中国热带和亚热带地区乳菇属的5个新种及1个新记录种

通过形态学比较和对ITS-nrDNA序列的分析,本文描述了产自我国热带及亚热带地区乳菇属的5个新种和1个中国新记录种。新种缘囊体乳菇Lactarius cheilocystidiatus和多囊体乳菇L. polycystis由于具有真正的囊状体而与变红乳菇亚属L. subg. Plinthogalus的绝大多数种相异,它们与泰国的L. crassiusculus关系密切。新种粘果乳菇L. gloeocarpus和多见乳菇L. vulgaris是乳菇亚属L. subg. Lactarius的新成员,其典型特征为淡黄色胶粘菌盖、孢子具网状纹饰和较大的囊状体,它们与原初描述自中国的淡黄褐乳菇L. pallido-ochraceus、淡环纹乳菇L. pallidizonatus以及印度的L. thindii形成种复合群。新种湖南乳菇L. hunanensis与温带物种具有较强的亲缘关系,它的典型特征为粘不规则交织型的盖表皮中具橄榄色被壳物质以及具斑马纹纹饰的孢子,属L. blennius种复合群。南方窝柄黄乳菇L. austroscrobiculatus原初描述自印度尼西亚,具有强烈的热带性质,这是在中国首次发现该种。本研究的标本采集自安徽、海南、河南、湖南、江西和云南。这些物种是中国-日本森林植物亚区的代表性乳菇类真菌。     

黄美乳菇（红菇目,红菇科）,中国首个乳菇属变红乳菇亚属中乳汁变黄的物种

红菇属变红乳菇亚属的乳汁常变为红色,变黄的乳汁较为少见。在中国中南部亚热带壳斗科林下发现了一个乳汁迅速变黄色的物种。这是首次在中国发现的变红乳菇亚属中乳汁变黄的物种,其独特的乳汁、褐色的菌盖、稀疏的菌褶和大的具极高翼状纹饰的孢子能将其与其他已知种区分开来,在此将其描述为新种,黄美乳菇L. mirus。本研究提供了该新种的DNA条形码ITS-LSU区域和形态特征描述,并将其与其他乳汁变黄的物种如马来西亚的L. flavorosescens和L. pallidior进行了对比。这一发现为证实中国乳菇属的亚热带-热带地区与亚洲热带地区的亲缘增加了新的证据。     

乳菇属具褐色色素的2个新种:暗褐乳菇和橄榄褐乳菇

盖表皮或菌柄表皮具有褐色色素这一特征在乳菇属小红乳菇亚属Lactarius subg.Russularia中较为少见.文中描述了产于中国南部的2个子实体褐色、表皮中具有褐色色素的乳菇新种:暗褐乳菇L.atrofuscus和橄榄褐乳菇L.olivaceofuscus.其中,暗褐乳菇L.atrofuscus的孢子球形,盖表皮为(子实层)球囊型,缺乏大囊体;除褐色色素外,盖表皮和菌柄表皮中所具有的树脂样皮壳物质也是识别该种的关键特征.橄榄褐乳菇L.olivaceofuscus的表皮内色素为深橄榄褐色,缺乏树脂样皮壳物质;菌盖强烈皱缩,盖表皮末端菌丝细长,较大的孢子具有较高的条脊和翼,这些特征可以将其与暗褐乳菇和其他相近种相区别.文中提供了该2种的宏观形态和显微特征描述,以及与相近种的形态对比和真菌条形码ITS序列.     

乳菇属具褐色色素的2个新种:暗褐乳菇和橄榄褐乳菇（英文）

盖表皮或菌柄表皮具有褐色色素这一特征在乳菇属小红乳菇亚属Lactarius subg. Russularia中较为少见。文中描述了产于中国南部的2个子实体褐色、表皮中具有褐色色素的乳菇新种:暗褐乳菇L. atrofuscus和橄榄褐乳菇L. olivaceofuscus。其中,暗褐乳菇L. atrofuscus的孢子球形,盖表皮为(子实层)球囊型,缺乏大囊体;除褐色色素外,盖表皮和菌柄表皮中所具有的树脂样皮壳物质也是识别该种的关键特征。橄榄褐乳菇L.olivaceofuscus的表皮内色素为深橄榄褐色,缺乏树脂样皮壳物质;菌盖强烈皱缩,盖表皮末端菌丝细长,较大的孢子具有较高的条脊和翼,这些特征可以将其与暗褐乳菇和其他相近种相区别。文中提供了该2种的宏观形态和显微特征描述,以及与相近种的形态对比和真菌条形码ITS序列。     

