持久性有机污染物污染及其防治

随着化学工业的快速发展,持久性有机污染物（POPs）的污染愈来愈成为突出的环境问题,对生态和人体健康构成严重威胁。文章从生物学的角度,对POPs的特性、分布和对动物与人体健康的危害等方面作了简要的介绍。对POPs污染与危害,提出了相应的治理措施。     

Aroclor 1248对大弹涂鱼的毒性与氧化胁迫

<正>多氯联苯(PCBs)是典型的持久性有机污染物(POPs),具有难降解性、生物毒性、生物蓄积性、远距离迁移性,因此可通过食物链而富集并直接危害人类健康,已成为全球性的重要污染物之一。近20年来,虽然在多数工业化     

微生物降解持久性有机污染物的研究进展与展望

持久性有机污染物（POPs）是伴随着人类工业化发展而产生的合成类污染物,具有高毒性、持久性、长迁移性和高生物富集性等特点,POPs污染物的微生物降解一直是环境科学与技术应用领域的研究热点。微生物降解技术修复POPs污染环境具有无二次污染、成本低、快速简便等优点,拥有广泛的应用前景。本文论述了各种POPs微生物分解代谢的最新研究进展,包括降解性微生物资源以及降解机制。此外,还讨论了计算生物学、合成生物学、基因组学等技术在POPs微生物降解中的潜力和应用,以期为环境中持久性有机污染物的修复提供参考。     

持久性有机污染物与糖尿病发病相关分子机理

持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)是一类理化性质稳定、难降解、高脂溶性、高蓄积性的环境污染物。越来越多的研究表明,POPs与糖尿病发病密切相关,但涉及的分子机理较为复杂。该文综述了国内外近年关于POPs引起1型和2型糖尿病发病的分子机理,旨在讨论POPs与两种糖尿病发病的内在联系。     

水生生态系统中POPs的免疫毒理学研究进展

持久性有机污染物（POPs）不仅具有＂三致＂效应（致癌、致畸、致突变）和遗传毒性,而且对内分泌系统、神经系统、免疫系统等具有毒害作用。再加上自身具有难降解、易蓄积、可长距离运输等特点,给水生生态系统以及人类带来极大危害。结合当前的研究趋势,围绕水生生物中持久性有机污染物的免疫毒性进行了介绍,同时回顾了近年来该类污染物的污染状况及各方面毒性效应,并对目前该领域中存在的问题及下一步需要关注的热点进行了讨论和总结。     

转基因植物对有机污染物的吸收、转化和降解

有机污染物是土壤、水体和大气环境的重要污染物.利用和加强植物修复作用是控制环境污染的有效途径.近年来,一些具有修复功能的外源基因被陆续引入到植物中,使转基因植物的生物修复能力大大增强.文章介绍了植物对污染环境中有机污染物,尤其是持久性有机污染物(POPs)的吸收、转化和降解作用,阐述了转基因植物用于被污染环境修复方面的研究进展和应用前景.     

南极的持久性有机污染物表明 地球是一个家

正我们于2009年开始在长城站及附近区域开展持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutants,简称POPs)的样品采集和环境行为研究。经过7年的努力,我们已经在菲尔德斯半岛和附近的阿德利岛布设了数十个固定的样品采集点,获取了大量宝贵的南极环境样品,为调查南极环境中持久性有机污染物赋存水平、迁移转化和环境效应提供了重要的支撑和保障。随着现代工业和技术的发展,南极洲也相继     

南极海洋生物持久性有机污染物:水平、传递与风险评价

尽管南极被认为是远离人类污染的净土,但近年来不断发现有机氯农药、多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚和全/多氟化合物等传统和“新型”持久性有机污染物(POPs)存在于南极的非生物及生物环境中,由此引发了全球各国对南极生态系统的不断关注。POPs性质稳定,能够久存于环境中,并具有毒性,易富集于生物体内并产生一定的健康风险。为了解南极和南大洋持久性有机污染物的生物地球化学过程及其对生物种群和生态系统产生的影响,本文以南大洋典型食物链为主线并结合南极海洋生物生活习性,综述了近年来国内外学者对南极海洋食物链不同营养级生物体内POPs的研究现状,并对南极海洋生态系统POPs研究前沿和热点提出了展望。研究显示,南极地区是世界上污染程度最低的地区,但过去几十年有关南极海洋生物中POPs的类型不断增加,表明该地区受到地区内/外活动的影响日益增加。零散的研究数据以及各异的技术方法使得目前仍无法阐析POPs沿食物链传递的机制。有关南极海洋生态系统POPs动态的长期监测与评估计划亟待建立。     

