城市行道树对交通环境的响应

以远离交通环境的公园作为相对清洁区,研究了位于广东佛山种植最普遍的8种城市行道树树黄葛榕(FicusvirensAit.var.sublanceolata(Miq.)Corner),大叶紫薇(Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.)Pers.),芒果(MangiferaindicaL.),细叶榕(FicusmicrocarpaL.),阴香(Cinnamomumburmanii(Nees)Bl.),垂叶榕(FicusbenjaminaL.),白兰(MicheliaalbaDC.),红花羊蹄甲(BauhiniablakeanaDunn)在交通密集区生长在不同方位的植物器官对交通环境的响应。结果表明,交通密集区的城市行道树的叶片和树皮器官吸收重金属铅和镉、硫含量、电导率和pH值等指标在不同的方位呈现显著的差别,即城市行道树位于快车道一侧生长的植物的器官(以下简称P1)、位于面向人行道一侧生长的植物的器官(以下简称P2)及相对清洁区采集的植物样品(以下简称P0)各指标测定值的分析结果为:其叶片和树皮硫、重金属铅和镉、电导率等特征值基本呈现P1>P2>P0的大小规律,在显著度为0.05时差异显著;而pH值基本呈现P1相似文献   

苔袋法监测吉首市大气重金属污染

应用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定悬挂于吉首市区不同地点的苔袋中的 Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd 5种重金属元素．结果表明,吉首地区大气中 Mn 元素污染尤为严重;其中风景区德夯属清洁区,文教区吉首大学和商业区关厢门属轻度污染区,交通枢纽区人民路属中度污染区,工业区乾州为严重污染区．     

大辽河水系表层水中多环芳烃的污染特征

采用GC/MS对大辽河水系的浑河、太子河和大辽河表层水和悬浮物中的多环芳烃 (PAHs) 进行了定量分析,探讨了大辽河水系表层水和悬浮物中多环芳烃分布特征与来源.结果表明,水样和悬浮颗粒物中PAHs总量浓度分布范围分别为：水样946.1～13 448.5 ng·L^-1;悬浮颗粒物317.5～238 518.7 ng·g^-1.多环芳烃的浓度分布表现为太子河>大辽河>浑河,靠近工业区的PAHs浓度明显高于城市和非工业区.水样中PAHs以3～5环为主,悬浮颗粒物样中PAHs以2环为主.PAHs特定分子比率分析表明,大辽河水系受到石油输入和热解的复合PAH污染,采样站位附近石油化工和钢铁工业是PAHs的主要来源.与世界其他河流和海洋地区相比,水和悬浮颗粒物中污染浓度较高,具有一定的生态风险.     

南京市香樟树皮重金属含量及分布特征

重金属易在大气细颗粒物中富集,经呼吸道进入人体肺泡沉积,危害人类健康。该研究以南京市香樟树皮为对象,选取文教区、交通区、工业区、风景区和商业区5个功能区,探究了不同季节香樟树皮中重金属Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn含量的分布特征,比较了树皮和叶面颗粒物中不同重金属含量的空间分布差异。结果表明:南京市商业区和工业区重金属污染较严重。不同功能区香樟树皮重金属含量具时空分布差异,树皮中重金属含量基本呈秋季冬季春季夏季的季节变化特征,各功能区重金属含量表现为商业区(CA)文教区(CEA)≈工业区(TA)交通区(IA)风景区(SA)。与树皮相比,叶面颗粒物重金属含量较高,商业区叶面颗粒物重金属含量最高,风景区含量最低。经Pearson相关性分析,工业区和文教区香樟树皮中Cr元素具显著相关性(P0.05),Cu与Zn相互对应呈显著相关,表明这两种元素可能具有相似来源;工业区和交通区树皮中Pb具极显著相关性(P0.01)。植物监测可以指示和预测大气重金属污染水平,能反映地区污染情况。     

沈阳城市森林主要绿化树种——丁香的光合特性研究

应用LI-6400红外气体分析仪对城市森林典型树种丁香不同季节光合作用的日变化规律进行研究,采用相关分析和多元逐步回归统计分析方法,得出净光合速率与光合有效辐射、气温、大气湿度、气孔导度等生理生态因子间的相关关系.结果表明,丁香春季和夏季光合速率呈双峰曲线,秋季呈单峰曲线.春季影响光合速率的主要因子为光合有效辐射和气孔导度;夏季影响光合速率的主要因子为气孔导度和光合有效辐射;秋季为气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度.建立了相应的影响因子回归方程.     

