滇西横断山地区台蚱属三新种(直翅目,蚱科)

记述云南省西部横断山地区台蚱属3新种,即香格里拉台蚱Formosatettix xianggelila sp.nov.,凹缘台蚱Formosatettix camurimargina sp.nov.及无量山台蚱Formosatettix wuliangshanensia sp.nov..此外还记载因异物同名而改名的拟双背蚱属Paramphinotus.模式标本保存于西南林学院昆虫标本室.     

广西台蚱属（Formosatettix Tinkham）二新种记述（直翅目：蚱科）

本文记述采自广西地区台蚱屑二新种,即大瑶山台蚱Formosatettix dayaoshanensis,sp.nov.及元宝山台蚱Formosatettix yuanbaoshanensis,so.nov.     

中国蚱科两新种记述（直翅目：蚱总科）

记述蚱科Tetrigidae 2新种,即黑背尖顶蚱Teredorus benotus ,sp.nov．及天目山台蚱Formosatettix tianmushanensis,sp.nov。模式标本保存于南开大学生物系昆虫标本室。     

云南台蚱属一新种记述(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)

记述采自云南昆明台蚱属1新种,即昆明台蚱Formosatettix kunmingensis sp.nov..模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室.     

云南省蚱总科四新种记述(直翅目)

记述采自云南省瑞丽和东川地区蚱总科4新种,即瑞丽羊角蚱Criotettix ruiliensis,sp.nov.,凹缘台蚱Formosatettix curvimarginus,sp.nov.,东川台蚱Formosatettix dongchuanensis,sp.nov.及缺翅悠背蚱Euparatettix apterus.sp.nov..模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所及西南林学院云南省森林灾害预警与控制重点实验室标本室.     

吉林省松花湖库区台蚱属一新种(直翅目,蚱总科)

记述采自吉林省吉林市松花湖库区的蚱总科台蚱属1新种：长角台蚱Formosatettix longicornia sp.nov．。     

中国四川台蚱属一新种记述(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)

记述采自四川西昌台蚱属Formosatettix 1新种,黑斑台蚱Formosatettix nigrbnaculata sp.nov..模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物所标本室.黑斑台蚱,新种Formosatettix nigrimaculatus sp.nov.(图1～3)本种与Formosatettix xianggelila Zheng et Ou,2004和Formosatettix gonggashanensis Zheng,1992相似,主要的区别如下：头顶为1复眼的1.3倍;头顶与颜面隆起组成圆角形;颜面隆起在侧单眼前直,不凹陷;中足股节下缘平直.正模♂,四川西昌(泸山),海拔2 200 m,2011-07-30,邓维安采.副模1♀,同正模.词源：新种种名源自拉丁文nigri(黑色的)和maculatus (斑纹),意指前胸背板肩后具1对黑斑.     

云南省西南部蚱科的新种(直翅目)

记述云南省西南部蚱科7新种,即云南夏蚱Xiaitettix yunnanensis Zheng et Mao,sp.nov.、粗角版纳蚱Bannatettix oedicerus Zheng et Xu,sp.nov.、断隆蚱Tetrix interrupta Zheng et Xu,sp.nov.、五老山台蚱Formosatettix wulaoshanensis Zheng et Xu,sp.nov.、宽顶突眼蚱Ergatettix lativertex Zheng et Xu,sp.nov.、孟连悠背蚱Euparatettix menglianensis Zheng et Xu,sp.nov.及白斑悠背蚱Euparatettix albomaculatus Zheng et Xu,sp.nov.。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室。     

中国长白山地区台蚱属一新种记述(直翅目,蚱总科)

记述了采自吉林省长白山地区台蚱属1新种,即长白山台蚱Formosatettix changbaishanensis sp．nov．。新种与广东台蚱Formosatettix senlinensis Liang,1991相似,与其做了比较。模式标本保存在东北师范大学生命科学学院标本中心。     

滇西北玉龙雪山地区蚱总科昆虫及四新种(直翅目)

记述2005~2006年在云南省玉龙雪山地区调查的蚱总科昆虫3科8属19种,其中包括4新种,即短翅蚱Tetrix brevipennis,sp.nov.、白斑台蚱Formosatettix albomaculata,sp.nov.、雪山台蚱Formosatettix xueshanensis,sp.nov.及丽江悠背蚱Euparatettix lijiangensis,sp.nov.。模式标本保存于西南林学院标本馆昆虫标本室及陕西师范大学动物研究所。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Chronological Events Associated with the Antagonistic Properties of Trichoderma harzianum against Botrytis cinerea: Indirect Evidence for Sequential Role of Antibiosis and Parasitism

