果桑资源研究利用现状与展望

我国保存有桑树种质资源近3000份,其中可作果桑用的资源超过60份。已对桑果的营养成分、桑椹红色素及果桑的栽培管理技术进行了比较全面的研究,开发出桑果饮料、罐头、桑椹膏、桑椹酒等产品。以桑椹为主要原料的防病保健方剂在我国民间广泛应用,但对桑果药理作用的研究还处于初期阶段。今后应加强果桑资源的收集、整理、鉴定及改良创新,加强桑椹药理作用的研究,加快桑果产品的开发,实现桑果综合利用的产业化。     

桑椹高花色苷及抗氧化能力种质资源的筛选与评价

以国家桑树种质资源圃华南分圃中保存的160份果桑种质资源为材料,对桑椹高花色苷及抗氧化能力种质资源进行了筛选与评价。结果表明,其总花色苷含量、总抗氧化能力和DPPH清除能力的变幅分别为106.5~1472.0 mg/L、5.4~32.3mmol/mL和33.7%~87.8%,表现出明显的品种间差异。113份二倍体和47份四倍体果桑种质资源桑椹中的花色苷含量、总抗氧化能力和DPPH清除率差异较大,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。聚类分析表明,160份果桑种质资源可分为6大类群,分别由13、11、56、44、10和26份种质构成。桑椹的总抗氧化能力、DPPH清除率和总花色苷含量呈极显著(P﹤0.01)正相关,表明桑椹的抗氧化能力与其所含的总花色苷类物质密切相关。本研究筛选出了一批高花色苷和抗氧化能力的果桑种质资源,可用于高花色苷和高抗氧化能力果桑新品种的培育。     

九节属药用植物化学成分及药理作用研究进展

九节属植物(Psychotria)是我国南方常用中草药。文献调研表明,关于我国境内本属植物相关化学成分及药理作用研究报道很少。为进一步研究开发Psychotria属药用植物资源,对其化学成分及药理作用进行综述,为其深入开发打下基础。     

桑椹醇提物清除亚硝酸盐及阻断亚硝胺合成的研究

为系统评价桑椹醇提物对亚硝化反应的体外抑制活性,在体外不同桑椹品种、浓度和作用时间条件下,实验研究了桑椹醇提物对亚硝酸盐的清除和二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)生成的影响及其相关功能成分含量。结果显示,不同品种的桑椹总酚、原花青素和总黄酮含量差异显著,PR-01黑果桑的原花青素含量(155.41 mg/g)和总黄酮含量(3.05 mg/g)最高;随浓度提高和作用时间延长,桑椹醇提物清除亚硝酸盐和阻断NDEA合成能力增强。15种桑椹醇提物对亚硝化反应均具有一定的抑制作用,以PR-01黑果桑的效果最显著,其最大清除率和阻断率分别达到92.40%和87.25%,与抗坏血酸效果相当;桑椹醇提物对亚硝酸盐的清除率和对NDEA合成的阻断率与其总酚、原花青素、总黄酮含量呈一定的相关性。综上:桑椹醇提物具有较好的清除亚硝酸盐和阻断NDEA合成的作用,原花青素、多酚类、黄酮类物质可能是其发挥作用的物质基础。     

海参生物活性研究进展

海参是重要的海洋食物和药物资源,含有多种生物活性成分,如多糖、皂苷、多肽及蛋白质和脂类等其他活性成分,具有增强免疫力、抗凝血、镇痛、抗肿瘤、抗真菌、抗病毒、抗衰老和抗疲劳等生理功能.本文简要介绍了我国海参资源的分布情况,综述了国内外对海参生物活性物质组成及其药理作用研究的新进展.旨在为科学工作者对海参展开细胞和分子水平上的研究、寻找新型的海洋高效药物和功能性食品的开发提供参考,同时为我国丰富的海参资源的开发利用提供新思路.     

女贞子化学成分、药理作用及药动学研究进展

女贞子系木犀科(Oleaceae)女贞属植物女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)的干燥果实,为我国传统中药,具有滋补肝肾、明目乌发的功效。女贞子含三萜类、环烯醚萜类、苯乙醇苷类及黄酮类等多种化学成分。许多药理作用研究表明女贞子具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎镇痛、保肝、抗骨质疏松、免疫调节、降血糖降血脂、抗菌抗病毒等活性。对女贞子的化学成分、药理作用及药代动力学研究进行综述,以期为我国女贞子资源的进一步开发和利用提供参考。     

锁阳的资源化学、药理作用及开发利用研究进展

归纳了锁阳的资源化学、药理作用及开发利用最新研究进展.锁阳资源化学研究主要集中在产地鉴别、采收期确定、次生代谢产物合成途径等方面.锁阳多糖及黄酮类成分在神经保护、抗癌、增强性功能等方面疗效较好,目前已开发出锁阳枸杞发酵酒、锁阳多糖咀嚼片、锁阳黄酮咀嚼片等多种保健品和新制剂.将为锁阳的深入研究及开发应用提供参考和研究思路...     

