (3 spp.), Chrysomelidae (27 spp.), Curculionidae (7 spp.) and Lampyridae (1 sp.), Asphaera t-album (Chrysomelidae) had n=10+X+6y; in Epicauta atomaria (Meloidae) individuals with 2 n=22, 21 and 20 were found.This work was supported by grants of National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) and SUBSYT.     

四川蜂桶寨国家自然保护区地表甲虫物种多样性

在四川雅安蜂桶寨国家自然保护区（102°48′～103°18′ E,30°42′～30°54′ N）及其周边地区,就森林片段化和生态恢复程度的不同,选择4个代表地点,即位于保护区核心地带、以阔叶混交林为主的蜂桶寨天然林区（海拔1680～2080 m）,受到经济开发干扰但植被类型丰富的锅巴岩天然林区（海拔2 280～3 340 m）、以人工针叶林进行生态恢复的蚂蝗沟人工林区（海拔2430～2525 m）,以及森林高度片段化的双石镇农耕区（海拔870～1 165 m）,共设26块样地,以巴氏罐诱法为主研究地表甲虫的群落组成和多样性变化。本研究共采集甲虫标本 2.338 号,隐翅虫数量最多,占39.6%;步甲次之,占29.3%,拟步甲、象甲和叶甲的数量也各在5% 以上,它们共同构成该地区地表甲虫的优势类群。锅巴岩物种的个体数量和丰富度（S）以及多样性指数（H′）较高;蚂蝗沟均匀度指数（J）较高,丰富度较低;蜂桶寨天然林区个体数量较少;双石镇农耕区的多样性和均匀度指数较低。锅巴岩、蜂桶寨和蚂蝗沟间物种分布都有一定程度的相似性,但后两者相似性程度更高,双石镇物种分布与其他3个地点差异较大,这反映了不同地点间的生境异质性和森林植被片段化程度的差异。整个鞘翅目、隐翅虫科和步甲科的个体数量分布在针叶林内较多,在阔叶林内较少;拟步甲科的数量分布在高山灌丛内较多;叶甲科的数量分布在针叶林较多;象甲科除了竹林外,在其他植被内的数量均较多。在总体趋势上,随着海拔的升高,在蜂桶寨和锅巴岩两个邻近的天然林地点,整个鞘翅目以及优势甲虫类群的种类和个体数量也逐渐增多。比较蜂桶寨林区内的个体数量、丰富度和多样性指数,北坡均大于南坡。以上结果表明,物种多样性与海拔、坡向以及生境类型密切相关,森林片段化和生态恢复对物种多样性有显著的影响。因此,在改善森林片段化进行生态恢复时,采取合理措施,增加生境异质性,有助于提高该地区地表甲虫物种多样性。     

C-bands on chromosomes of 32 beetle species (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Cantharidae, Oedemeridae, Cerambycidae, Anthicidae, Chrysomelidae, Attelabidae and Curculionidae)

C-banding patterns of 32 beetle species from the families Elateridae, Cantharidae, Oedemeridae, Cerambycidae, Anthicidae, Chrysomelidae, Attelabidae and Curculionidae were studied using the C-banding technique. Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes were previously described for 14 species. From among 18 species that had never been cytogenetically studied, we determined the diploid and haploid chromosome numbers and the sex determination system for 12 beetles. The karyotype for 6 species is not described because of a lack of mitotic and meiotic metaphases. Results confirm that most of the beetle species possess a small amount of heterochromatin and C-positive segments are weakly visible in pachytene stages and weakly or imperceptible in mitotic and meiotic metaphases. In some species with a large amount of heterochromatin, C-bands were observed in the centromeric region in all autosomes and the X chromosome. The Y chromosome does not show C-bands with the exception of Oedemera viridis in which it possesses a small band of heterochromatin.     

New Records of Insects Associated with Araucaria Trees: Phytophagous Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and their Natural Enemies

For the recently initiated programs of sustainable forestry with the Brazilian pine, Araucaria angustifolia, knowledge of the insects associated with this tree is of paramount importance. In a forest reserve on the Serra Geral of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, a three year monitoring was conducted. Forty coleopteran and 5 hymenopteran species totaling about 6200 specimens were recorded, of which 19 and 4 taxa respectively were previously unknown to live on this conifer. They are the coleopterans Lobopoda dallieri (Alleculidae), Taphroderes sahlbergi (Brentidae), Tithonus virescens (Cerambycidae), Plocamocera sp., Enoclerus sp., sp. indet. (Cleridae), Micromimus sp. (Curculionidae: Cossoninae), Corthylus papulans, Xyleborus catharinensis, Xylechinosomus sp. (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Dilobitarsus quadrituberculatus, Semiotus intermedius, Ptesimopsia sp. (Elateridae), Eudircaea laticornis, Megapsilaphus sexnotatus (Melandryidae), cf. Copidita sp. (Oedemeridae), Ahasverus sp. (Silvanidae), Temnochila sp., sp. indet. (Trogositidae) and the hymenopterans Eubazus sp. (Braconidae), Ephialtes sp., Epirhyssa cf. celaena, (Ichneumonidae) and Ophrynopus depressatus (Orussidae). Data on their life histories are provided, and also for the coleopterans Taurorcus chabrillacii (Cerambycidae), Araucarius brasiliensis, Eurycorynophorus scabriculus (Curculionidae: Cossoninae), Corthylus praealtus and C. rufopilosus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) which were already known to occur on Araucaria trees. The results of our survey provide the first records for many insects, especially beetles, as belonging to the araucariofauna. Some of them can be considered potential pest species. Perspectives of applied forest entomology as well as biogeographic aspects are discussed.     

