内蒙古图牧吉冬季大鸨调查初报

大鸨(Otis tarda)属大型草原鸟类,过去曾广泛分布于黑龙江省西部及内蒙古的东部,目前已经处于濒危状态。图牧吉自然保护区是大鸨的主要栖息地,繁殖数量约200多只。1998年开始记录到越冬大鸨个体,2003年冬季,本区越冬数量达到165只(其中保护区内记录到85只)。本文对图牧吉自然保护区大鸨的越冬数量分布进行了调查,并对大鸨越冬行为及食性进行了初步的观察和分析,对大鸨越冬地管理及越冬鸟类的保护提出了建议。     

广西恩城保护区黑叶猴种群数量和保护现状

黑叶猴是栖息于喀斯特石山地区的珍稀濒危灵长类动物,由于非法捕杀和栖息地丧失,种群数量急剧减少。2017年10-12月,我们采用样方法调查恩城国家级自然保护区及其周边地区黑叶猴的种群分布、数量及保护现状,分析其致危因素,为制定有效管理行动计划提供理论依据。本次调查共记录到黑叶猴夜宿地89处,其中有43处夜宿地下方有新鲜排泄物。结合本次调查和访问,确定黑叶猴的种群数量为18群100~105只,包括1只全白化黑叶猴成年雌性个体;其中11群分布在保护区内,7群分布在保护区外。猴群由3~12只个体组成。栖息地破碎化和退化是威胁恩城保护区黑叶猴种群生存的主要因素。     

鄱阳湖保护区白琵鹭越冬种群分布

2007年10月至2010年3月3个冬季的调查显示,鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区白琵鹭(Platakakucorodia)种群数量在12月或1月达到峰值,3个越冬期最大种群数量分别为4 757只、10 385只和7 268只.大湖池、沙湖、常湖池是白琵鹭主要的栖息地,每个越冬期在这3个湖泊栖息的白琵鹭种群数量占保护区总数量的...     

广西邦亮东黑冠长臂猿新群体的发现及种群数量现状

东黑冠长臂猿是极度濒危物种,全球种群数量极其稀少。2015年5月和8月,采用在固定地点监听鸣叫的方法在广西邦亮长臂猿国家级自然保护区内对东黑冠长臂猿开展两次实地调查,发现在中国境内形成了由1只成年雄性,2只成年雌性和1只婴猿组成的新群体。这是自2006年该物种在中国被重新发现后,首次在中国境内发现形成新群体。中国境内东黑冠长臂猿的种群数量也由3群22只,增长到4群26只。有限的栖息地可能是未来限制东黑冠长臂猿新群体形成的主要因素之一,所以栖息地恢复对东黑冠长臂猿种群数量增长尤为重要。放牧不利于栖息地恢复,要逐步减少,进而杜绝在保护区内放牧。另外,东黑冠长臂猿跨国界分布,中越两国政府之间应加强协调,避免在保护区内实施对栖息地不利的边境管理活动。如果两国间出现种群隔离,对东黑冠长臂猿种群数量的增长将会非常不利。     

中国麋鹿种群重建35年: 历程、成就与挑战

迁地保护是《生物多样性公约》的重要内容, 是“爱知生物多样性目标”的目标之一, 也是《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》(2011‒2030)的战略任务和优先行动。麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)是国家I级重点保护野生动物。中国麋鹿经历了本土野外灭绝、圈养种群引至国外、国外圈养种群重引入国内、种群复壮、迁地保护、放归野外, 最终建立野生种群的历程。北京麋鹿苑自1985年重引入38只后, 于1991年就已恢复到60‒80只的麋鹿基础种群。种群扩大后, 逐年向外输出, 35年来共计输出546只, 苑内数量维持在150只左右。江苏大丰1986年引入麋鹿39只, 于1990年达到78只的基础种群, 2019年底种群数量发展至5,016只, 是建群时的129倍。大丰自1995年开始向外输出麋鹿, 至2020年底共计输出164只。麋鹿分布点从重引入时的2个发展至2020年的81个, 已几乎全面覆盖麋鹿灭绝前原有的栖息地。其中野生种群分布在6处, 数量总计达2,855只。中国麋鹿野生种群的重建是野生动物迁地保护和回归自然的典范, 为全球野外灭绝野生动物种的保护贡献了中国智慧。然而, 当前麋鹿保护也遇到诸多挑战: (1)尚没有国家层级的麋鹿保护整体规划, 缺乏统一的监测平台与规范; (2)麋鹿遗传多样性匮乏, 种群抗风险能力差; (3)野生种群分布不广, 且数量较小, 不利于野生种群的稳定性; (4)麋鹿种群与环境承载力的矛盾凸显, 不利于麋鹿种群的健康发展; (5)麋鹿保护缺乏国际交流机制, 不利于麋鹿相关研究的国际交流。因此, 麋鹿的保护和研究仍任重道远, 今后需加强各地麋鹿种群生态监测, 建立麋鹿共享数据库; 采用技术手段增加遗传多样性, 建立麋鹿种质资源库; 建立更多野生种群, 以增加麋鹿野生种群的稳定性, 使这一野外灭绝物种能够真正实现自然回归。     