Chronological events associated with the degradation of Botrytis cinerea by a strain of Trichoderma harzianum selected for superior biocontrol ability were studied using ultrastructure and cytochemical investigations in an attempt to define the relative roles of antibiosis and parasitism in the antagonistic process. The first ultrastructural changes were observed 12 h before contact between the organisms, and were characterized by punctuated invaginations of the Botrytis plasmalemma. These reactions were followed by a gradual retraction of the plasmalemma, disorganization of the cytoplasm, loss of turgor pressure and cell death within 48 h of contact between hyphae of the interacting fungi. The first evidence of penetration of B. cinerea by T. harzianum was recorded 72 h after contact. This penetration was apparently mediated by either mechanical pressure or localized wall digestion at points of entry, as there was no clear evidence of chitinolytic degradation of the B. cinerea cell wall, as determined by cytochemical labelling of chitin with a lectin-gold conjugate. However, after 10 days there was clear indication of chitin degradation, based on the random and reduced presence of gold particles over the cell wall of B. cinerea. These results suggest that the strain of T. harzianum antagonized first and foremost by antibiosis, leading to cell death, followed by degradation of the cell by means of chitinolytic enzymes. The production of antibiotics may, therefore, be more important than that of chitinolytic enzymes in conferring superior biocontrol properties to T. harzianum.     

Population Dynamics and Life Tables of the Mango Mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens Williams, and its Introduced Natural Enemy Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes in Benin

Life table data for Rastrococcus invadens and its introduced natural enemy Gyranusoidea tebygi were obtained in the field and in the laboratory. The mealybug population's potential rate of increase ranged from 0.066/day to 0.078/day. The potential for increase of the parasitoid was double that of its host. Seasonal fluctuations in abundance of R. invadens were followed from 1988 to 1992 on mango trees in southern Benin. The population density of R. invadens decreased during the rainy seasons and peaked during the dry seasons. Mealybug field sex ratios were extremely variable, and the impact of such variability on the mealybug's potential rate of increase was analyzed. The populations of the exotic encyrtid G. tebygi, introduced into Benin in 1988 for control of the pest, were synchronized with the host populations. The spatial patterns of parasitism distribution in relation to the host population density were either independent or directly density-dependent, both at the tree level and for larger zones. However, reducing the scale of analysis resulted in different types of relationships. The impact of predators was a minor factor in the population dynamics of the mealybug. Four of the six species of hyper-parasitoids attacking mealybugs parasitized by G. tebygi developed high populations. In the two orchards studied, mealybug populations eventually collapsed and disappeared. This fact is discussed as being an indication that the biological control of the mango mealybug by G. tebygi was achieved by non-equilibrium local dynamics, and should be evaluated in a meta-population perspective.     

Evolution of pupation site and interspecific competitive ability in Drosophila hydei

A competition experiment conducted over a period of 50 weeks resulted in stable coexistence of Drosophila hydei and D. melanogaster. In a repeat of this experiment the results for the first 25 weeks were similar to the results of the earlier experiment, but after this time the state of coexistence collapsed and a fairly rapid trend towards competitive exclusion was observed. Extinctions of D. melanogaster occurred in 11 of the 12 experimental cages before termination of the experiment at 50 weeks. At about the same time as the competitive ability of D. hydei increased, an alteration in the range of pupation sites utilized by this species was noted. The change in pupation site was demonstrated to be at least partially heritable, and it appears to be responsible for D. hydei's increased competitive ability. This experiment provides an example of natural selection within a competing population acting against the stability of the overall two-species system.     

Description d'une nouvelle espèce et analyse morpho-fonctionnelle du genre Doryaspis White (Heterostraci) du Dévonien du Spitsberg

Doryaspis groenhorgensis nov. sp. is a new pteraspidiform from the lower devonian of Spitsbergen. The genus Doryaspis is now considered as the most abundant pteraspidiform of the Wood Bay formation, with five described species. Moreover, the pteraspidiform diversity of this formation has been under rated all along the XXth century. A morpho-functional analysis of the Doryaspis generic characters (e.g. flat dorsal shield, ventral pseudorostrum, long cornual plates) allows to consider two possible mode of life. However, none of the pelagic or benthic mode of life is better supported than the other. The same analysis introduce some interpretative hypothesis on histology and moving of the Pteraspidiformes. The Pteraspidiformes diversity of Spitsbergen is important for further Devonian circum-arctic comparisons (e.g. siberian platform).     

Effects of negatively charged lipids on phagocytosis of liposomes opsonized by complement

Ingestion of liposomes opsonized by specific antibody plus complement was investigated in vitro. Although the antibodies alone (IgM) did not have an opsonizing effect, in the presence of such antibodies uptake and ingestion of liposomes by mouse peritoneal macrophages was enhanced 5- to 10-fold by addition of complement. Phagocytosis of complement-opsonized liposomes was strongly dependent on the charge of the liposomal lipids. The presence of a negatively charged (i.e., acidic) lipid profoundly suppressed the uptake of the liposomes. Each of three acidic liposomal lipids, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and dicetyl phosphate, suppressed liposome uptake. We conclude that opsonization of liposomes with complement greatly stimulates ingestion of liposomes by murine macrophages. However, most of the opsonic enhancement conferred by complement can be prevented by the presence of negatively charged membrane lipids.     

