CD151通过ERK促进体外血管生成

目的探讨p38MAPK信号通路及ERK信号通路激活在CD151促进体外基质胶(matrigel)上类微血管结构形成的机制。方法包装CD151、anti CD151和GFP的重组腺相关病毒并转染人脐静脉内皮细胞(Human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVEC)。将转染后的细胞种植在Matrigel上,观察其管型结构的形成。Western Blot法检测CD151、ERK、p38MAPK蛋白的表达;给予ERK抑制剂、p38 MAPK抑制剂,分别观察其对CD151促进管型结构形成的影响。结果 CD151高表达组较对照组及GFP组显著促进HUVECs matrigel上管型结构形成。高表达的CD151能够促进p-ERK的表达,但是对p-p38MAPK的蛋白表达影响不明显。ERK抑制剂能显著减弱CD151对管型结构形成的促进作用,但p38 MAPK抑制剂则对CD151促进管型结构的形成无显著影响。结论高表达的CD151通过激活ERK信号通路促进HUVECs在matrigel上管型结构形成,其作用与p38 MAPK信号通路的激活无明显关系。     

表皮生长因子受体与肺脏发育的关系

表皮生长因子受体(Epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)是一种跨膜蛋白受体,是ErbB家族成员之一,具有酪氨酸激酶活性。EGFR与相应的配体结合引起EGFR形成同源或异源二聚体启动胞内信号转导,激活下游多种信号转导途径,产生生物学效应,RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK通路与细胞增殖、分化和凋亡有关;PI3K/PDK1/AKT通路与细胞的迁移和粘附有关。EGFR能促进肺泡II型上皮细胞的成熟和肺表面活性物质的合成、分泌。EGFR对哺乳动物肺脏的作用呈现时空效应及剂量依赖效应,EGFR的下调表达则会引起肺脏发育不成熟;而EGFR过度表达促进肺肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移。文章综述了EGFR及其调节信号通路的研究进展,以及EGFR与动物肺脏发育不成熟和肺癌之间的关系。     

全反式维甲酸通过抑制ERK和激活p38 MAPK信号诱导KLF4基因表达

全反式维甲酸（all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA）诱导细胞分化与上调转录因子Krüppel样因子4 (KLF4)表达有关, 但目前对ATRA诱导KLF4表达的分子机制尚不清楚．为了研究ATRA在血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）中诱导KLF4表达的分子机制,本 研究观察ATRA对视黄酸受体α (retinoic acid receptor α, RARα)和KLF4表达的影响及RARα介导ATRA诱导KLF4表达所依 赖的信号转导途径．实验结果显示,ATRA可显著诱导RARα和KLF4表达,用RARα拮抗剂Ro 41 5253阻断ATRA与受体相互作 用后,ATRA诱导的KLF4表达受到显著抑制．用p38 MAPK、ERK和Akt抑制剂阻断ATRA与RARα相互作用所激活的信号转导途径 后,发现阻断p38 MAPK信号途径显著抑制ATRA诱导的KLF4表达,抑制ERK信号途径使ATRA对KLF4表达的诱导作用明显增强, 抑制Akt信号途径不影响KLF4基因表达．表明RARα介导ATRA对KLF4表达的诱导作用,ATRA通过抑制ERK和激活p38 MAPK信号 途径发挥其对KLF4基因表达的诱导作用．     

B类1型清道夫受体表达调控与信号转导通路

B类1型清道夫受体(scavenger receptor class B type 1,SR-B1)是一种与清道夫受体CD36具有高度同源性的膜糖蛋白,其表达相对广泛且有着众多生物学作用.体内外多种因素可从转录或转录后水平对SR-B1表达进行调控： PPARα/γ激动剂、部分LXR激动剂、LH/HCG、雌激素等能上调SR-B1的表达;维生素E、INFα、脂多糖、IGF-1、胆酸、PXR激动剂及高糖水平等能下调SR-B1的表达;而血管紧张素Ⅱ则可对SR-B1的表达进行双向调节,且它们具体的调节机制复杂.SR-B1作为一种具有多配体结合特性的膜受体,不同配体与其结合后可介导细胞内不同信号事件及生物学效应,如介导HDL激活细胞内PI3K/Akt及MAPK信号途径, 增加内皮型一氧化氮合酶的磷酸化、促进内皮细胞迁移与内皮重构.此外,非HDL类配体如LDL激活p38MAPK途径、凋亡细胞、血清淀粉样蛋白A等激活胞内MAPK途径均可由SR-B1介导.本文对近年来B类1型清道夫受体表达调控机制及信号转导通路的相关研究进行综述.     