环柄菇属中国一新记录种——橙褶环柄菇

报道了中国环柄菇属的一个新记录种——橙褶环柄菇[Lepiota citrophylla(Berk.Broome) Sacc.],标本采自中国云南省勐腊县勐仑镇绿石林公园。该种的鉴别特征是菌褶浅橙色,担孢子侧面观近圆柱形,褶缘囊状体棒状或窄棒状,盖表鳞片呈栅状排列,末端细胞无明显分化,近圆柱状或稍窄棒状,具锁状联合。该种被置于卵孢环柄菇组。     

中国红菇属乳菇状亚组的三个新种

红菇属乳菇状亚组Russula subsect. Lactarioideae是一个形态特征较明显的类群,亚属内部分种类被认为是复合种。在对我国红菇属乳菇状亚组进行的分类学研究中,发现了3个新种：丝黄红菇Russula byssina、奶油色红菇R. cremicolor和白果红菇R. leucocarpa,均产自我国贵州省,生于针叶林下。基于形态详细观察和ITS序列系统发育分析的结果对其进行详细描述,对新种和近缘种间差异进行了比较和讨论,提供了新种与乳菇状亚组和淡孢亚组R. subsect. Pallidosporinae中近缘种的物种检索表。分子系统学结果显示奶油色红菇与Delica-Brevipes分支亲缘关系较近,白果红菇和丝黄红菇隶属于两个独立分支。     

乳菇属1中国新记录种——白黄乳菇

在广东省象头山国家级自然保护区采集到1种乳菇属Lactarius真菌,经鉴定为白黄乳菇Lactarius alboscrobiculatus H.T.LeVerbeken,为中国新记录种。该种的主要特征为菌盖漏斗形,周身白色至乳白色,菌盖具有浅黄至棕色环纹,乳汁不变色,菌柄短,表面有明显的小陷窝。根据标本的宏观和显微特征,并结合野外生境观察和ITS序列的分子系统学分析,详细描述了该新记录种。     

中国长白山和小兴安岭地区乳菇属二新种

描述了乳菇属的2个新种:皮壳乳菇Lactarius incrustatus和玫汁乳菇L. roseoligalus。该2种生于长白山和小兴安岭地区由蒙古栎、红松和桦构成的混交林下。皮壳乳菇属于乳菇亚属L. subg. Lactarius,特征为菌盖潮湿至近干、灰蓝或灰紫色、菌褶黄白色、盖表皮具深黄褐色皮壳附着物和孢子纹饰近斑马纹状。玫汁乳菇属于变红乳菇亚属L. subg. Plinthogalus,特征为乳汁白色快速变艳玫红色、孢子具高的排列为斑马纹状的纹饰和具褐色内含物的栅栏球囊型盖表皮。文中提供了该2种的外观和显微特征描述、与相近种的形态对比和真菌条形码ITS序列。     

中国西南亚高山带乳菇属小红乳菇亚属的2个新种（英文）

描述了乳菇属的2个新种:高山毛脚乳菇Lactarius alpinihirtipes和假脆乳菇L.pseudofragilis。该2种生于中国西南亚高山带的针叶林和栎林下,其盖表皮为菌丝球囊型,孢子具网纹。高山毛脚乳菇与原初描述自中国的毛脚乳菇L.hirtipes为姊妹种。假脆乳菇以暗褐色的子实体近似于北美的L.fragilis和欧洲的L.serifluus及L.subumbonatus。文中提供了该2新种的外观和显微特征描述及与相近种的形态对比和ITS序列。     

中国西南乳菇属乳菇亚属的七个新种（英文）

报道了乳菇属乳菇亚属的7个新种。它们为中国西南地区亚热带-热带或亚高山带森林下具代表性的乳菇物种。窄环乳菇Lactarius angustizonatus、淡环纹乳菇L.pallidizonatus、淡黄褐乳菇L.pallido-ochraceus和中华环纹乳菇L.sinozonarius属于环纹乳菇亚组L.subsect.Zonarii,近短柄乳菇L.subbrevipes属于窝柄黄乳菇亚组L.subsect.Scrobiculati,紫栗色乳菇L.purpureocastaneus归属于淡白乳菇组L.sect.Pallidini。短囊体乳菇L.brachycystidiatus以其干燥具鳞片的菌盖和较粗的盖表皮菌丝暂被置于具色乳菇组L.sect.Colorati。文中提供了这7个种的外观和显微特征描述、与其相近种的形态对比和ITS序列。     