中国大鸨的生物学研究进展

大鸨Otis tarda是我国Ⅰ级保护动物,本文对我国大鸨生物学研究进展及现状进行了概述,内容涉及大鸨种群数量、食性、繁殖生物学、人工饲养、栖息地选择、越冬及繁殖行为和生理生化等方面。指出了我国大鸨目前研究存在的一些问题,如研究人员少、研究深度浅及重视程度不够、研究工作不连续等,以期为我国今后大鸨研究以及保护提供科学依据。     

苏北地区丹顶鹤越冬种群数量及栖息地分布动态变化

利用资料追踪和历史时期土地利用变化数据深入研究了有资料记载以来苏北地区丹顶鹤越冬种群数量变化与栖息地分布的时空响应。结果显示,20世纪80年代之初,丹顶鹤越冬种群广泛分布于苏北地区,尤其是长江中下游的内陆湖泊、沼泽及江苏沿海滩涂湿地;20世纪90年代之后丹顶鹤分布区域逐渐向沿海滩涂湿地转移,主要分布于盐城市的射阳县境内;进入21世纪,丹顶鹤分布区域集中于盐城国家级珍禽保护区核心区。与此同时,丹顶鹤越冬种群数量也经历了十分明显的变化过程,与20世纪90年代相比,数量减少50%以上。丹顶鹤越冬种群数量及栖息地分布变化与栖息地分布点周围的土地利用方式及人为干扰有关,栖息地面积丧失和景观破碎化是丹顶鹤越冬种群数量减少的主要原因。     

陕西省大鸨东方亚种越冬分布与救助原因分析

本文通过9年来陕西省11次共12只大鸨Otistarda dybowskii救助事件分析及相关文献资料查阅,介绍了陕西省越冬大鸨的分布,分析了被救助大鸨的发现地点、伤病原因。对当地大鸨的后续研究和保护提供了基础资料。     

贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区黑叶猴种群数量与分布

2015年5—12月,基于宽阔水国家级自然保护区的黑叶猴历史资料设定重点调查区域,采用定点观察与痕迹观察资料收集以及非诱导式访问调查等方法对保护区黑叶猴种群数量和分布进行调查,并结合保护区巡护记录,重新确定黑叶猴在保护区的种群数量和分布区域。结果显示:保护区黑叶猴种群数量约为29群195只,比1995年增长了143.75%,比2003年增长了39.29%;主要分布区域位于保护区西南部的马蹄溪、白石溪、猪钻子沟、苏家沟、油筒溪、观音岩、底水、枇杷岩、让水坝等9个沟段中。全保护区内黑叶猴群体密度为0.11群/km~2,种群密度为0.74只/km~2,其中主要活动范围约32.50 km~2,主要活动范围内群体密度为0.89群/km~2,种群密度为6.00只/km~2。种群数量的稳定增长得益于保护区采取的一系列保护管理措施,有效制止了盗猎行为的发生,减少了附近居民活动对黑叶猴的干扰和影响。为进一步保护黑叶猴种群及其栖息地,建议保护区通过划定重点管护区域、加强科学管理、开展生境管理和调节、加强环境保护教育和社区共管等措施建立、健全保护管理机制。     