红花的资源及药用价值

红花是一种传统的药用植物,也是一种新型的油用和工业资源植物.本文综述了红花的资源及分布、红花的药理作用及临床应用和红花的开发利用.表明红花是一种重要的经济植物,具有较大的开发应用潜力.     

桑椹肥大性菌核病菌(Ciboria shiraiana)分生孢子的形成和致病性（英文）

【目的】研究桑椹肥大性菌核病菌分生孢子的生物学特性,诱导菌丝产生分生孢子的方法及产生途径,为桑椹肥大性菌核病的防治提供依据。【方法】显微镜下面观察病果形成不同阶段以及人工诱导产生的分生孢子形态特征;测定不同温度和湿度对菌丝产生分生孢子的影响;分别用病果和人工诱导产生的分生孢子悬浮液接种健康的桑椹,统计其发病率;以不同发病阶段的病椹在PDA、诱导培养基上产生的菌丝和菌核为材料,通过q PCR方法检测相关基因的表达水平,研究c AMP途径对于分生孢子形成的影响。【结果】C. shiraiana在温度为20℃–30℃,相对湿度为50%–80%条件下可以产生大量的分生孢子。人工诱导产生的分生孢子和病果中的分生孢子形态差异较大;病果中分生孢子悬浮液侵染健康的桑椹,其发病率为37%,而人工诱导产生的分生孢子对桑椹不具有侵染能力;分生孢子梗和分生孢子可在马铃薯片上被诱导产生;外源添加的c AMP影响菌丝的形态和分生孢子的形成,但不影响菌核的形成。AC含量在桑椹发病的第2阶段增长迅速,在发病的第3阶段和第4阶段迅速下降,PKA在发病的桑椹中始终没有表达。【结论】桑椹肥大性菌核病病果可通过分生孢子造成再次侵染。分生孢子的形成对c AMP途径中的AC和PKA表达量起负调控作用。研究结果能够进一步增加我们对病原菌侵染桑果所需外界环境条件的理解,同时也进一步完善了C. shiraiana的侵染循环和分生孢子形成途径。     

世界特种油料种质资源保存概况

为加强特种油料种质资源的收集保存,更好地为育种研究利用提供服务,本文阐述了特种油料种质资源在我国及世界上重点国家的保存情况.美国、印度、欧盟、中国等13个国家共保存向日葵、红花、亚麻(含纤用)、蓖麻及苏子等特种油料种质资源约9万份,其中亚麻30000多份,向日葵21800多份,红花15000多份,蓖麻约5000多份,苏子近900份.欧盟、美国、俄罗斯和加拿大是亚麻资源的主要保存国家(地区);向日葵资源主要集中在美国、欧盟和中国;红花种质主要分布在印度、美国、中国和俄罗斯;蓖麻种质以中国、美国和印度居多.比较这些国家所拥有的特种油料种质资源数量,美国位居第一,保存数量最多,超过22000份;印度其次;欧盟、中国和俄罗斯居中.中国保存特油作物种质资源(蓖麻、向日葵、红花、苏子)8400余份,其中21%为国外种质,国内种质主要来源于湖北省、华北、东北、西北和西南地区.本文为我国特种油料种质资源的引进、收集保存提出了建议.     

果桑一年二造栽培梢果生长及其相关性分析

利用大棚栽培设施开展果桑一年二造栽培试验,探讨二造栽培中植株梢果生长性状及其相关性。结果表明,第一造枝梢生长性状中结果枝长度(42.20 cm)、结果枝占枝梢的比率(98.40%)明显高于第二造结果枝长度(36.90 cm)、结果枝占枝梢比率(43.30%);果实生长性状中结果枝着果数(5.00粒·枝^-1)、单果重(5.60 g)亦均高于第二造(3.60粒·枝^-1、2.20g)。梢果相关性分析表明,结果枝粗度与着果数、单果重、果穗长相关性较好,果实单果重与果穗长、果径及果柄长均存在极显著正相关。     

Genetic variations among mulberry genotypes (Morus alba) as revealed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers

Turkey is one of the most important mulberry fruit producers in the world. In particular, in Eastern and Inner part of Turkey, mulberry fruits are processed into several products such as `Mulberry Pekmez', `Mulberry Pestil', `Mulberry Kome' etc. Therefore, mulberry fruits give higher economic returns thus have greater employment potentials in Turkey. In order to improve the yield and fruit quality through breeding, the genetic variations and relationships among 15 selected white mulberry genotypes (Morus alba L.) were evaluated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A total of 101 DNA markers were generated by 16 random primers, with an average of 6.3 easily detectable markers per primer. Several RAPD markers showed unique patterns of mean frequency that differed among the white mulberry genotypes. The distance matrix showed that the highest genetic distance (0.902) was between EMS13 and EMS8 and the least (0.413) was between EMS12 and EMS15. According to the results, RAPD analysis can be used for the characterization and grouping of mulberry genotypes. The genetically divergent genotypes identified from this study would be of much use in the future breeding program.     

Morphological variation and evolutionary significance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coccinia grandis</Emphasis> (L.) Voigt: an under-exploited cucurbitaceous vegetable crop

Morphological variation was analyzed in wild accessions and cultivars of the vegetatively propagated dioecious Coccinia grandis. Variations of 43 morphological characters, 19 qualitative and 23 quantitative traits, were analyzed among 40 female accessions, including 25 cultivars and 15 wild accessions. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to group accessions according to their morphological similarity. Principal component (PC) analysis revealed that the first three PCs accounted for 50% of the total variance, and differences among the accessions were evidenced principally in relation to fruit characteristics such as fruit weight, fruit length and the number of seeds in each fruit. Analysis of variance carried out in the entire germplasm revealed significant differences within the germplasm, whereas ANOVA carried out between the wild accessions and the cultivars proved the null hypothesis that there are no significant differences between the two groups, and differences were observed only in fruit characters that are targets of human selection. Principal component analysis, UPGMA cluster analysis and discriminant factor analysis revealed strong overlaps between the two groups indicating the ongoing process of evolution and selection in the species.     

Genetic variability and association of ISSR markers with some biochemical traits in mulberry (Morus spp.) genetic resources available in India

Utilizing intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, 18 mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm collections were studied for genetic variability, phylogenetic relationship, and association with protein and sugar content. The genetic polymorphism exhibited by ISSR primers was 100%, and the genetic diversity recorded among the mulberry accessions had an average of 0.263 ± 0.094. Dendrogram (unweighted pair group method analysis) clustered the mulberry accessions into two major groups, one comprised the accessions collected from north or northeast regions of India, and the other comprised three subclusters and one isolate, i.e., Assamjati, a collection from Assam. Another subcluster contained accessions collected from Kerala, which belong to Morus indica. These accessions of M. indica from Kerala were found to be genetically diverse from north and northeast India. Multidimensional scaling of the ISSR data clearly separated the mulberry accessions according to their genetic diversity and protein content. Mulberry accessions were arbitrarily grouped into three classes viz. very low, moderate, and high in terms of protein and sugar content using standard statistical programs. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified four ISSR markers (835_1,600, 835_5,600, 822_2,500, and 807_2,500) associated with protein content with highly positive correlation (p < 0.001) with linear curves with high F values (18.055 to 48.674; p < 0.001). In case of sugar content, four ISSR markers viz. 812₉₀₀, 817_1,500, 826_1,500, and 810_8,000 showed negative correlation. Hence, DNA markers for proteins seem promising and may be used in marker-assisted breeding program.     

不同桑树基因型的遗传多样性研究

调查了印度 25 个不同农业气候条件下的桑树(Morus spp.)基因型的 14 个形态测量性状, 以研究它们的遗传多样性分布特点。研究发现在 14 个性状中存在广泛的遗传变异。25 个不同基因型的桑树被分为 10 个簇。实验结果表明 7 种基因型桑树 Baragura-2, Gorabandha-2, Kalimpong, Herbertpur, Kollegal, Resham majri-7 和 UP-14 的遗传资源是重要的。对不同基因型桑树性状的关联分析显示, 对桑树叶片长度、新鲜叶的总量、叶片面积和单个叶的重量这些性状的直接筛选将有助于提高桑树叶片的产量。     

A comparison of genetic variation among wild and cultivated Morus Species (Moraceae: Morus) as revealed by ISSR and SSR markers