Impact of Entomopathogenic Nematodes on Different Soil-dwelling Stages of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in the Laboratory and Under Semi-field Conditions

The impact of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) on mortality of soil-dwelling stages of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with different insect stage combinations was studied in the laboratory and under semi-field conditions. In laboratory experiments, the efficacy of Steinernema feltiae strain Sylt (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) at a concentration of 400 infective juveniles (IJs) cm -2 was tested against different proportions of soil-dwelling stages of WFT, i.e. late second instar larvae (L2), prepupae and pupae. Soil was used as the testing medium. S. feltiae significantly affected the mortality of all soil-dwelling life stages of WFT at all tested insect stage combinations. The proportion of late L2 in the population negatively correlated to EPN-induced mortality. WFT prepupa and pupa were similarly susceptible to S. feltiae and their proportion in the population did not affect the EPN-induced mortality under laboratory conditions. The highest mortality (80%) was recorded when the population consisted only of prepupae and/or pupae. In the semi-field study, the impact of S. feltiae , S. carpocapsae strain DD136 and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora strain HK3 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) ( H. bacteriophora ) at concentrations of 400 and 1000 IJs cm -2 was evaluated against WFT reared on green beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., as host plant in pot experiments in a controlled climate chamber. All tested EPN strains at both dose rates significantly reduced the WFT populations. Up to 70% reduction of the WFT population was obtained at the higher EPN concentration.     

The response of oscillating glycolysis to perturbations in the NADH/NAD system: a comparison between experiments and a computer model.

The glycolytic pathway is described by a set of coupled non linear differential equations of first order with respect to time. The individual terms of these equations consist of enzyme velocities assuming a steady state hypothesis for the enzymatic forms. These are specified and the system is solved numerically. Oscillations are explained by interaction of PFK with the adenylate system. The conditions for the occurrence of oscillations are tested in a series of computer runs. The phase relations between intermediates of the model agree with those found in yeast cells. As an application of the model the disturbation of oscillations by the addition of acetaldehyde is simulated. The predictions of the model agree with experimental results.     

Distribution of faeces of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, in a new refuge

The patterns of faeces deposition in glass arenas with three groups of Blattella germanica L. during colonization of new refuges were recorded. The individual positions of more than 17,500 faeces were recorded. The average daily rate of faeces excretion per adult was 9.6 in males, 9.1 in non-gravid females and 2.7 in gravid females. Significant differences of faeces accumulation at various sites of the arena were found. In all three groups, mean density of faeces decreased in the following order: shelter, edges of arena, area around shelter, remainder of open area. The faeces were not accumulated more significantly at food and water sources than within the remainder of the open area. Low concentrations of faeces around edges were recorded with gravid females. The ratio of numbers of faeces in the shelter and those on the remainder of the arena was nearly identical in all tested groups. The rate of faeces deposition fluctuated during colonization of a new refuge. The role of faeces containing aggregation pheromone and ammonia in the ecology and behaviour of B. germanica is discussed.     

沪农灵芝一号生长过程中子实体各部位糖醇和海藻糖积累及其代谢酶的表达变化

食用菌子实体通常会在生长过程中积累较高含量的糖醇及海藻糖,这些碳水化合物的积累能够促进食用菌的生长,而在灵芝中的同类研究较少,本研究通过高效阴离子-脉冲安培法对沪农灵芝一号子实体发育过程中不同部位的糖类成分的含量变化进行分析,发现灵芝子实体中主要的可溶性糖类成分是阿拉伯糖醇、甘露醇和海藻糖,甘露醇在子实体成熟时的菌盖中的含量达到最高值,阿拉伯糖醇在产孢子期的子实体中含量较高,两种糖醇的含量呈现相反的变化趋势,一种糖醇积累的同时会消耗利用另一种糖醇,而海藻糖在灵芝子实体的整个生长过程中含量处于较低水平,仅在子实体初期的菌基部位检测到较高的含量;同时通过qRT-PCR技术检测灵芝子实体不同部位中这几种糖类的主要代谢酶基因的表达变化,发现这些代谢酶在子实体的菌基部位的表达水平相对其他部位较高,且随着子实体生长这一差异更加显著,这一结果表明灵芝中的糖醇和海藻糖分布差异可能是先由菌基的菌丝体中合成产物并转运到子实体不同部位,再经过一段时间的积累和代谢之后产生。