半翅目昆虫线粒体基因组学研究进展

线粒体基因组广泛应用于昆虫系统发育、分子进化、种群遗传学及谱系地理学等众多研究领域.半翅目是昆虫纲外翅部中最大的一个目,具有重要的经济意义.目前,已对100种半翅目昆虫进行了线粒体基因组测序,其中81种在中国完成测序.本文综述了半翅目昆虫线粒体基因学研究的已有成果,比较分析了半翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的基本特征,包括基因组大小、基因含量、基因重排、碱基组成、密码子使用、蛋白质编码基因的进化模式、RNA基因及非编码区,并系统总结了线粒体基因组数据在半翅目昆虫系统进化研究中的应用现状.最后,针对线粒体基因组的获得、注释和应用过程中存在的问题进行了讨论,并提出了今后半翅目昆虫线粒体基因组学的研究重点.     

碧蛾蜡蝉线粒体基因组全序列首次测定

自从1758年林奈建立半翅目后,有关半翅目高级阶元间的系统发育关系就一直存在争论。蜡蝉总科被认为是决定半翅目系统发育关系的一个重要分类单元。目前,GenBank中已有很多半翅目昆虫的线粒体基因组全序列或接近全序列,但是至今还没有关于蜡蝉总科昆虫线粒体基因组全序列的报道。因此测定蜡蝉总科昆虫的线粒体基因组全序列对于半翅目昆虫系统发育关系的研究具有重要意义。     

半翅目昆虫性信息素的研究进展

本文主要从半翅目昆虫性信息素的提取鉴定方法、分泌部位、性信息素成分、在防治中的应用以及存在的问题等几个方面综述了半翅目昆虫性信息素的研究进展。     

Research advance in sex pheromone of Hemiptera

本文主要从半翅目昆虫性信息素的提取鉴定方法、分泌部位、性信息素成分、在防治中的应用以及存在的问题等几个方面综述了半翅目昆虫性信息素的研究进展.     

线粒体DNA序列在半翅目异翅亚目昆虫分子系统学上的应用

随着PCR技术的发展以及大量DNA序列的累积,昆虫分子系统学近年来快速发展。线粒体DNA(mtDNA)序列相对于核内DNA序列进化速率较快,常被用于昆虫的系统发育研究。本文综述了国内外学者利用各种线粒体DNA序列来研究半翅目异翅亚目昆虫系统发育的研究概况。总结发现,COⅠ、COⅡ、12S rDNA、16S rDNA、Cytb、ND1、ND2和ND5等线粒体区段被用于半翅目异翅亚目系统发育的研究,其中以COI、COⅡ、16S rDNA和Cytb应用最广泛,但目前尚缺乏不同分子标记间的联合分析。进一步的研究最好在选定半翅目异翅亚目昆虫的分类阶元(如科间、亚科间、科内属间、种间或种内)后,集中测定线粒体某几个区段的DNA序列,然后进行单一分析和联合分析,并与传统形态学研究结果进行比较,可望全面分析半翅目异翅亚目昆虫的系统发育关系。     

半翅目昆虫染色体研究进展

染色体是遗传物质的载体。它的研究不仅对了解生物的遗传变异,性别决定、个体发育和生理过程的调控等方面有重要的意义;而且能为确定生物类群的地位,阐明物种的历史及其演化提供重要的依据;对解决近缘种之间的分类问题亦有作用。半翅目（Heteroptera）是昆虫纲中一个较大的类群,其中包括了许多有益和有害的种类,全世界已知38000余种[1]。止1985年进行过染色体研究的种类有1200种[2],涉及46个科。我国半翅目昆虫种类已记录刀瓜种左右,估计可达4000种以上,但在我国至今尚未见任何半翅目染色体研究的报道。半翅目昆虫染色体的研究于1…     