经MAPK信号转导通路介导的糖皮质激素的作用机制

糖皮质激素(GC)通过膜受体快速激活细胞内信号传导通路的机制,主要涉及ERK,JNK/SAPK和P38等MAPK家族的重要成员.GC在许多细胞中对ERK起抑制作用,在不同的细胞中,GC能激活JNK或抑制其活性,即具有一定的细胞特异性.GC还直接或间接地激活P38途径.GC激活MAPK介导的信号传导通路,产生一系列生物学效应,如抑制细胞的生长的繁殖,介导细胞的凋亡等.     

滋养细胞胞内双链DNA感受器通过MAPK/IκB信号介导炎性细胞因子分泌

目的:探究滋养细胞能否感受胞内双链DNA刺激及其对炎性因子分泌的影响,揭示胎盘的免疫识别和免疫屏障功能,探讨妊娠期感染所致不良妊娠结局的发病机制。方法:利用人工合成的双链DNA模拟物poly (dA:dT)转染人滋养细胞系HTR-8/SVneo,Real-Time PCR方法检测滋养细胞胞内双链DNA识别受体的表达水平;Western Blot检测滋养细胞MAPK和IκB信号的活化情况;ELISA检测HTR-8/SVneo细胞培养上清中IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、CXCL10的分泌水平。结果:Real-Time PCR结果表明,HTR-8/SVneo能够感受胞内双链DNA刺激并上调包括IFI16、AIM2、DHX36、DHX9、LRRFIP1、KU70、ZBP1/DAI和DDX41在内的多种双链DNA感受器的m RNA表达水平;Western Blot实验结果表明,滋养细胞识别双链DNA后能够促进MAPK和IκB信号通路活化,转染90分钟后ERK、JNK、p38和IκBα的磷酸化水平最高,其后随着时间逐渐减弱;加入IκB、p38和JNK特异性抑制剂能够抑制poly(dA:dT)介导的IL-8、IL-6和CXCL10分泌,但其分泌不受ERK抑制剂的影响;MCP-1的分泌能够被p38和JNK抑制剂阻断,但p38和ERK抑制剂不影响其分泌。结论:人滋养细胞存在功能性胞内双链DNA识别机制,活化的DNA识别信号能够激活MAPK和IκB信号通路,并通过IκB、p38或JNK信号介导IL-8、IL-6、MCP-1及CXCL10等细胞因子和趋化因子的分泌。     

酸性鞘磷脂水解酶和MAPK信号通路在UVA诱导细胞凋亡中的作用

为了探讨酸性鞘磷脂水解酶 (ASM)和MAPK信号通路在UVA诱导的细胞凋亡中的作用 ,用DNA梯形条带 (DNAladder)和荧光显微镜鉴定细胞凋亡 ,Western印迹分析MAPK信号通路的激活情况 .结果显示 :①经UVA照射 ,正常的淋巴母细胞JY出现严重的细胞凋亡 ,而ASM遗传性缺陷的淋巴母细胞MS1 4 1 8出现轻微凋亡 ;给予ASM特异性抑制剂NB6 ,UVA诱导的JY细胞凋亡明显减轻 ,表明UVA诱导的细胞凋亡依赖于ASM .②UVA照射后 ,磷酸化ERK含量在MS1 4 1 8细胞中明显升高 ,在JY细胞中受到抑制 ;UVA照射前给予NB6 ,JY细胞中磷酸化ERK含量上升 ,表明ASM能抑制ERK的激活 .③UVA照射后 ,磷酸化JNK含量在MS1 4 1 8细胞中几乎没有变化 ,而在JY细胞中含量升高 ;UVA照射前给予NB6 ,JY细胞中磷酸化JNK含量没有明显升高 ,表明ASM激活JNK通路 .④NB6对UVA激活的p38MAPK信号通路没有影响 ,表明p38的激活与ASM关系不大 .研究表明 ,UVA诱导的细胞凋亡是通过激活ASM、激活JNK信号通路并抑制ERK信号通路来完成的     

雌激素对MAPK信号转导通路的作用机制

雌激素可以通过基因组作用和非基因组作用对细胞功能起调节作用。本文主要综述了其非基因组作用,即通过膜受体激活细胞内MAPK(ERK、p38、JNK)信号传导通路的过程。雌激素对ERK主要起促进作用,引起细胞增殖、分化以及血管扩张等生物学效应;对p38也起促进作用,而在不同的细胞中对JNK的作用不同,进而调节细胞凋亡、癌症发生等生命现象。     

