应用微生物与秸秆降低鸡粪氨气释放量

为减轻大量禽畜废弃物中氨气流失对环境的污染,研究和优化了微生物与秸秆等辅料对氨气释放量的影响。结果表明,F468、M1?M9等除臭微生物能显著降低氨气的释放量,其中F468是最优微生物,其它微生物与F468的配伍并没有显著增强F468降低氨气释放量的能力,有些微生物还降低了其能力,因此选择单一微生物法降低氨气释放量。单独添加辅料对降低氨气的释放影响较小,辅料与微生物的配伍可大量降低氨气的释放量。5%的F468与10%的秸秆配伍在1?5 d降低88%的释放量。应用微生物与秸秆不仅降低氨气挥发对环境的危害,也是秸秆资源化利用的有效途径之一。     

除臭微生物的筛选复配及其在堆肥中的应用

【目的】从沼渣和硫铁矿场土壤中分离可以去除氨氮和硫化物的微生物,并筛选复配后应用于堆肥中,以减少畜牧业粪便处理时臭气的释放量,改善工作环境。【方法】利用选择培养基分别筛选除氨和除硫的微生物,并进行16SrRNA基因序列分析鉴定,挑选效果较好的菌株进行组合,复配出微生物除臭剂将其应用于粪便堆肥中,通过检测现场氨气和硫化氢浓度初步评估其除臭效果。【结果】分离出了12株除氨微生物和5株除硫微生物,挑选出5株效果较好的菌株分别标记为N-2、N-5、N-6、N-11和S-3。复配实验表明菌株N-5+N-6+N-11+S-3组成的微生物除臭剂效果最佳,对NH4+-N和S2–去除率最高,分别为82.46%和84.84%。同时,堆肥应用实验证明微生物除臭剂具有除臭功效,尤其是在堆肥前期,在第7天翻堆的过程中氨气和硫化氢释放量相对于对照组减少了62.84%和53.12%。堆肥结束,与对照组相比,微生物除臭剂组氨氮含量低于对照组33.62%。【结论】本研究获得的微生物除臭剂有效降低了畜禽粪便堆肥过程中恶臭气体的释放,在改善畜牧业粪便堆肥处理环境方面具有较大的应用潜力。     

应用微生物降低鸡粪N营养元素损失, 促进其无害化进程

为减轻大量禽畜废弃物对环境的污染, 将其资源化为优质的无害化有机肥料, 研究了微生物F468对降低鸡粪N营养元素损失和促进其无害化进程的影响。结果表明, 继代80次, F468降低鸡粪氨气挥发的能力无显著变化, 能降低鸡粪79%的N元素损失。F468还能通过降低蛔虫卵和粪肠杆菌的数量, 促进鸡粪的无害化进程。不添加F468, 蛔虫卵和粪肠杆菌达到我国无害化标准(NY884-2004)的时间分别需要25 d和20 d。加入F468后, 蛔虫卵和粪肠杆菌达到我国无害化标准的时间分别需要15 d和10 d, 均比不加微生物提前10 d达到我国无害化标准。     

餐厨废弃物脱硫菌分离筛选与鉴定

为获得在餐厨废弃物堆肥过程中可以减少硫化氢排放的微生物。将餐厨废弃物堆肥进行富集,筛选及鉴定,初步判定菌属,将脱硫菌分别进行培养条件优化的单因素试验,以确定最佳除臭培养条件。结果显示,筛选出的两株脱硫菌分别为KW6和KSW8,KW6属于芽孢杆菌属,KSW8属于根瘤菌属。KW6在培养温度为30℃、pH为7.5、接种量为12%的时候硫化氢去除率最高,分别为83.5%、65.3%和73.8%;KSW8在培养温度为35℃时,pH为6.5、接种量为20%的时候硫化氢去除率最高,分别为85.8%、75.8%和72.4%。KW6和KSW8与CK相比分别使硫化氢释放量平均降低了28.83%和50.08%,KW6最佳除臭培养条件为温度30℃、pH为7.5、接种量为12%;KSW8最佳除臭培养条件为温度35℃、pH为6.5、接种量为20%。     

垃圾微生物除臭剂的筛选、复配及其培养条件的优化

为了获取作为除臭微生物制剂的候选菌株,从垃圾渗滤液中分离筛选了4株具有对硫化氢和氨气高效降解菌株,分别标记为CC3、CC7、CC13和CC16。通过形态、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,分别鉴定为乳酸片球菌（Pediococcus acidilactici）、巨大芽胞杆菌（Bacillus megaterium）、嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus）、粪产碱杆菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）,并确定复配菌剂的除臭能力。实验结果表明：菌株CC7、CC13和CC16组成的复配组合除臭效率最优,其最佳复配比例为1:1.5:0.5,接种量为5%,培养温度为30 ℃,初始培养基pH值为6.5,培养时间为60 h时,对氨气和硫化氢的去除率为最大值,可达到83.56%和70.25%。     