中国半翅目昆虫多样性和地理分布数据集

全球生物多样性逐渐丧失已成为最严重的环境问题之一, 探究各地生物多样性资源及形成机制是生态学和生物地理学领域关注的重要科学问题。生物多样性数据的整合和共享可以为相关研究的开展提供科学依据。昆虫是地球上多样性最高的生物类群, 但是由于目前关于昆虫多样性数据的整理不足, 相关研究较为缺乏。为了促进昆虫类群的多样性数据整理和共享工作的发展, 本研究选取昆虫纲中重要且多样的半翅目作为对象, 通过广泛的数据检索和收集, 系统整理了截至2017年已发表的中国半翅目昆虫的多样性及地理分布信息。数据集中共收集了102科2,090属7,822种半翅目昆虫的分类信息及其39,298条地理分布记录。该数据集可以为今后开展生物多样性格局、生物区系演化和害虫防治等方面的研究工作提供帮助。     

常见蝽类昆虫的化学成分及药理活性研究进展

本文综述了国内外常见的半翅目蝽类昆虫化学成分以及药理作用的研究。从生物学、化学、医学等方面阐述了此类昆虫的研究价值,为进一步研究开发提供科学依据。     

九香虫生物学的初步观察

<正> 九香虫Aspongopus chinensis Dallas是半翅目蝽科、九香虫亚科(Dinidorinae)的一种药用价值颇大的昆虫,主治“膈脘滞气、脾肾亏损,壮元阳”。有关九香虫生物学的研究不多,著者结合“中国半翅目昆虫经济志”等任务,于1980—1981年在贵阳市花溪区对该虫的生活史及生活     

半翅目昆虫卵黄原蛋白及其合成调控的研究进展

昆虫卵黄原蛋白（Vitellogenins, Vg）是一种多功能的生殖发育关键调控蛋白，在不同昆虫体内的结构、合成调控及功能不尽相同。随着基因编辑技术的成熟，运用分子手段调控Vg的合成，可减少卵黄发生，降低昆虫的繁殖力，成为有效防治害虫的优势方法之一。因此，Vg及其合成调控的研究受到广泛关注。半翅目害虫是农林业的重点防治对象之一，除直接刺吸为害寄主外，其常传播植物病原体，对农业生产造成了严重危害。半翅目昆虫Vg除在生殖发育中的关键作用外，还与病原菌的传播、寄主免疫等密切相关，可成为分子水平防治半翅目害虫及其继发病害的优势靶标。因此，本文总结了半翅目昆虫Vg的合成方式、合成场所，指明了其结构上蛋白亚基数目的差异，概述了其与昆虫免疫反应、植物防御、病毒传播等有关的研究进展，总结了其合成的保幼激素（包括保幼激素受体Methoprene-tolerant和转录因子Krüppel homolog 1等关键调控因子等）、蜕皮激素和胰岛素信号通路等主要的内分泌激素调控通路，以及以营养信号调控为主的非激素调控通路，为探索半翅目害虫的分子防控手段提供理论依据。     

Abundance–body mass relationships among insects along a latitudinal gradient

Abstract We investigated the relationship between abundance and body size (body mass) of 162 insect herbivore species on the host plant Acacia falcata along its entire coastal latitudinal distribution (eastern Australia), spanning a gradient in mean annual temperature of 4.3°C. We extend previous research by assessing these relationships at different spatial scales (latitudes pooled, among latitudes and within latitudes) and at different taxonomic levels (insect phytophages pooled, phytophagous Coleoptera and Hemiptera, and five component suborders/superfamilies). Insect species were collected from two orders (Hemiptera and Coleoptera) and five component suborders/superfamilies. There were no consistent trends in the relationships (linear or polygonal/hump‐shaped) between abundance and body mass when latitudes were pooled, among latitudes, or when phytophagous insect species were separated into their component suborder/superfamily groups. The reason for the lack of consistent trends might be due to the insect herbivores not fully exploiting their host plant and the relative absence of competition among herbivore species for food resources. This is further assessed in relation to the lack of a consistent pattern in species richness of Coleoptera and Hemiptera herbivores from the same dataset and rates of chewing and sap‐sucking herbivory along the same latitudinal gradient. Future studies of abundance–body size relationships are discussed in relation to sampling across environmental gradients and accounting for the influence of host plant identity and insect phylogeny.     