羊草的地上-地下功能性状对氮磷施肥梯度的响应及关联

羊草(Leymus chinensis)是我国北方典型草原群落的主要建群种和优势种, 由于长期的过度放牧, 羊草草原生态系统的结构和功能严重退化。养分添加作为恢复草地生态系统的一种管理措施, 其应用目前还处于实验性研究阶段。关于羊草的地上-地下功能性状对养分添加, 尤其是P添加的响应研究较少, 相关机制尚不十分清楚。为此, 该文以羊草为研究对象, 通过温室栽培进行N (50, 100, 250 mg N·kg^-1)和P (5, 10, 25 mg P·kg^-1)各3个水平的养分添加实验, 研究羊草的地上-地下功能性状对N、P添加的响应及适应机制。主要研究结果表明: 1)羊草的地上生物量和总生物量主要受N添加的影响, N添加显著提高了羊草的地上生物量, 而地下生物量主要受P添加的影响, 尤其在中N和高N水平, P添加显著降低了羊草的地下生物量。羊草的根冠比受N、P添加的共同影响, 随着N、P添加梯度加大, 根冠比显著降低, N、P添加促进了羊草生物量向地上部分的分配和N、P向叶片的分配。2)在低N和高N水平, 羊草对P添加的响应与适应机制不同。低N水平, 羊草主要通过增加光合速率和比根长(SRL), 提高光合能力和根系对N的获取能力促进地上部分的生长, 而根系对P的吸收有利于地下部分的生长; 在高N水平, P添加对羊草的个体生长无明显促进作用, 甚至地下生物量明显受到P素抑制, 羊草主要通过保持较高的比叶面积(SLA)和SRL, 提高对光资源的截获能力和根系对N的获取和吸收能力, 维持地上部分的生长。3)相对于地上性状, P添加对羊草的地下性状影响更大, 羊草的SLA与SRL呈较弱的正相关关系, 表明叶片与根系在资源获取和利用方面具有相对独立性。     

Response and correlation of above- and below-ground functional traits of Leymus chinensis to nitrogen and phosphorus additions

AimsLeymus chinensis is a constructive and dominant species in typical steppe of northern China. The structure and functions of L. chinensis grassland ecosystem has been degenerated seriously due to long-term overgrazing in recent decades. As an effective measure to restore the degraded grasslands, the effects of nutrient addition on plant growth and ecosystem structure and functioning have been paid more attention in manipulation experimental research. The effects of nutrient addition, especially P addition on the above- and below-ground functional traits of L. chinensis have rarely been studied; particularly the underpinning mechanisms remain unclear. Our objective is to examine the responses and adaptive mechanisms of L. chinensis to different levels of N and P additions. MethodsWe conducted a culture experiment in the greenhouse, with three levels of N (50, 100 and 250 mg N·kg^-1) and P (5, 10 and 25 mg P·kg^-1) addition treatments. The above- and below-ground biomass, leaf traits (e.g., specific leaf area, leaf N and P contents) and root traits (e.g., specific root length, root N and P contents) of L. chinensis were determined in this study.Important findings Our results showed that: 1) the aboveground biomass and total biomass of L. chinensis were mostly affected by N addition, while the belowground biomass was mainly affected by P addition. N addition greatly enhanced the aboveground biomass of L. chinensis, while P addition reduced the belowground biomass at the moderate and high N levels. The root-shoot ratio of L. chinensis was influenced by both N and P additions, and root-shoot ratio decreased with increasing N and P levels. N and P additions promoted more biomass and N and P allocations to aboveground and leaf biomass. 2) Leymus chinensis showed different responses and adaptive mechanisms to P addition at low and high N levels. At low N level, L. chinensis exhibited high photosynthetic rate and specific root length (SRL) to improve photosynthetic capacity and root N acquisition, which promoted aboveground biomass. High root P content was favorable for belowground biomass. At high N level, P addition did not significantly affect plant growth of L. chinensis, even reduced its belowground biomass. Leymus chinensis showed high specific leaf area (SLA) and SRL to improve light interception and N acquisition in order to maintain stable aboveground biomass. 3) P addition greatly impacted below-ground than above-ground functional traits. SLA exhibited a weakly positive correlation with SRL, indicating L. chinensis exhibited relatively independence of resource acquirement and utilization between leaf and root functional traits.     