抑氨菌筛选鉴定、培养条件优化及在鸡粪除臭中的应用

目的筛选能抑制鸡粪中恶臭气体NH3释放的亚硝化、硝化细菌菌株。方法以亚硝化、硝化细菌培养基为筛选培养基筛选菌株,然后将菌株分别以10%(v/m,下同)的接种量接种到鸡粪中,测定其对鸡粪中NH3释放量的影响,从中筛选出可减少NH3释放的菌株。根据菌株的形态特征和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定。通过自动发酵系统对菌株培养温度、pH、通气量及转速四个因素进行正交优化。结果通过筛选得到两株细菌YF1和YS2,经鉴定分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)和中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium sp.)。菌株YF1最适培养条件为温度28℃,pH 7.0,通气量5 L/min,转速200 r/min;菌株YS2最适培养条件为温度30℃,pH6.5,通气量5 L/min,转速300 r/min。温度、pH、接种量和通气量对YF1、YS2影响均极显著(P0.01)。YF1和YS2单独按10%剂量接种分别使鸡粪中NH3的释放量降低26.0%和28.4%,而两菌1∶1混合接种可使NH3释放量降低75.6%。结论 YF1和YS2是抑制鸡粪中NH3释放的优良菌株。     

猪场恶臭的生物技术综合处理

集约化猪场恶臭的生物处理可以在饲养的营养技术、饲养过程和粪便处理阶段分别处理,试验表明使用含有微生物制剂等成分的除臭剂为饲料添加剂,可使猪舍氨气和硫化氧分别降低38．6％和20．6％,调节池中氨气和硫化氧分别降低14．7％和20．4％,臭气浓度降低43.8％。而在猪舍和饲养过程中使用恶臭吸附剂直接放置于猪场环境中,可降低猪舍中的氨气和硫化氢浓度29．5％和30．4％,降低调节池中的氨气和硫化氢30．2％和0％,降低臭气浓度31．9％。在猪场污水处胛阶段使用雾化除臭处理设备,可以降低调节池、贮粪池和水力筛池的氨气浓度14．7％、24．6％和48.2％,分别降低硫化氢浓度18．1％、25．8％和13．0％,同时降低猪场臭气浓度82．6％。     

复合微生物菌剂净化规模化养鸡场养殖环境效果研究

试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,测定了施用复合微生物制菌剂Y30017后对蛋鸡舍内有害气体、鸡粪便排泄物成分的影响,分析该复合微生物菌剂对规模化养鸡场鸡舍环境净化的效果。结果表明:试验组鸡舍氨气浓度和硫化氢浓度分别下降了2.26 mg/kg和1.92 mg/kg(P<0.05);鸡粪排泄物pH值上升1.1%(P<0.05),粗蛋白含量提高了9.17%(P<0.05);每克盲肠内容物中大肠杆菌数量降低了37.17%(P<0.01),乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量分别提高了11.49%和16.17%(P<0.05),未检出沙门氏菌。结果显示,鸡舍主要污染物得到有效控制,养殖环境得到较大改善,使用复合微生物菌剂Y30017控制规模化养鸡场污染物均具有良好的效果,同时可有效提高粪便废弃物的营养值,对养殖废弃物资源化利用具有良好的提质增效作用。     

粪产碱杆菌的分离鉴定及其生物转化作用

【背景】硫化氢(H2S)作为畜牧生产过程中释放的一种有毒有害气体,严重危害畜禽和人类的健康,因此降解硫化氢特别是生物氧化法转化硫化氢已成为当前研究热点。【目的】筛选高效硫氧化菌株并研究其生物转化作用。【方法】以长春市某养鸡场采集的新鲜粪便为材料,分离鉴定硫氧化菌株。采用单因素分析法优化其生长条件,研究生物转化效率,检测soxY、soxZ基因m RNA表达水平。【结果】获得一株高效硫氧化菌株JF9,经鉴定为粪产碱杆菌。最佳生长条件:底物浓度0.5 g/L,温度35°C,初始pH 7.0,在此条件下Na2S去除率达94%以上。菌株JF9存在soxY和soxZ基因,其转录水平在硫源诱导前后差异显著(P0.05)。【结论】分离得到的粪产碱杆菌具有良好的硫化物转化能力,脱硫过程中硫氧化基因高效表达。     