Growth of Phytomonas serpens in a Defined Medium; Nutritional Requirements

ABSTRACT. Three strains of Phytomonas serpens two from tomatoes, Lycopersicon esculentum one from the insect Phtia picta (Hemiptera, Coreidae), were cultivated in a chemically defined medium developed from a defined medium for cultivating insect flagellates. Besides organic growth factors required by other insect trypanosomatids this flagellate requires, serine and inositol. Glutamine stimulates growth, and, surprisingly, does not require heme.     

Saliva of Lygus lineolaris digests double stranded ribonucleic acids

The prospects for development of highly specific pesticides based on double stranded ribonucleic acid have been a recent focus of scientific research. Creative applications have been proposed and demonstrated. However, not all insects are sensitive to double stranded RNA (dsRNA) gene knockdown effects; applications in the order Lepidoptera, for example, have met with varied success. Gene knockdown has been demonstrated in several species in the order Hemiptera. In our laboratory, knockdown experiments relied on microinjection of dsRNA into the hemocoel of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris. Subsequent experiments delivering dsRNA to insects by feeding were repeatedly unsuccessful in demonstrating knockdown, and a hypothesis was formulated that the dsRNA was digested and degraded by the insect prior to contact with the insect cells. Exposure of dsRNA to insect saliva, insect salivary glands, and insect hemolymph was compared with commercial RNAase III. The saliva of L. lineolaris was found to rapidly digest double stranded RNA. RNAase inhibitor did not affect the activity but heat treatment slowed enzymatic activity.     

棉铃虫蜕皮时期同工酶表达模式

同工酶广泛存在于不同种属生物的组织细胞中,在生物发育的不同阶段有着特定的表达模式和重要的生理功能。昆虫蜕皮是在促前胸腺激素（PTTH）、蜕皮激素和保幼激素共同控制下由一系列基因表达和调控的级联反应。阐明蜕皮发育过程中同工酶的表达模式,可以为研究蜕皮的分子机理提供新的分子靶标,为研制生长调节剂类杀虫剂提供检测的分子标记。该研究分析了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera蜕皮时期不同组织中过氧化物酶、乙醇脱氢酶和酯酶的表达模式,找到了3种蜕皮差异表达的过氧化物酶, 2种蜕皮或变态差异表达的乙醇脱氢酶,3种蜕皮差异表达的酯酶。生长调节剂类化学杀虫剂非甾醇类蜕皮激素竞争物RH24-85可以诱导3种酯酶表达上调,可能与蜕皮有关。这些结果为进一步研究棉铃虫蜕皮的分子机理和检测促蜕皮生长调节剂类化学杀虫剂提供了新的分子靶标。     

Phylogenomic analysis with improved taxon sampling corroborates an Alydidae + Hydarinae + Pseudophloeinae clade (Heteroptera: Coreoidea: Alydidae,Coreidae)

Organisms Diversity & Evolution - Recent phylogenomic analyses within the insect superfamily Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) have begun to challenge previous phylogenetic hypotheses of the...     

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Insect Communities: A Transplant Experiment

Climate change will have profound impacts on the distribution, abundance and ecology of all species. We used a multi-species transplant experiment to investigate the potential effects of a warmer climate on insect community composition and structure. Eight native Australian plant species were transplanted into sites approximately 2.5°C (mean annual temperature) warmer than their native range. Subsequent insect colonisation was monitored for 12 months. We compared the insect communities on transplanted host plants at the warmer sites with control plants transplanted within the species'' native range. Comparisons of the insect communities were also made among transplanted plants at warmer sites and congeneric plant species native to the warmer transplant area. We found that the morphospecies composition of the colonising Coleoptera and Hemiptera communities differed markedly between transplants at the control compared to the warmer sites. Community structure, as described by the distribution of feeding guilds, was also found to be different between the controls and transplants when the entire Coleoptera and Hemiptera community, including non-herbivore feeding guilds, was considered. However, the structure of the herbivorous insect community showed a higher level of consistency between plants at control and warm sites. There were marked differences in community composition and feeding guild structure, for both herbivores and non-herbivores, between transplants and congenerics at the warm sites. These results suggest that as the climate warms, considerable turnover in the composition of insect communities may occur, but insect herbivore communities may retain elements of their present-day structure.     