内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区水鸟的资源状况

2014年5月—2015年4月,对内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区水鸟群落特征和时空分布的特点,以及迁徙状况进行了研究,以期开展对鸟类资源及其栖息环境的保护。根据保护区地形和水系分布特点,选择了27个水鸟集中分布的地点,每月调查1次,共调查12次。共记录到水鸟7目14科58种。保护区4月水鸟数量达到全年的最高值,5—8月水鸟数量和种类随之降低;10月水鸟数量明显增加;12月至翌年3月,保护区除了大鸨Otis tarda,几乎看不到其他水鸟。大鸨数量的高峰期出现在晚冬2月和春季迁徙季节(3—5月)。保护区春、秋季的主要物种是雁鸭类,水鸟数量和多样性的变化与雁鸭类的种类和数量变化密切相关,这些水鸟主要分布在图牧吉泡子、三道泡子和东泡子等地,当地拥有大面积的沼泽如芦苇沼泽和苔草沼泽,是雁鸭类取食和栖息的理想场所。环志回收的结果表明:保护区繁殖的白枕鹤Grus vipio和丹顶鹤G.japonensis分别在日本鹿儿岛和我国江苏盐城越冬;繁殖的部分苍鹭Ardea cinerea个体在浙江舟山地区越冬;部分在黑龙江省兴凯湖繁殖的东方白鹳Ciconia boyciana在越冬地找到配偶,一起迁徙到保护区进行繁殖。     

The tree, the network, and the species

To enrich the Hennigian internodal conception of species, a new formalization of the definition of the species concept is proposed. This rigorous definition allows for considerable unification of the various, and sometimes conflicting, techniques of species delimitation used in practice. First, the domain of such a definition is set out, namely, the set of all organisms on Earth, past, present, and future. Next, the focus is on the genealogical relationship among organisms, which provides the key to analysing the giant or global genealogical network (GGN) connecting all these organisms. This leads to the construction of an algorithm revealing the topological structure of the GGN, from families to lineages, ending up with a definition of species as equivalence classes of organisms corresponding to branches of the 'tree of life'. Such a theoretical definition of the species concept must be accompanied by various recognition criteria to be operational. These criteria are, for example, the ill-named 'biological species concepts', 'phylogenetic species concepts', etc., usually, but wrongly, presented as definitions of the species concept. Besides clarifying this disputed point, the definition in the present study displays the huge diversity of the scales (time-scale and population size) involved in actual species, thus explaining away the classical problems raised by previous attempts at defining the species concept (uniparental reproduction, temporal depth of species, and hybridization).  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 89 , 509–521.     

Causality, randomness, intelligibility, and the epistemology of the cell

Because the basic unit of biology is the cell, biological knowledge is rooted in the epistemology of the cell, and because life is the salient characteristic of the cell, its epistemology must be centered on its livingness, not its constituent components. The organization and regulation of these components in the pursuit of life constitute the fundamental nature of the cell. Thus, regulation sits at the heart of biological knowledge of the cell and the extraordinary complexity of this regulation conditions the kind of knowledge that can be obtained, in particular, the representation and intelligibility of that knowledge. This paper is essentially split into two parts. The first part discusses the inadequacy of everyday intelligibility and intuition in science and the consequent need for scientific theories to be expressed mathematically without appeal to commonsense categories of understanding, such as causality. Having set the backdrop, the second part addresses biological knowledge. It briefly reviews modern scientific epistemology from a general perspective and then turns to the epistemology of the cell. In analogy with a multi-faceted factory, the cell utilizes a highly parallel distributed control system to maintain its organization and regulate its dynamical operation in the face of both internal and external changes. Hence, scientific knowledge is constituted by the mathematics of stochastic dynamical systems, which model the overall relational structure of the cell and how these structures evolve over time, stochasticity being a consequence of the need to ignore a large number of factors while modeling relatively few in an extremely complex environment.     

Bioethics,children, and the environment

Queer perspectives have typically emerged from sexual minorities as a way of repudiating flawed views of sexuality, mischaracterized relationships, and objectionable social treatment of people with atypical sexuality or gender expression. In this vein, one commentator offers a queer critique of the conceptualization of children in regard to their value for people's identities and relationships. According to this account, children are morally problematic given the values that make them desirable, their displacement of other beings and things entitled to moral protection, not to mention the damaging environmental effects that follow in the wake of population growth. Objectionable views of children are said even to have colonized the view of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans (LGBT) people who – with the enthusiastic endorsement of bioethics – increasingly turn to assisted reproductive treatments to have children. In the face of these outcomes, it is better – according to this account – that people reconsider their interest in children. This account is not, however, ultimately strong enough to override people's interest in having children, relative to the benefits they confer and relative to the benefits conferred on children themselves. It is certainly not strong enough to justify differential treatment of LGBT people in matters of assisted reproductive treatments. Environmental threats in the wake of population growth might be managed in ways other than devaluing children as such. Moreover, this account ultimately damages the interests of LGBT people in matters of access, equity, and children, which outcome is paradoxical, given the origins of queer perspectives as efforts to assert and defend the social interests of sexual and gender minorities.