西藏种子植物分布新资料

本文报道了分布于西藏的4个中国新记录种, 即须弥四带芹(Tetrataenium wallichii)、巴洛特栎(Quercus baloot)、尼泊尔姜味草(Clinopodium nepalense)和喜马拉雅耳稃草(Garnotia emodi); 以及24个西藏新记录种, 即翼叶棱子芹(Pleurospermum decurrens)、线叶球兰(Hoya linearis)、尼泊尔菊三七(Gynura nepalensis)、一枝黄花(Solidago decurrens)、拟游藤卫矛(Euonymus vaganoides)、云南木鳖(Momordica subangulata subsp. renigera)、马㼎儿(Zehneria japonica)、攀援胡颓子(Elaeagnus sarmentosa)、四棱猪屎豆(Crotalaria tetragona)、大叶千斤拔(Flemingia macrophylla)、毛喉鞘蕊花(Coleus forskohlii)、独龙木姜子(Litsea taronensis)、长序大苞兰(Bulbophyllum purpureofuscum)、球花石豆兰(B. repens)、黄兰(Cephalantheropsis obcordata)、双角厚唇兰(Dendrobium forrestii)、密花兰(Diglyphosa latifolia)、云南盆距兰(Gastrochilus yunnanensis)、扁茎羊耳蒜(Liparis assamica)、耳唇兰(Otochilus porrectus)、疏花无叶莲(Petrosavia sakuraii)、长序羊角藤(Gynochthodes lacunosa)、黑蒴(Alectra avensis)和赤杨叶(Alniphyllum fortunei), 其中无叶莲科为西藏新记录科, 一枝黄花属(Solidago)、马㼎儿属(Zehneria)、千斤拔属(Flemingia)、鞘蕊花属(Coleus)、密花兰属(Diglyphosa)、无叶莲属(Petrosavia)、羊角藤属(Gynochthodes)、黑蒴属(Alectra)和赤杨叶属(Alniphyllum)等9个属为西藏新记录属。凭证标本均存放于中国科学院昆明植物研究所标本馆(KUN)。     

大兴安岭天然林不同演替阶段共优势种种群结构与动态

受林火干扰和采伐等因素的影响,大兴安岭原始林逐渐退化为次生林。本研究选择天然白桦纯林(先锋阶段)、天然白桦-兴安落叶松混交林(过渡阶段)和天然兴安落叶松纯林(顶极阶段)3种典型林分,各设置固定样地16块,采用种群年龄和树高结构、静态生命表、生存分析、动态指数及时间序列预测的方法量化分析共优势种(白桦、兴安落叶松)和乔木树种全体的变化规律,为天然兴安落叶松林的恢复和发展提供科学依据。结果表明:各阶段共优势种和乔木树种全体的幼龄数目均较多,种群具有较强的自我更新潜力,随着演替的进行,各龄级白桦株数逐渐减少,兴安落叶松株数逐渐增多。乔木树种全体和白桦在过渡阶段、兴安落叶松在先锋阶段的死亡率和消失率随龄级的增加逐渐升高,存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅰ型,生存分析结果显示,种群前期平稳,中期增长,后期衰退;在其他阶段死亡率呈小幅度波动,存活曲线均为Deevey-Ⅱ型,种群具有前期增长、中期衰退、后期稳定的特点。共优势种和乔木树种全体在3个演替阶段均为增长型,其中先锋阶段白桦、顶极阶段兴安落叶松和乔木树种全体对环境的敏感指数最小。时间序列预测结果表明,各阶段共优势种和乔木树种全体在未来一段时间内均会增长。在森林演替过程中,需加强对幼苗幼树的保护,对盖度大的林分进行疏伐,采取适当的人为措施以确保种群的更新。     

两种乳菇菌丝生长的最适培养基与菌根合成

通过测量菌丝直径和干重对松乳菇（rcb-74）和靓丽乳菇（rll-107,rmsh-118）进行最适菌丝生长培养基的筛选。结果表明所有菌株均在改良的biotin-aneurine-folic acid（BAF）培养基上表现出较大的菌丝直径以及最大菌丝干重。用改良的BAF培养基制备乳菇液体菌丝,接种云南松、马尾松和油松,并在13-30d后发现rcb-74与云南松和油松形成菌根,rll-107与马尾松形成菌根,rmsh-118与云南松形成菌根。     

Relationships between soil nutrients and plant functional traits in different degradation stages of Leymus chinensis steppe in Nei Mongol,China