持久性有机污染物在水生食物网中的传递行为

食物网是持久性有机污染物(POPs)在水生生态系统中传递的重要途径,了解其传递行为与机制是POPs生态暴露风险评价的科学基础。从4个方面展开了讨论和分析:(1)食物网主要特征(营养级和食物链长度)与POPs环境行为的关系;(2)POPs在底栖及底栖-浮游耦合食物网中的环境行为;(3)微食物网对POPs环境行为的作用;(4)食物网的变化对POPs环境行为的影响。主要结论如下:(1)已有研究对水生生物中POPs生物放大作用存在较大争议。一般营养级越高,POPs生物富集性越强,但由于各种生态和生理性质的影响,也存在例外情况。食物链长度与POPs生物富集性呈正相关。(2)POPs通过底栖食物网将沉积物中的POPs向上传递,底栖-浮游食物网的耦合提高了高营养级消费者的暴露风险,目前就POPs在底栖食物网中的生物放大性是否大于浮游食物网存在争议。(3)微生物具有较大的比表面积,是吸附POPs的重要载体。另,沉积物中的微生物通过分解有机质,将POPs释放到水柱中。微生物降解也是环境中POPs脱离环境的重要途径。(4)在内、外压力下,食物网结构和功能发生变化,使物质和能量的传递方向和效率发生改变,并与环境理化性质的变化互相耦合,影响POPs的环境行为。当前研究的重点多集中在POPs在浮游食物网,尤其是高营养级浮游食物网中的环境行为,对POPs在底栖及底栖-浮游耦合食物网和微食物网中环境行为的研究相对缺乏。有关POPs在食物网中环境行为的研究多集中在食物网的某个部分,时间尺度较短,缺乏对POPs环境行为动态变化的研究,未来需深入开展多尺度和多角度的POPs在食物网中环境行为的动态变化研究。新型POPs的生产和使用量不断增加,但有关其在食物网中环境行为的相关分析还较为匮乏,需加强研究。     

全球总动员围剿POPs

二噁英污染事件至今让人心有余悸。鲸体内发现持久性有机污染物(POPs),人类食物已无最后的净土。追根溯源,是人类自己打开了潘多拉盒子,放出了 POPs恶魔。工业革命的遗产成了人类自身和自然界的梦魇,人类自己正在将春天变得寂静,正在自己偷走自己的未来。如果再不警醒,谁将是下一个 POPs 的受害者?甚至没有了下一个,人类该何去何从?     

Persistent organic pollutants in Pakistan: Potential threat to ecological integrities in terms of genotoxicity and oxidative stress

As a consequence of both increasing population and industrialization in agro-economic sector, Pakistan has inevitably been confronted by multicomplex environmental challenges. Owing in part to poor regulatory framework, pollution due to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has caused serious problems throughout the country. Resultantly, extensive use of POPs is causing vigorous deterioration of environment and human health. The current study addresses: (1) the general information on associated ecological effects and toxicity assessment by meta-analysis for local fauna and flora (2) their respective occurrence in living organisms; and (3) sources and distribution patterns of various POPs classes in environmental compartments of Pakistan. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the environment of Pakistan is highly contaminated with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), which is further supported with the meta-analysis. Nevertheless, unavailability of environmental quality standards and food safety for POPs render it a forthcoming challenge of multicompartment toxicity exposure. Therefore, strategies must be planned for risk assessment of biologically active POPs, while the POP waste inventory should be elevated, along with the necessary measures to promote appropriate handling and treatment of POP as a matter of prime importance.     