大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用FACE系统在大田条件下通过盆栽试验研究了大气CO₂浓度升高\[CO₂浓度平均为（550±60) μmol·mol^-1\]对绿豆叶片光合生理和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明： 与对照\[CO₂浓度平均为（389±40）μmol·mol^-1左右\]相比,大气CO₂浓度升高使花荚期绿豆叶片净光合速率(P_n)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)分别升高11.7%和9.8%,气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)分别下降32.0%和24.6%, 水分利用效率(WUE)提高83.5%;在蕾期,CO₂浓度升高对绿豆叶片叶绿素初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光（F_m）、可变荧光（F_v）、F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o没有显著影响;在鼓粒期,CO₂浓度升高使绿豆叶片F_o增加19.1%,F_m和F_v分别下降9.0%和14.3%,F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m分别下降25.8%和6.2%.表明大气CO₂浓度升高可能使绿豆生长后期光系统Ⅱ反应中心结构受到破坏,叶片的光合能力下降.     

佛山市几种绿地植物氟化物时空累积特征

对佛山市的防护绿地、公园绿地、生产绿地及附属绿地等城市绿地系统中的大叶榕、细叶榕、芒果、白兰、垂叶榕和尖叶杜英的叶片和各绿地系统中的大气氟化物含量进行了测定,并对其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:四季中各绿地系统的大气氟化物含量均值的大小依次为防护绿地的工业区、交通区、附属绿地、生产绿地和公园绿地;工业区的大气氟化物浓度约为公园绿地的3.4倍,不同城市绿地系统的1、2年生植物叶片含氟量均随时间的延长而逐渐增加;大气氟化物与叶片含氟量之间存在密切相关性,反映了植物氟化物的空间累积特征,其中细叶榕和垂叶榕的1年生和2年生叶片、芒果的1年生叶片、白兰的2年生叶片中的氟化物浓度能较好地表征城市绿地系统中大气氟化物的浓度。     

大气CO2浓度升高对八宝景天生长及光合生理的影响

利用开顶式气室(OTC)系统,设正常大气CO₂浓度和CO₂浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-12个CO₂浓度处理,模拟大气CO₂浓度升高对八宝景天光合生理和生长发育的影响.结果表明: 大气CO₂浓度升高使八宝景天叶片上、下表皮气孔密度分别显著下降16.1%和16.7%,使叶片维管束增粗,导管增多,靠近上表皮细胞增大;CO₂浓度升高可以显著增加傍晚时八宝景天叶片光合色素含量,使夜间净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著增加.初花期傍晚,CO₂浓度升高使叶片苹果酸含量显著下降64.0%,纤维素含量显著增加20.8%.盛花期清晨,CO₂浓度升高使叶片苹果酸含量显著增加27.0%,对糖类物质含量影响不显著,植株的分枝数、单株茎质量和单株总生物量显著增加.CO₂浓度升高可以促进八宝景天光合作用,有利于植株生长.     

大气CO2浓度升高对八宝景天生长及光合生理的影响

利用开顶式气室(OTC)系统,设正常大气CO₂浓度和CO₂浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-12个CO₂浓度处理,模拟大气CO₂浓度升高对八宝景天光合生理和生长发育的影响.结果表明: 大气CO₂浓度升高使八宝景天叶片上、下表皮气孔密度分别显著下降16.1%和16.7%,使叶片维管束增粗,导管增多,靠近上表皮细胞增大;CO₂浓度升高可以显著增加傍晚时八宝景天叶片光合色素含量,使夜间净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著增加.初花期傍晚,CO₂浓度升高使叶片苹果酸含量显著下降64.0%,纤维素含量显著增加20.8%.盛花期清晨,CO₂浓度升高使叶片苹果酸含量显著增加27.0%,对糖类物质含量影响不显著,植株的分枝数、单株茎质量和单株总生物量显著增加.CO₂浓度升高可以促进八宝景天光合作用,有利于植株生长.     