靶向EGFR家族的抗肿瘤药物研究进展

表皮生长因子受体（EGFR,ErbB）家族在肿瘤的发生、发展中具有重要的作用。很多实体肿瘤中存在EGFR家族受体过表达或异常激活。靶向EGFR家族的抗肿瘤药物研发已经成为一个热点领域,并且成功地应用于临床。靶向EGFR家族的抗肿瘤药物可以分为单克隆抗体和小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂两大类。单克隆抗体与受体胞外区结合阻止配体．受体的结合或者阻止配体结合引起的受体活化;而小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂则结合于胞内激酶区,抑制激酶自磷酸化和下游信号通路激活。     

p38γ/SAPK3信号传导通路及其生物学功能

p38γ（又称为SAPK3、ERK6）是MAPK家族的一个新成员,其组织分布具有高度特异性,在骨骼肌中大量表达。p38γ／SAPK3信号传导通路可引起多种细胞生物学反应,如细胞增殖、分化、转化及凋亡等,其级联途径的上游分子及激活方式、下游分子及效应方式又与MAPK家族其他成员显著不同。本文重点讨论近年来国内外对p38γ／SAPK3的结构、信号通路组成及其生物学功能的研究进展。     

Tissue kallikrein induces SH-SY5Y cell proliferation via epidermal growth factor receptor and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 pathway

Tissue kallikrein (TK) is well known to take most of its biological functions through bradykinin receptors. In the present study, we found a novel signaling pathway mediated by TK through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in human SH-SY5Y cells. We discovered that TK facilitated the activation of EGFR, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 cascade. Interestingly, not p38 but ERK1/2 phosphorylation was severely compromised in cells depleted of EGFR. Nevertheless, impairment of signaling of ERK1/2 seemed not to be restricted to EGFR phosphorylation. We also observed that TK stimulation could induce SH-SY5Y cell proliferation, which was reduced by EGFR down-regulation or ERK1/2 inhibitor. Overall, our findings provided convincing evidence that TK could mediate cell proliferation via EGFR and ERK1/2 pathway in vitro.     

Hyperoxia induces Egr-1 expression through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway

Early growth response gene (Egr-1) is a stress response gene activated by various forms of stress and growth factor signaling. We report that supraphysiologic concentrations of O(2) (hyperoxia) induced Egr-1 mRNA and protein expression in cultured alveolar epithelial cells, as well as in mouse lung in vivo. The contribution of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and PI3-kinase pathways to the activation of Egr-1 in response to hyperoxia was examined. Exposure to hyperoxia resulted in a rapid phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 kinases in mouse alveolar epithelial cells LA4. MEK inhibitor PD98059, but not inhibitors of p38 MAPK or PI3-kinase pathway, prevented Egr-1 induction by hyperoxia. The signaling cascade preceding Egr-1 activation was traced to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Hyperoxia is used as supplemental therapy in some diseases and typically results in elevated levels of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in many lung cell types, the organ that receives highest O(2) exposure. Our results support a pathway for the hyperoxia response that involves EGF receptor, MEK/ERK pathway, and other unknown signaling components leading to Egr-1 induction. This forms a foundation for analysis of detailed mechanisms underlying Egr-1 activation during hyperoxia and understanding its consequences for regulating cell response to oxygen toxicity.     

Oxidative and osmotic stress signaling in tumor cells is mediated by ADAM proteases and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor

Mammalian cells respond to environmental stress by activating a variety of protein kinases critical for cellular signal transmission, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase and different members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. EGFR activation by stress stimuli was previously thought to occur independently of stimulation by extracellular ligands. Here, we provide evidence that osmotic and oxidative stresses induce a metalloprotease activity leading to cell surface cleavage of pro-heparin-binding EGF (pro-HB-EGF) and subsequent EGFR activation. This ligand-dependent EGFR signal resulted from stress-induced activation of the MAPK p38 in human carcinoma cells and was mediated by the metalloproteases ADAM9, -10, and -17. Furthermore, stress-induced EGFR activation induced downstream signaling through the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and JNK. Interestingly, apoptosis induced by treatment of tumor cells with doxorubicin was strongly enhanced by blocking HB-EGF function. Together, our data provide novel insights into the mammalian stress response, suggesting a broad mechanistic relevance of a p38-ADAM-HB-EGF-EGFR-dependent pathway and its potential significance for tumor cells in evasion of chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis.     

V3 versican isoform alters the behavior of human melanoma cells by interfering with CD44/ErbB-dependent signaling