重金属污染对鸟类的影响

鸟类属于高等脊椎动物，是食物链中的高级消费者，由于生物富集作用，鸟类容易受到环境中污染物质的影响。鸟类羽毛和卵壳中的重金属浓度可以反映其所处环境中重金属的污染状况，因此可以用鸟类作为指示生物来监测环境中的重金属污染。对重金属污染的来源和特征进行了介绍，阐述了重金属污染对环境安全构成威胁的原因，分析了汞、铅、镉、砷、铜等几种重金属元素在鸟体内富集的特点及其对鸟类的危害。重金属污染物在不同生物体内的浓度存在差异，反映出它们通过食物链的生物富集和放大，对环境和鸟类的毒害作用有所增加。建议选择野生鹭类、麻雀和喜鹊等鸟类作为指示生物监测环境中的重金属污染。     

Urban birds have broader environmental tolerance

Urbanization dramatically changes the composition and diversity of biotic communities. The characteristics distinguishing species that persist in urban environments, however, are poorly understood. Here we test the hypothesis that broadly adapted organisms are better able to tolerate urbanization, using a phylogenetically controlled, global comparison of birds. We compared elevational and latitudinal distributions of 217 urban birds found in 73 of the world's largest cities with distributions of 247 rural congeners to test the hypothesis that urban birds possess broader environmental tolerance. Urban birds had markedly broader environmental tolerance than rural congeners, as estimated by elevational and latitudinal distributions. Our results suggest that broad environmental tolerance may predispose some birds to thrive in urban habitats. The mechanisms mediating such environmental tolerance warrant further investigation, but probably include greater behavioural, physiological and ecological flexibility.     

Levels of pesticide residues in breast milk and the associated risk assessment

The aim of this study was to determine the types and levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) present in the human milk collected from cities in eastern and central Saudi Arabia. This study is part of assessment of various persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk in four cities of eastern and central Saudi Arabia, namely, Riyadh, Al-Kharj, Al-Jobail and Al-Dammam. Milk samples were collected from 50 donors according to the WHO/UNEP protocol for monitoring human milk for POPs. The OCPs in each of the 50 milk samples were analyzed using as triple quadrupole gas chromatography mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry detection (GC–MS/MS). Quality assurance included the analysis of blank, spiked and reference samples. Sixteen different OCPs were identified namely: aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, hexachlorobenzene, alpha, beta, gamma and delta hexachlorocycohexame, pp’-,op’-DDT, pp’-DDE, pp’-DDD, alpha and gamma chlordane, heptachlor, mirex and methoxychlor. The results of the analysis OCPs in human milk samples indicated that the tested positive samples for one or more pesticide at the limits of determination used in this study. As required by the Stockholm Convention on POPs, the levels of certain POPs in human milk will serve as an indicator of the effectiveness of the treaty in eliminating or reducing emissions of selected POPs. This study contributes to that effort by providing seline data on current levels of OPCs in human milk in Saudi Arabia.     

Ecological assessment of an intermittent Mediterranean river using community structure and function: evaluating the role of different organism groups

1. Reliable lotic ecological monitoring requires knowledge of river typology, environmental factors, the effect of stressors known here as ‘pressures’ and appropriate indicators of anthropogenically induced change. We sampled benthic macroinvertebrate, fish, bird and macrophyte communities along an intermittent Mediterranean river and analysed community structure (relative abundance) and function (metrics) relative to environmental and pressure gradients in order to identify suitable indicator group(s) for future monitoring and mitigation programmes. 2. Principal components analysis revealed that scale‐dependent longitudinal differences in valley form separated narrower higher lying sites and tributaries with good quality habitats from more open degraded sites lower down the river continuum on a small floodplain and large scale pressures describing changes in land use related to agriculture with associated physical bankside and channel impacts. 3. Forward selection of variables in redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that reach scale environmental variables were selected more frequently than pressure variables for each organism group. Altitude and pH were highly redundant within and between groups, indicating essentially longitudinal structural and functional distribution patterns. Redundancy was far lower between selected pressure variables, but single or no pressure variables were retained for some organism groups indicating poor association of functional data, in particular, with the identified pressures. All RDA results indicated a longitudinal pH gradient, highlighting the combined effect of multiple environmental and pressure based mechanisms on organism groups. 4. Large, mobile organisms such as fish and birds provided a reliable link between organism structure and function, environmental factors and physical disturbance of the channel, bankside and wider river corridor. Benthic macroinvertebrate and macrophyte structural data revealed distribution patterns in relation to water velocity, a key parameter for developing appropriate compensation measures. 5. Results clearly show the importance of assessing patterns of both functional and structural change across multiple organism groups in order to identify typologically appropriate links with complex environmental and pressure gradients and develop and implement appropriate monitoring systems.     