非水虻源微生物与武汉亮斑水虻幼虫联合转化鸡粪的研究

【目的】益生微生物在协助亮斑扁角水虻幼虫转化有机废弃物、提高其转化效率方面具有重要的作用,本研究针对非水虻源微生物,开展与水虻联合转化鸡粪的研究,以阐明外源微生物在水虻转化畜禽粪便中的作用,对其转化机制的研究及产业化生产具有重要意义。【方法】采用稀释涂平板的方法进行鸡粪堆肥和猪粪堆肥中细菌的分析,并将筛选到的细菌分别接种到无菌的鸡粪基质中与武汉亮斑水虻幼虫联合转化,通过称重法测定转化后武汉亮斑水虻及鸡粪的重量,评价转化效果及对幼虫的影响,然后将促进转化效果明显的菌株按不同比例进行复配,与武汉亮斑水虻幼虫联合转化新鲜鸡粪,分析复配菌剂对武汉亮斑水虻幼虫转化鸡粪的影响。【结果】结果显示R-07、R-09、F-03和F-06在促进武汉亮斑水虻幼虫生长和鸡粪转化的效果上最为显著。与对照组相比,水虻幼虫转化率分别提高了27.21%、15.00%、9.93%和16.29%;基质减少率分别提高了17.94%、10.42%、7.84%和9.27%。将这4株细菌配制复配菌剂与武汉亮斑水虻幼虫联合转化鸡粪,结果显示复配比例为R-07:R-09:F-03:F-06=4:1:1:1时效果最好,与空白对照相比,武汉亮斑水虻幼虫存活率提高了10.25%,幼虫虫重增加了28.41%,幼虫转化率增加了30.46%,鸡粪减少率增加了7.69%。【结论】添加通过筛选优化的非水虻来源的微生物复合菌剂能够促进水虻高效转化鸡粪,研究结果有助于改善现有的武汉亮斑水虻幼虫转化体系,为开发新型的联合转化工艺、更加有效地处理畜禽粪便奠定基础。     

Prevention and control of losses of gaseous nitrogen compounds in livestock operations: a review

Nitrogen (N) losses from livestock houses and manure storage facilities contribute greatly to the total loss of N from livestock farms. Volatilisation of ammonia (NH3) is the major process responsible for the loss of N in husbandry systems with slurry (where average dry matter content varies between 3 and 13%). Concerning this volatilisation of NH3, the process parameters of pH and air temperature are crucial. During a period of approximately 10 years, systematic measurements of NH3 losses originating from a large variety of different livestock houses were made. One of the problems with NH3 emissions is the large variation in the measured data due to the season, the production of the animals, the manure treatment, type of livestock house, and the manure storage. Generally speaking, prevention and control of NH3 emission can be done by control of N content in the manure, moisture content, pH, and temperature. In houses for growing pigs, a combination of simple housing measures can be taken to greatly reduce NH3 emissions. In houses for laying hens, the control of the manure drying process determines the emission of NH3. Monteny has built an NH3 production model with separate modules for the emission of the manure storage under the dairy house and the floor in the house. Manure spreading is also a major source of NH3 emission and is dependent on slurry composition, environmental conditions, and farm management. The effects of these factors have been employed in a model. Losses via NO, N2O, and N2 are important in husbandry systems with solid manure and straw. The number of experimental data is, however, very limited. As N2O is an intermediate product of complex biochemical processes of nitrification and denitrification, optimal conditions are the key issues in N2O reduction strategies. We may expect that in the near future the emission of greenhouse gases will get the same attention from policy makers as NH3. Sustainable livestock production has to combine low emissions of gaseous N compounds with acceptable odour emissions, low emissions of greenhouse gases, and acceptable standards of animal welfare. For the entrepreneur, the strategy must be built on the regulations, the special conditions of his farm, and what is reasonably achievable.     

Potential nitrification in alum-treated soil slurries amended with poultry manure

Alum is used to reduce environmental pollutants in poultry production. Alum decreases NH3 volatilization and increases total N and NH4+-N compared to untreated poultry manure. Nitrification in poultry wastes could therefore be stimulated due to higher NH4+ concentrations or could be inhibited because the soil environment is acidified. A 10-day laboratory study was conducted to study potential nitrification rates in soil slurries (20 g soil in 150 ml water) amended with 2.0 g alum-treated poultry manure. Fecal bacteria, NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, orthophosphate, pH, and NH3 were measured at 2-day intervals. Alum significantly reduced fecal bacteria concentrations through day 6. Water-soluble P was reduced 82% by day 10. Alum-treated manure had significantly increased NH4+ concentrations by day 8 and 10, and significantly decreased NO2- and NO3- concentrations by days 6-10. Alum's effect on potential nitrification was inhibitory in the soil environment. Slurries with alum-treated poultry manure had reduced nitrification rates, fecal bacteria, and soluble P. Therefore, in addition to reducing P loss, alum could temporarily reduce the risk for environmental pollution from land-applied manures in terms of both NO3- and fecal bacteria loss.     