广州地区荷木夜间树干液流补水的影响因子及其对蒸腾的贡献

明确树木夜间水分补充现象有助于提高总蒸腾量和冠层气孔导度估算的精确度,进一步认识冠层蒸腾与树干液流之间存在的时滞关系.本研究采用热消散探针法测定了广州地区的荷木树干液流密度,同步监测了主要的环境因子,从不同时间尺度分析了树干夜间液流的水分补充现象.结果表明：与白天相比,荷木夜间液流密度较小,旱季变化幅度比湿季大;夜间水分补充的时间段主要在前半夜(18:00-22:00);年内各季节夜间水分补充量之间没有显著差异,与环境因子之间的偏相关关系不显著,但与胸径、树高、冠幅、树干生物量、冠层生物量的回归曲线拟合很好,表明树形特征和生物量能更好地解释夜间补水的变化;各季节夜间水分补充量对总蒸腾量的贡献有显著差异,旱季明显高于湿季.     

台湾和日本拟步甲在纬度分布上的比较研究

台湾和日本处在不同的地理纬度上,同属岛屿海洋性气候,前者地域面积远小于后者,拟步甲的物种多样性却大于后者。为弄清楚这些科学问题,作者采用G-F指数对从台湾到日本不同纬度梯度上的拟步甲多样性分布格局进行了比较分析,得到如下初步结论：(1) G-F指数从大到小依次是：台湾(21°N-25°N)(0．826)>日本(24°N-45°N)(0．824)>日本Ⅱ纬度区(30°N-35°N)(0．792)>日本Ⅰ纬度区(24°N-30°N)(0．765)>日本Ⅲ纬度区(35°N-40°N)(0．761)>日本Ⅳ纬度区(40°N-45°N)(0．603);(2)台湾拟步甲属的多样性(DG)、族的多样性(DF)和G-F指数(DG-F)均最高,分别是4．263、24．464和0．826;(3)各纬度上拟步甲的物种分布情况：台湾(21°N-25°N)(541种)>日本(24°N-45°N)(489种)>日本Ⅰ纬度区(24°N-30°N)(257种)>日本Ⅱ纬度区(30° N-35° N)(231种)>日本Ⅲ纬度区(35° N-40° N)(172种)>日本Ⅳ纬度区(40° N-45° N)(60种)。研究数据显示, G-F指数能较好地反映台湾和日本各地拟步甲族、属的多样性。其物种多样性在纬度上的分布表现为从南向北递减的趋势,并对其基本原因进行分析。作者首次基于台湾和日本两个岛屿拟步甲物种多样性的比较分析,对现有岛屿生物多样性的有关理论提出个人看法,认为岛屿生物地理学的“物种-面积关系理论”中的“岛屿面积越大,物种数量就越多”可能存在一定的局限性,不一定能客观地反映种类众多的现生岛屿昆虫物种多样性的实际情况。     

皖琅琊山自然保护区大型真菌群落多样性

对安徽省琅琊山自然保护区大型真菌的群落多样性进行了研究。对该区内设置的样地Ⅰ(针阔混交林)、样地Ⅱ(常绿-落叶阔叶混交林)、样地Ⅲ(落叶阔叶林)、样地Ⅳ(琅琊榆-刺槐林)和样地Ⅴ(竹林)共5种具有代表性的植物群落内的大型真菌的种类和数量进行了调查。选用了物种丰富度(R)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)和优势度曲线(K-dominance)等指标,对该区大型真菌的群落多样性进行了测定。结果表明,大型真菌的分布与植物群落类型有着密切关系。R的变化趋势为样地Ⅱ样地Ⅰ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅳ样地Ⅴ;H′的变化趋势是样地Ⅰ样地Ⅱ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅳ样地Ⅴ;E的变化趋势是样地Ⅰ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅱ样地Ⅳ样地Ⅴ。另外,季节变化对大型真菌的分布也有较大的影响。秋季大型真菌出现的种类及个体数量较高,R和H′高于春季,而E值却相反。选用的群落多样性指标能较客观地反映该地区大型真菌群落的组成,并揭示不同群落间的关系。