四季竹对大气臭氧胁迫的光合生理响应

为了给全球变化背景下的竹林经营应对策略提供理论依据,运用开顶式同化箱(OTCs)模拟4个大气O₃浓度,分别为环境背景大气(40～45 nl·L^-1)、降低1/2(22～25 nl·L^-1)、倍增1倍(92～106 nl·L^-1)和倍增2倍(142～160 nl·L^-1),研究分析四季竹(Oligostachyum lubricum(Wen) King f)对大气O₃胁迫的光合生理响应规律.结果表明:随着大气O₃浓度的升高,四季竹叶片光合色素含量呈降低趋势,倍增1倍处理的大气O₃浓度是显著变化的节点;大气O₃浓度变化对四季竹Pn日变化影响复杂,环境背景大气、倍增2倍处理呈"单峰"曲线,而降低1/2、倍增1倍处理呈"双峰"曲线.对Tr日变化无明显影响,各处理均呈"单峰"曲线;大气O₃浓度较环境背景大气升高或降低,四季竹的光合生理响应都表现为伤害效应.当大气O₃浓度倍增1倍及以上,对四季竹会造成严重的伤害,表现为叶片光合色素降解或合成受阻,水分利用效率降低,光合作用能力明显下降.大气O₃胁迫对四季竹光合作用的影响表现为非气孔因素限制.     

检疫性杂草毒莴苣的光合特征及其入侵地群落学生态调查

毒莴苣是我国东南沿海地区的新入侵杂草,也是国家进境植物的检疫对象.调查发现,毒莴苣植株高大,易在入侵地形成群落优势种;常见的伴生杂草有小飞蓬、野塘蒿、鬼针草、裂叶月见草、裂叶牵牛、狗尾草、野胡萝卜、苍耳、一年蓬、山莴苣、葎草、龙葵和钻形紫菀等.应用LCA 4光合蒸腾测定系统对毒莴苣进行净光合速率测定,结果表明：该种实测净光合速率高达21.22±0.45 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,比入侵性杂草一年蓬、野塘蒿稍低,比藜、北美车前、山莴苣等高,是一种高光效植物;根据毒莴苣的光合-响应曲线,该外来入侵种的理论光补偿点为37.58 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, 光饱和点为1 480 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,理论最大净光合速率20.81 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;毒莴苣的光合作用具有午休现象,是由于高光照和高温导致气孔阻力增加、气孔关闭,影响了植株对外的气体交换;影响净光合速率的主要因素是气孔导度、叶面光合有效辐射和叶片的蒸腾.     

二倍体小麦种间气孔与光合特征差异

选取5个二倍体小麦种为实验材料,利用数码图像显微镜处理系统、气体交换参数测定系统和叶绿素荧光动力学参数测定系统,研究了二倍体小麦种间气孔特征与光合特性的差异.结果表明,二倍体小麦种间气孔和光合特征存在较大的差异:其中S基因型(Ae.Sect.Sitopsis)的气孔长度、周长和面积最大,而其宽度、密度和气孔指数却是最小的;D基因型(Ae.Tauschii)的气孔宽度、密度和气孔指数最大,而其长度、周长和面积却是最小的;D基因型(Ae.Tauschii)的净光合速率最大,而S基因型(Ae.Sect.Sitopsis)的净光合速率最小.气孔周长与气孔面积呈显著正相关关系,而气孔密度与气孔面积呈显著负相关关系.二倍体小麦的净光合速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关关系,同时气孔限制值的变化趋势与细胞间隙CO2浓度的变化趋势相反,说明二倍体小麦的光合能力主要受气孔限制.在几个种中,乌拉尔图小麦(T.urartu)具有较高的净光合速率和气孔导度,同时细胞间隙CO2浓度最低,气孔限制值最大,在光合能力和耐光抑制方面有较明显的优势;而野生一粒小麦(T.boeoticum)则在光合能力和耐光抑制方面不存在优势.同时,乌拉尔图小麦(T.urartu)的叶绿素含量最高,而野生一粒小麦(T.boeoticum)最低,叶绿素含量可能也是造成二倍体种间光合能力差异的原因之一.     