一株抑氨菌的筛选、鉴定及应用研究

目的从蛋鸡粪便中筛选抑氨效果最佳的目标菌,用以减少鸡舍内NH3的浓度,有效改善蛋鸡生产环境、保障鸡群健康。方法菌株的筛选采用富集培养方法,鉴定分析采用形态学观察、生理生化鉴定、16S rRNA基因部分序列分子生物学鉴定和系统发育分析方法,并验证菌株抑氨效果。结果筛选到编号为2-3的目标菌与乳酸片球菌属(Pediococcus acidilactici)的亲缘关系最近;添加7.5 mL菌液5 d后,抑氨效果最高为66.67%;扣除水分的影响后,接种7.5 mL菌液4 d后,抑氨效果最高为40.0%。结论菌株2-3是一株性能较好的抑氨菌。     

Patterns and quantities of NH(3), N(2)O and CH(4) emissions during swine manure composting without forced aeration--effect of compost pile scale

To evaluate the NH(3), N(2)O, and CH(4) emissions from composting of livestock waste without forced aeration in turned piles, and to investigate the possible relationship between the scale of the compost pile and gas emission rates, we conducted swine manure composting experiments in parallel on small- and large-scale compost piles. Continuous measurements of gas emissions during composting were carried out using a chamber system, and detailed gas emission patterns were obtained. The total amount of each gas emission was computed from the amount of ventilation and gas concentration. NH(3) emission was observed in the early period of composting when the material was at a high temperature. Sharp peaks in CH(4) emission occurred immediately after swine manure was piled up, although a high emissions level continued after the first turning only in the large-scale pile. N(2)O emissions started around the middle stage of the composting period when NH(3) emissions and the temperature of the compost material began to decline. The emission rates of each gas in the small and large piles were 112.8 and 127.4 g NH(3)-N/kg T-N, 37.2 and 46.5 g N(2)O-N/kg T-N, and 1.0 and 1.9 g CH(4)/kg OM, respectively. It was found that changing the piling scale of the compost material was a major factor in gas emission rates.     

Volatilization of ammonia from manure as affected by manure additives, temperature and mixing

Ammonia (NH(3)) volatilization decreases the N-nutrient value of livestock manure slurries and can lead to soil acidification and eutrophication problems. In this study the effect of three manure additives (Euro Mest-mix (Mx), Effective Micro-organisms (EM), and Agri-mest (Am)) on NH(3) volatilization at three temperatures (4, 20, and 35 degrees C) was investigated. The manufacturers claim that Mx contains absorbing clay minerals and that applying Am and EM to slurry will reduce nitrogen losses, most likely by enhancing the biodegradation of manure slurry. Furthermore, the effect of mixing slurry on NH(3) volatilization has been investigated. Ammonia volatilization increased with increasing temperature and mixing of the slurries. However, at 35 degrees C mixing of manure reduced NH(3) emissions compared to non-mixing, which is related to a reduced crust resistance to gaseous transport at higher temperatures for non-mixing. Moreover, mixing introduces oxygen into the anaerobic slurry environment which will slow down microbial activity. The use of additives did not change manure characteristics (pH, dry matter, N(total), N(mineral), C/N, and C/N(organic)) and did not result in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in NH(3) emissions, except that at 4 degrees C and no mixing a significant decrease of 34% in NH(3) volatilization was observed, when Am and EM together, were applied to slurry.     

Effective bioconversion of farmed chicken products by black soldier fly larvae at commercially relevant growth temperatures

Global population growth and an increasing demand for meat has driven the intensification of livestock production. On poultry farms, the accumulation of waste such as faeces, carcasses and unsellable eggs creates environmental and health hazards that need to be mitigated. The larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; BSFL) offer a potential solution to the problems of waste management on poultry farms. BSFL consume large quantities of organic waste and convert it into larval biomass, which can then be processed for use as livestock feeds or biofuels. This makes BSFL an ideal candidate for value-added waste management on chicken farms. Here, we examined the development and nutrient profile of BSFL given five different diet treatments: poultry feed (control), chicken meat, chicken egg, chicken manure and a mixture of equal parts chicken meat, egg and manure. Chicken meat, egg and mixed diets were all found to be suitable feedstocks for BSFL, but the manure-only treatment was associated with a high failure rate of larval development. Mixing manure with other poultry waste streams ameliorated the negative impacts of manure on BSFL. Larvae reared on chicken meat, egg and the mixed diet had equal or higher mean crude protein (CP) (39.9%, 33.8% and 31.5%, respectively) and crude lipid (CL) contents (30.1%, 29.00% and 28.7%, respectively), compared with BSFL reared exclusively on chicken feed (CP: 30.9%, CL: 23.8%), demonstrating the suitability of these waste-stream diets for the potential animal feed quality of the BSFL. We discuss how BSFL bioconversion could be implemented to address environment management issues on poultry farms.