Aims Understanding ecological implications of plant functional traits is helpful in exploring community assembly under different environments of nature and human disturbances, and then to reveal the maintenance mechanism of the ecosystem services. By analyzing vegetation and soil data derived from field observations in Leymus chinensis steppe of Xilin River Basin in Nei Mongol, we aimed to explore the responses of plant functional traits to changing soil nutrients at different degradation stages. Methods We observed 69 plots for both plant community structure and soil attributes using quadrat and soil-drilling methods. Five plant functional traits, namely the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N), leaf lignin content (LLC), and maximum height (MH), were measured for each plot. We also tested soil attributes, such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and organic carbon (OC). The sixty-nine communities were classified into four groups (undegraded L. chinensis + forbs, slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp., moderately degraded L. chinensis + Cleistogenes squarrosa, and heavily degraded L. chinensis + Artemisia frigida) using TWINSPAN software. The relationships between plant functional traits and soil nutrient variables were analyzed for the four community groups using the Pearson’s correlation test with SPSS 21.0 software. Important findings (1) The soil nutrients decreased with the grassland degradation process and there were significant differences in TN and TP between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida communities; (2) plant functional traits also showed strong differences between the degradation stages. MH and C:N decreased with degradation. A significant difference was observed in MH between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. communities. The difference in C:N was also significant between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida communities; (3) the effects of soil nutrients on plant functional traits changed with grassland degradation. AN was negatively correlated with MH, LLC, and C:N in the slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. community. In the moderately degraded L. chinensis + C. squarrosa community, those three traits mentioned above showed significantly positive correlations with TP; (4) while analyzing the degraded grassland, different relationships between plant functional traits were found. In the slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. community, LLC was positively correlated with all other traits. Moreover, positive correlations also occurred between C:N and MH, C:N and LDMC, and C:N and LLC. In the heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida community, all traits demonstrated the most significantly positive correlations.     

内蒙古羊草草原不同退化阶段土壤养分与植物功能性状的关系

深入认识植物功能性状的生态学含义, 对于阐明不同自然与人为干扰环境下的群落构建途径, 进一步揭示生态系统服务维持机制具有重要的理论意义。该文以内蒙古锡林河流域羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原不同退化演替阶段的群落为研究对象, 分析了土壤养分与植物功能性状的变化特征及两者之间的关系。结果表明: (1)退化导致土壤养分含量逐渐减少, 全氮和全磷在未退化的羊草+杂类草群落与严重退化的羊草+冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)群落之间差异显著; (2)随着退化演替的进程, 群落最大高度和叶片碳氮比减小, 群落最大高度在未退化的羊草+杂类草群落与轻度退化的羊草+针茅(Stipa sp.)群落之间差异显著, 碳氮比在未退化的羊草+杂类草群落与严重退化的羊草+冷蒿群落之间差异显著; (3)不同退化演替阶段的群落, 其土壤养分对植物功能性状的影响有所差异。在羊草+针茅群落, 速效氮与群落最大高度、叶片木质素含量和叶片碳氮比均呈显著负相关关系。而在羊草+糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)群落中, 上述3种植物功能性状则表现为均与全磷含量显著正相关; (4)群落植物功能性状之间的关系也因退化阶段不同而有所不同。在轻度退化的羊草+针茅群落中, 叶片木质素含量与其他4个功能性状显著正相关, 叶片碳氮比与群落最大高度、叶干物质含量、木质素含量呈显著正相关关系。在严重退化的羊草+冷蒿群落中, 所有性状均呈极显著正相关关系。表明植物通过功能性状的协调或组合, 以适应贫瘠的土壤环境。上述结果深化了对典型草原退化演替的认识, 对退化草地的恢复与保护具有一定的指导意义。     

早期真菌与本土和外来松的菌根合成

为探讨早期真菌与本土和外来松树的共生特性,选用3种早期外生菌根真菌(环褐乳牛肝菌Suillus luteus、虎皮乳牛肝菌S. phylopictus和酒红蜡蘑Laccaria vinaceoavellanea)接种2种本地松(云南松Pinus yunnanensis、华山松P. armandii)和2种外来松(P. greggii、P. maximartinensis),并对接种后的侵染率、菌根特征和松苗株高等进行测量和分析,结果显示：6个月后,2种乳牛肝菌与4种松均能形成菌根,华山松与2种乳牛肝菌的亲和性最好,酒红蜡蘑仅能与2种外来松P. greggii和P. maximartinensis形成菌根,且菌根合成成功率仅为14.3%。此次合成的10种菌根组合均为首次报道,其中同一种真菌与不同松形成的菌根在形态和解剖特征上较为接近。3种真菌对宿主生长的促进作用因树种而异,整体上外来松苗的生长速率要快于本土松苗;华山松苗虽然菌根感染率最高,但生长效应却均不明显。研究认为：孢子接种对乳牛肝菌、蜡蘑等早期真菌的菌根合成研究是一种经济有效的手段;外生菌根真菌可能对外来树种具有更为重要的作用,与本土树种相比,外来树种与外生菌根真菌在能否形成菌根、菌根形成时间以及对宿主的生长效应等方面存在差异,需要开展进一步深入的相关研究。