The Life-Cycle of Chlorine, Part IV

Some cyclic organo-chlorines share key characteristics to a significant degree, notably volatility, solubility in lipids, environmental persistence, a tendency to bioaccumulation, and toxicity to animals. A subset of this group has been designated "persistent organic pollutants" (POPs). Because of their volatility, persistence, and tendency to bioaccumulate, POPs are found in remote locations, such as the Arctic, far from the locations where they were initially used or produced.
Except PCDDs (dioxins) and PCDFs (furans), all are, or were, originally produced for use as such , mainly as pesticides or herbicides. PCDDs and PCDFs have never been produced for their own sake; they are unwanted contaminants of chemical intermediates that were passed on and incorporated in final products, notably herbicides; they are also generated spontaneously in most combustion processes and chlorine bleaching of paper. Most POPs have been sharply restricted or banned outright in most of the industrialized countries, but not in less developed countries.
The qualities of persistence and bioaccumulation give special urgency to monitoring not only point source emissions and local concentrations, but also the mobile environmental reservoirs and exposure routes of these chemicals. To conduct adequate risk analyses, far more detailed data is needed on quantities produced and used, quantities and location of storage, mode of use, location of use, and period of use. Such data are not collected consistently by government or international agencies.     

Maternally derived testosterone and 17beta-estradiol in the eggs of Arctic-breeding glaucous gulls in relation to persistent organic pollutants

It is largely unknown if and how persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affect the transfer of maternal hormones to eggs. This occurs despite an increasing number of studies relating environmental conditions experienced by female birds at the time of egg formation to maternal hormonal effects. Here we report the concentrations of maternal testosterone, 17beta-estradiol and major classes of POPs (organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and metabolically-derived products) in the yolk of unincubated, third-laid eggs of the glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus), a top-predator in the Arctic marine environment. Controlled for seasonal and local variation, positive correlations were found between the concentrations of certain POPs and testosterone. Contaminant-related changes in the relative concentrations of testosterone and 17beta-estradiol were also observed. In addition, yolk steroid concentrations were associated with contaminant profiles describing the proportions of different POPs present in the yolk. Eggs from nests in which two sibling eggs hatched or failed to hatch differed in POP profiles and in the relative concentrations of testosterone and 17beta-estradiol. Although the results of this correlative study need to be interpreted with caution, they suggest that contaminant-related changes in yolk steroids may occur, possibly affecting offspring performance over and above toxic effects brought about by POPs in eggs.     

Demographic consequences of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in a vulnerable long-lived bird,the wandering albatross

Seabirds are top predators of the marine environment that accumulate contaminants over a long life-span. Chronic exposure to pollutants is thought to compromise survival rate and long-term reproductive outputs in these long-lived organisms, thus inducing population decline. However, the demographic consequences of contaminant exposure are largely theoretical because of the dearth of long-term datasets. This study aims to test whether adult survival rate, return to the colony and long-term breeding performance were related to blood mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), by using a capture–mark–recapture dataset on the vulnerable wandering albatross Diomedea exulans. We did not find evidence for any effect of contaminants on adult survival probability. However, blood Hg and POPs negatively impacted long-term breeding probability, hatching and fledging probabilities. The proximate mechanisms underlying these deleterious effects are likely multifaceted, through physiological perturbations and interactions with reproductive costs. Using matrix population models, we projected a demographic decline in response to an increase in Hg or POPs concentrations. This decline in population growth rate could be exacerbated by other anthropogenic perturbations, such as climate change, disease and fishery bycatch. This study gives a new dimension to the overall picture of environmental threats to wildlife populations.