Differences in stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics of five diploidy wheat species

Five diploidy wheat species were chosen as research materials to determine the differences in stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics. The results of the study showed that species with S genomes (Ae. Sect. Sitopsis) had the largest values in stomatal length, girth and area, and the lowest values in stomatal width, density and index. On the contrary, the species with D genomes (Ae. Tauschii) had the highest values in stomatal width, density and index, and the lowest values in stomatal length, girth and area. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were higher in species with D genomes (Ae. Tauschii) and lower in species with S genomes (Ae. Sect. Sitopsis), respectively. The net photosynthetic rate showed significant correlation with stomatal conductivity, and the changes in intercellular CO₂ content showed the opposite trend to the changes in stomatal limitation, indicating that the stomatal conductivity is the main factor limiting the photosynthetic rate. T. urartu with higher net photosynthetic ability showed higher values in stomatal conductivity and stomatal limitation, and lower values in intercellular CO₂ content. However, T. boeoticum showed the opposite trend. T. urartu had higher values of chlorophyll content in flag leaf area, while T. boeoticum had lower values, indicating that there might be higher chlorophyll content.     

铊和镉胁迫对芦竹生长及光合特征的影响

芦竹(Arundo donax)对多种重金属都有较好的耐受性,是植物修复技术较理想的选择,而关于芦竹对Cd和Tl胁迫生理反应的相关研究却较少,为了有效治理Cd和Tl的污染,本研究以芦竹为材料,通过添加不同浓度重金属Tl(4,10和20 mg·kg~(-1))、Cd(50,100和200 mg·kg~(-1))进行芦竹盆栽试验,测定芦竹的株高、分蘖数、叶绿素含量、光合生理指标以及Tl和Cd在芦竹中的累积量,探讨芦竹对Tl和Cd胁迫的响应机制。结果表明:Tl(4~20 mg·kg~(-1))和Cd(50~200 mg·kg~(-1))对芦竹株高、分蘖数以及叶绿素含量均无显著影响(P0.05);芦竹体内Tl和Cd含量随着Tl和Cd浓度的升高呈上升趋势,芦竹体内Tl含量的分布规律为根茎叶,Cd含量的分布规律:Cd浓度50 mg·kg~(-1)时为茎叶根,Cd浓度100和200 mg·kg~(-1)时为根茎叶,表明Tl和Cd主要分布在根部,芦竹对Tl、Cd有一定的富集能力。Cd和Tl处理均显著降低芦竹叶片的胞间CO2浓度,在Tl浓度为10 mg·kg~(-1)时,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率得到显著提高,当Cd浓度为50 mg·kg~(-1)时,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率得到显著提高。这表明芦竹对重金属Cd和Tl有较强的耐受性,可为Cd和Tl污染土壤的治理和修复提供参考。     

不同栽培基质下碧玉兰光合指标日变化研究

探讨5种不同栽培基质对碧玉兰光合指标日变化的影响。结果表明：5种基质栽培的碧玉兰,其净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度及气孔导度的日变化趋势基本呈“双峰”曲线。在基质Ⅳ（1/4树皮+1/4泥炭+1/4水苔+1/4陶粒）中栽培的碧玉兰净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度及气孔导度变化值相对较大,其次是基质Ⅲ（1/2树皮+1/4泥炭+1/4水苔）,两者与对照差异显著（p<0.05）。综合来看,基质Ⅳ最适宜碧玉兰的生长。     

Contrasting hypoxia tolerance and adaptation in Malus species is linked to differences in stomatal behavior and photosynthesis

We examined the potential differences in tolerance to hypoxia by two species of apple rootstocks. Stomatal behavior and photosynthesis were compared between Malus sieversii and Malus hupehensis. Plants were hydroponically grown for 15 days in normoxic or hypoxic nutrient solutions. Those of M. sieversii showed much greater sensitivity, with exposure to hypoxia resulting in higher leaf concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) that prompted stomatal closure. Compared with the control plants of that species, stomatal density was greater in both new and mature leaves under stress conditions. In contrast, stomatal density was significantly decreased in leaves from M. hupehensis, while stomatal length was unaffected. Under stress, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll contents were markedly reduced in M. sieversii. The relatively hypoxia‐tolerant genotype M. hupehensis, however, showed only minor changes in net photosynthesis or chlorophyll content, and only a slight decrease in stomatal conductance due to such treatment. Therefore, we conclude that the more tolerant M. hupehensis utilizes a better protective mechanism for retaining higher photosynthetic capacity than does the hypoxia‐sensitive M. sieversii. Moreover, this contrast in tolerance and adaptation to stress is linked to differences in their stomatal behavior, photosynthetic capacity and possibly their patterns of native distribution.     