Plant-Feeding Hemiptera and Orthoptera Communities in Native and Restored Mesic Tallgrass Prairies

Aboveground Hemiptera and Orthoptera communities were compared among three native and three restored mesic tallgrass prairies along the Platte River in central Nebraska to assess both the relative success of restored sites and the relationship between insect and plant communities. Hemiptera and Orthoptera were sampled using sweep nets in early June, mid-July, and mid-August 2000. Plant species composition was assessed in early June and mid-August. A total of 89 Auchenorrhyncha (71 Cicadellidae, 15 Fulgoroidea, and 3 Membracidae) and 23 orthopterans (15 Acrididae and 8 Tettigoniidae) were collected. Eighty-five plant species were observed in combined study sites. Shannon diversity was significantly higher at restored prairie for Cicadellidae ( H '= 1.38), Fulgoroidea ( H '= 0.796), and Membracidae ( H '= 0.290), which comprised the majority of individual insects collected, but significantly higher at native prairie for Acrididae ( H '= 0.560) and Tettigoniidae ( H '= 0.480) ( p ≤ 0.05). Species richness was comparable except for Acrididae which were significantly higher in restored prairie. Density of insects generally followed species diversity but was only significantly higher in restored areas for Membracidae. The number of remnant-dependent species collected was comparable for both native prairie ( n = 15) and restored prairie ( n = 15). These results suggest that, at least for Hemiptera, differences in insect communities between native and restored prairie may best be explained by the presence of insect host plants rather than by whether a site is native or restored.     

中国半翅目等29目昆虫新分类单元2021年年度报告

本文以2021年度中国半翅目等29目昆虫(除昆虫纲鞘翅目、双翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目之外的其他昆虫类群)发表的新分类单元为研究对象, 系统编汇了新分类单元信息、模式标本名录与文献目录, 并分析了描述新种的热点地区、模式标本存放情况以及发表期刊的特点等。2021年度中国半翅目等29目昆虫描述了新属35个, 新物种386个以及1个新种下分类单元, 共计422个新分类单元; 基于对新物种在省级行政区分布的分析, 新物种发现的热点地区分布于中国西南(云南、贵州以及四川等)及其邻近地区(广西和西藏等), 而以200 km × 200 km栅格为操作单位, 新物种发现的热点地区主要集中在山地地区。395位研究者参与了本年度新分类单元命名和描述工作, 相关结果发表在28种期刊上, 共205篇文章。本研究及时更新了2021年度中国半翅目等29目昆虫的生物多样性基础数据, 对于加快建设数据共享平台、支撑生物多样性保护和管理, 以及保障国门生物安全等具有重要的作用。     

Genetic Structure of Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) Populations from Turkey: Preliminary mtDNA Sequencing Data

The scale insect Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) contributes to the production of pine honey in Turkey and Greece via the honeydew excreted when it feeds on pine trees. Although it is an insect of prime economic importance, there is no information on its genetic structure. Preliminary data were obtained based on sequencing analysis of 12s rDNA and COI mtDNA gene segments from samples from four areas of Turkey. Sequences of the 12s rDNA gene segment from Greek samples available in GenBank were also included. No variability was detected concerning the COI mtDNA gene segment analysis, although 13 haplotypes were revealed based on the 12s rDNA gene segment. The most distant population was from Mudanya-Bursa Province (Turkey). Further research is necessary on the genetic structure and variability of M. hellenica populations from the two neighboring countries.