In this study, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) ans simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to investigate genetic diversity of 27 mulberry accessions including 19 cultivated accessions (six M. multicaulis, three M. alba, two M. atropurpurea, two M. bombycis, one M. australis, two M. rotundiloba, one M. alba var. pendula, one M. alba var. macrophylla, and one M. alba var. venose) and 8 wild accessions (two M. cathayana, two M. laevigata, two M. wittiorum, one M. nigra and one M. mongolica). ISSRs and SSRs were compared in terms of their informativeness and efficiency in a study of genetic diversity and relationships among 27 mulberry genotypes. SSRs presented a higher level of polymorphism and greater information content. All index values of genetic diversity both markers analyzed using Popgene 32 software indicated that within wild species had higher genetic diversity than within cultivated species. Cultivation may caused the lose of genetic diversity of mulberry compared with wild species revealed by ISSR and SSR markers. The mean genetic similarity coefficients among all mulberry genotypes ascribed by ISSR and SSR matrices were 0.7677 and 0.6131, respectively. For all markers a high similarity in dendrogram topologies was obtained although some differences were observed. Cluster analysis of ISSR and SSR using UPGMA method revealed that the wild species are genetically distant from the domesticated species studied here. The correlation coefficients of similarity were statistically significant for both marker systems used. Principal coordinates analysis (PCA) for ISSR and SSR data also supports their UPGMA clustering. These results have an important implication for mulberry germplasm characterization, improvement, molecular systematics and conservation.     

ISSR Markers as a Tool for the Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Passiflora

Genetic variation among sweet, purple, and yellow passion fruit accessions was assessed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Eighteen ISSR primers were used to evaluate 45 accessions. The number of polymorphic bands per primer varied from 4 to 22, with 12.4 bands per primer on average. Nei's genetic distance between accessions ranged from 0.04 to 0.35. Clustering using the neighbor-joining method resulted in the formation of 11 major clusters. It was not possible to classify the accessions according to their geographic origin, showing that there is no structure in the gene bank. The overall mean Shannon-Weaver diversity index was 0.32, indicating good resolution of genetic diversity in passion fruit germplasm using ISSR markers. Our results indicate that ISSR can be useful for genetic diversity studies, to provide practical information for parental selection and to assist breeding and conservation strategies.     

Genetic diversity of some Iranian sweet cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus avium</Emphasis>) cultivars using microsatellite markers and morphological traits

The aim of this study was to characterize 23 important Iranian sweet cherry (Prunus avium) cultivars collected from different provinces of Iran and 1 foreign cultivar, which was used as control, considered for breeding programs by using 21 microsatellite markers and 27 morphological traits. In sweet cherry (Prunus avium) accessions, leaf, fruit, and stone morphological characters were evaluated during two consecutive years. The study revealed a high variability in the set of evaluated sweet cherry accessions. The majority of important correlations were determined among variables representing fruit and leaf size and variables related to color. Cluster analysis distinguished sweet cherry accessions into two distinct groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative and quantitative morphological parameters explained over 86.59% of total variability in the first seven axes. In PCA, leaf traits such as leaf length and width, and fruit traits such as length, width, and weight, and fruit flesh and juice color were predominant in the first two components, indicating that they were useful for the assessment of sweet cherry germplasm characterization. Out of 21 SSR markers, 16 were polymorphic, producing 177 alleles that varied from 4 to 16 alleles (9.35 on average) with a mean heterozygosity value of 0.82 that produced successful amplifications and revealed DNA polymorphisms. Allele size varied from 95 to 290 bp. Cluster analyses showed that the studied sweet cherry genotypes were classified into five main groups based mainly on their species characteristics and SSR data. In general, our results did not show a clear structuring of genetic variability within the Iranian diffusion area of sweet cherry, so it was not possible to draw any indications on regions of provenance delimitation. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of sweet cherry genetic variations in Iran, thus making for more efficient programs aimed at preserving biodiversity and more rational planning of the management of reproductive material.     

Morphological and Molecular Variation of Morus laevigata in India

Morus spp., commonly known as mulberry, is significantly associated with human civilization and spread of silk-culture from Asia to Europe, Africa and Latin America. One of its species, Morus laevigata, traditionally well known for its timber value, forage use and silkworm's feed, is widely distributed in India extending from Himalayan foothill to Andaman islands. The variability occurring for 12 morpho-biochemical parameters and RAPD profiles, generated with 13 selected RAPD primers, for M. laevigata accessions from six different zones were investigated. Analyses revealed high degree of genotypic similarity of collection from Himalayan foothill (West Bengal) with those from Andaman Islands. Specific accessions from central India and south India also revealed genotypic similarities with specific accessions from north-east India. These observations are discussed in the context of clonal propagation of mulberry and evolutionary perspective of dispersal of this species, through human activities