沈阳城区五种乔木树种的光合特性

采用LI-6400红外气体分析仪和多元逐步回归统计分析方法,研究了沈阳城市森林中主要乔木树种—银中杨、旱柳、白榆、刺槐和山桃不同季节光合速率的日变化与季节变化.结果表明:各树种的光合速率日变化曲线多为单峰型;季节变化趋势均为夏季>秋季>春季;影响光合速率的主要因子是光合有效辐射、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度.并建立了净光合速率与环境因子关系模型.     

长期施肥对水稻光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

在实施了27年的长期田间定位试验区,研究了长期不同施肥对红壤区水稻光合特性及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在不施肥(CK)、无机肥(N、NP、NPK)、有机肥(猪粪+紫云英绿肥,M)和无机肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理中,长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施提高水稻各生育期剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合作用速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和水稻产量,降低水稻剑叶胞间CO_2浓度;水稻剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合作用速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率随发育阶段演进而减小,孕穗期>齐穗期>乳熟期,而胞间CO_2浓度相反;水分利用效率以齐穗期为最大;水稻发育阶段叶绿素含量、净光合速率和水稻产量之间均呈显著正相关;长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施更有利于红壤区水稻的生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的提高.

Abstract：

A field experiment has being conducted for 27 years in Jinxian County, Institute of Red Soil in Jiangxi Province (116°20'24" E, 28°15'30" N) to study the effects of fertilization on the rice photosynthetic traits and water use efficiency. Four treatments were installed,i. e., no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilization (N, NP, NPK), organic fertilization (M), and chemi-cal and organic fertilization (NPKM). Long-term fertilization, especially treatment NPKM, in- creased the flag leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpi-ration rate, and water use efficiency of rice at its all growth stages and the rice yield, and de-creased the flag leaf intercellular CO_2 concentration. With the growth of rice, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate decreased, but the intercellular CO_2 concentration increased. The water use efficiency was the greatest at full-head-ing stage. There were significant positive correlations between the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate at various growth stages and the rice yield, Long-term fertilization, especially the combined chemical and organic fertilization, was favorable to the rice growth and develop-ment, water use efficiency, and yield production in red soil region.     

Foliar characteristics,cambial activity and wood formation in Azadirachta indica A. Juss. as affected by coal–smoke pollution

This study, aimed at elucidating changes in the foliar and cambial behavior in Azadirachta indica (Neem tree) due to coal-smoke pollution, has revealed inhibitory effects of pollution stress on leaf pigments concentrations, nitrate reductase activity and the contents of reducing sugars and total N content, whereas stimulatory effects were given on stomatal index and nitrate and sulphur contents. Under smoke effects, stomatal conductance was low, leading to a drop in the net photosynthetic rate and a rise in the internal CO₂ concentration of leaf. Cambial reactivation in the stem was delayed at the polluted site. Although the total span of the cambial activity was reduced, greater amount of wood was observed to accumulate in the stem axis under heavy pollution stress. Vessel proportion in the wood increased, whereas size of vessel elements and xylem fibers decreased. “Vulnerability factor” (ratio between mean vessel diameter and mean vessel abundance) and “mesomorphic ratio” (multiplication product of vulnerability factor and mean length of vessel element) of the stem–wood, both declined with increase in the pollution stress, thus indicating a tendency of the species for shifting towards xeromorphy when grown under stress. Given the opposite trends of photosynthetic rate and wood increment, the carbon-partitioning pattern rather than the photosynthetic rate seems to have influenced the accumulation of new wood. The Neem tree proves to be suitable for growing in the polluted areas.     

Catechin promotes growth of Arabidopsis thaliana with concomitant changes in vascular system, photosynthesis and hormone content

Catechin is associated with several functions in animal and plant systems, with little information available regarding its role in plant growth. Low concentrations of catechin (50 and 100 μM) were found to enhance length of primary and lateral roots, number of lateral roots, fresh and dry masses of shoots and roots, leaf area, water potential of leaf and root tissues, the number of vascular bundles in the inflorescence, and leaf thickness in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0. A significant increase in net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and concentration of indole-3-acetic acid was also observed in catechin treated plants.