Versican is a hyaluronan-binding, extracellular chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan produced by several tumor types, including malignant melanoma, which exists as four different splice variants. The short V3 isoform contains the G1 and G3 terminal domains of versican that may potentially interact directly or indirectly with the hyaluronan receptor CD44 and the EGFR, respectively. We have previously described that overexpression of V3 in MeWo human melanoma cells markedly reduces tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In this study we have investigated the signaling mechanism of V3 by silencing the expression of CD44 in control and V3-expressing melanoma cells. Suppression of CD44 had the same effects on cell proliferation and cell migration than those provoked by V3 expression, suggesting that V3 acts through a CD44-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, CD44-dependent hyaluronan internalization was blocked by V3 expression and CD44 silencing, leading to an accumulation of this glycosaminoglycan in the pericellular matrix and to changes in cell migration on hyaluronan. Furthermore, ERK1/2 and p38 activation after EGF treatment were decreased in V3-expressing cells suggesting that V3 may also interact with the EGFR through its G3 domain. The existence of a EGFR/ErbB2 receptor complex able to interact with CD44 was identified in MeWo melanoma cells. V3 overexpression resulted in a reduced interaction between EGFR/ErbB2 and CD44 in response to EGF treatment. Our results indicate that the V3 isoform of versican interferes with CD44 and the CD44-EGFR/ErbB2 interaction, altering the signaling pathways, such as ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, that regulate cell proliferation and migration.     

Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway analysis identifies amphiregulin as a key factor for cisplatin resistance of human breast cancer cells

The use of platinum complexes for the therapy of breast cancer is an emerging new treatment modality. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance in breast cancer, we used estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 cells as a model system. We generated cisplatin-resistant MCF-7 cells and determined the functional status of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), MAPK, and AKT signaling pathways by phosphoreceptor tyrosine kinase and phospho-MAPK arrays. The cisplatin-resistant MCF-7 cells are characterized by increased EGFR phosphorylation, high levels of AKT1 kinase activity, and ERK1 phosphorylation. In contrast, the JNK and p38 MAPK modules of the MAPK signaling pathway were inactive. These conditions were associated with inactivation of the p53 pathway and increased BCL-2 expression. We investigated the expression of genes encoding the ligands for the ERBB signaling cascade and found a selective up-regulation of amphiregulin expression, which occurred at later stages of cisplatin resistance development. Amphiregulin is a specific ligand of the EGFR (ERBB1) and a potent mitogen for epithelial cells. After exposure to cisplatin, the resistant MCF-7 cells secreted amphiregulin protein over extended periods of time, and knockdown of amphiregulin expression by specific short interfering RNA resulted in a nearly complete reversion of the resistant phenotype. To demonstrate the generality and importance of our findings, we examined amphiregulin expression and cisplatin resistance in a variety of human breast cancer cell lines and found a highly significant correlation. In contrast, amphiregulin levels did not significantly correlate with cisplatin resistance in a panel of lung cancer cell lines. We have thus identified a novel function of amphiregulin for cisplatin resistance in human breast cancer cells.     

Nitric oxide-induced epidermal growth factor-dependent phosphorylations in A431 tumour cells.

Nitric oxide (NO*) strongly inhibits the proliferation of human A431 tumour cells. It also inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of a 170-kDa band corresponding to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and induces the phosphorylation at tyrosine residue(s) of a 58-kDa protein which we have denoted NOIPP-58 (nitric oxide-induced 58-kDa phosphoprotein). The NO*-induced phosphorylation of NOIPP-58 is strictly dependent on the presence of EGF. Phosphorylation of NOIPP-58 and inhibition of the phosphorylation of the band corresponding to EGFR are both cGMP-independent processes. We also demonstrate that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) pathway is activated by NO* in the absence and presence of EGF, whereas the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) pathways are not significantly affected or are slightly decreased, respectively, on addition of this agent. Moreover, we show that the p38MAPK inhibitor, SB202190, induces rapid vanadate/peroxovanadate-sensitive dephosphorylation of prephosphorylated EGFR and NOIPP-58. We propose that the dephosphorylation of both NOIPP-58 and EGFR are mediated by a p38MAPK-controlled phosphotyrosine-protein phosphatase (PYPP). Activation of the p38MAPK pathway during nitrosative stress probably prevents the operation of this PYPP, allowing NOIPP-58, and in part EGFR, to remain phosphorylated and therefore capable of generating signalling events.     

H2O2 is required for UVB-induced EGF receptor and downstream signaling pathway activation

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced receptor phosphorylation is increasingly recognized as a widely occurring phenomenon. However, the mechanisms, mediators, and sequence of events involved in this process remain ill-defined. We have recently shown that exposure of human keratinocytes to physiologic doses of ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) activates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/extracellular-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and p38 signaling pathways via reactive oxygen species. Here we demonstrate that UVB exposure increased intra- and extracellular H2O2 production rapidly in a time-dependent manner. An EGFR-specific monoclonal antibody abrogated EGFR autophosphorylation and markedly decreased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 whereas p38 activation was unaffected. Overexpression of catalase strongly inhibited UVB-induced EGFR/ERK1/2 pathway activation. These findings establish the sequence of events after UVB irradiation: (i) H2O2 generation, (ii) EGFR phosphorylation, and (iii) ERK activation. Our results identify UVB-induced H2O2 as a second messenger that is required for EGFR and dependent downstream signaling pathways activation.