四川小相岭山系大熊猫种群及栖息地调查

小相岭山系是现存大熊猫种群数量最少的山系之一。根据全国第3次大熊猫及其栖息地调查结果,小相岭山系大熊猫栖息地分布在石棉、冕宁和九龙三县,栖息地总面积802.04 km²,大熊猫种群数量有32只。大熊猫在3个位于小相岭山系的自然保护区内种群数量和栖息地面积分别为:四川冶勒自然保护区9只,栖息地面积168.01 km²;四川栗子坪自然保护区14只,栖息地面积306.38 km²;四川贡嘎山自然保护区1只,栖息地面积15.19 km²。在3个保护区大熊猫栖息地总面积为489.58 km²,占各山系大熊猫栖息地总面积的61.05%;有大熊猫24只,占大熊猫种群数量的75.0%。小相岭山系大熊猫meta种群栖息地片段化比较严重,它由2个种群和2个孤立分布点组成。南北方向从成都至昆明的108国道以东的种群A有大熊猫13只,栖息地面积263.54 km², 完整性较好,大熊猫分布比较集中。108国道以西的种群B有大熊猫19只,栖息地面积为538.50 km²,栖息地破碎。该山系大熊猫数量少,栖息地片段化严重,需加强保护。
     

拖乌山大熊猫廊道人类干扰的空间与时间分布格局——红外相机阵列调查

小相岭山系大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)栖息地是所有大熊猫栖息地中破碎化问题最为严重的区域之一,而拖乌山廊道则是连接小相岭山系最大两个大熊猫局域种群的关键区域。为调查廊道及其周边人为干扰现状,2015~2016年,在廊道及其周边以阵列方式设置了102台红外相机,对人为干扰的时间和空间分布格局进行了调查。研究结果表明,廊道范围内人为干扰问题较为严重,其中放牧干扰占据绝对多数,共计记录到508次,占总干扰次数的89.7%。从干扰的季节分布看,人类直接干扰在7月和11月较多。放牧干扰中,黄牛(Bos primigenius taurus)在10月最多,牦牛(B.mutus)则在11月前后较多;放羊的干扰在4~7月份较弱,其余月份水平均较高;而放马干扰则集中在7~10月。从空间分布上看,干扰主要集中在廊道的西北部,其次是东北部。研究还发现,黄牛和羊(Caprinae)的干扰主要来自廊道所在县(石棉县),而牦牛和马(Equus caballus caballu)则主要来自邻县(冕宁县)。这提示我们,需要针对不同的干扰采取不同的措施,同时也说明廊道保护工作不能仅仅局限在廊道所在县,还需要与邻县联合开展工作。本研究表明,利用红外相机阵列监测人为干扰对保护地的保护管理工作有重要价值。     

岷山、邛崃山山系大熊猫栖息地生态安全综合评价

【目的】岷山与邛崃山系是大熊猫的重要栖息地,但由于该地区干扰、栖息地破碎化等原因,野生大熊猫的生存和种群复壮仍然存在风险。基于大熊猫习性和生存需求来评价其栖息地生态安全,对于更好地保护野生大熊猫种群、明确保护的地理重点,具有重要现实意义。【方法】以岷山山系、邛崃山山系范围内各市、区、县为对象,收集并选择最新的社会、地理、生物三大类目中具有代表性的12个因子作为评价指标,运用层次分析法和主成分分析法相结合的方法对该地区大熊猫栖息的生态安全进行综合评价。【结果】岷山、邛崃山中部的平武县、宝兴县的生态安全指数最高;彭州市、都江堰市和邛崃县等成都的周边地区生态安全指数较低,主要原因是人类活动的影响;都江堰市北部和汶川县域内为大熊猫的重要栖息地,但其生态安全指数较低,需要进一步的保护、管理和恢复;平武中部、松潘、茂县等地区生态安全指数较高,可作为大熊猫潜在栖息地进行保护。【结论】岷山大熊猫栖息地的生态安全指数总体上高于邛崃山系,但都存在明显的空间异质性。本研究结果可为野生大熊猫生态廊道的建设、圈养大熊猫放归地点选择等工作提供科学依据。     

基于MaxEnt模型的二郎山廊道大熊猫栖息地适宜性评价

基于地理分布点和环境变量数据,利用MaxEnt模型(Maximum Entropy Modeling)对二郎山廊道大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca栖息地适宜度进行综合评价:坡度、坡向和干扰距离的综合贡献值分别为53.00%、21.90%和18.00%,累积贡献率达92.90%,是影响该区域大熊猫分布的主要生态因子。使用自然断点法将大熊猫栖息地分为不适宜、潜在、适宜和最适宜栖息地4种类型:不适宜栖息地面积为168.45 km~2,占研究区域面积的39.02%;潜在栖息地面积为212.71 km~2,占研究区域面积的49.28%;适宜栖息地和最适宜栖息地面积分别为49.79 km~2和0.68 km~2,两者仅占研究区域面积的11.70%。建议在该廊道开展大熊猫栖息地人工修复项目,以增加该地大熊猫的适宜栖息地面积;同时尽可能减少人类活动对大熊猫栖息地的干扰,以便廊道在促进各种群之间的基因交流中更好地发挥作用。     

基于熵值法与变异系数的大熊猫分布区生态系统评价

近年来大熊猫栖息地、竹林的面积与野生种群数量均有较大增长,同时栖息地破碎化与局域种群隔离也有加剧趋势.正确认知当前大熊猫分布区生态系统的状态,对于大熊猫保护至关重要.以大熊猫分布区为研究区域,3次全国大熊猫调查为时间节点,依据等级系统理论对分布区及六大山系生态系统进行分解,联合应用熵值法、变异系数、相关性分析,基于全国大熊猫调查数据与相关文献数据,对分布区及六大山系生态系统演化规律进行了研究.发现在生态系统持续改善的背景下,不同山系生态系统的演化与现状存在差异性,六大山系可以分为3个组别,组内山系的生态系统具有较大共性,组间区别较大;同时,栖息地破碎化与局域种群隔离,造成生态系统质量的普遍下降.应因地制宜地制定差异化的生态保护措施,才能更好地实现各山系大熊猫生态系统的持续改善.     

基于景观遗传学的滇金丝猴栖息地连接度分析

结合景观遗传学,应用最小费用距离模型对物种栖息地进行连接度分析,能够为生物多样性保护和自然保护区管理提供更加真实准确及可实践操作的指导。选取滇金丝猴这一珍稀濒危物种,结合景观遗传学,应用最小费用距离模型对其栖息地进行了连接度和潜在扩散廊道分析。并且通过连接度的分析和制图绘制出了更为准确的种群间潜在扩散廊道,确定了受人工障碍影响的廊道及敏感区域。结果表明,研究区内的5个亚群中,仅S3亚群内的5个猴群保持着较好的连接度,总体来说,各亚群内的连接度相对于各亚群间连接度保持的较好。除S3亚群中猴群间的潜在扩散廊道较为理想外,其余种群间的潜在扩散廊道均受人工斑块的影响,多数廊道被人工障碍阻断,或面临即将被阻断的情况,对于滇金丝猴的扩散交流影响较大。敏感区域多集中在中南部的3个亚群间,这些敏感区域应作为景观恢复及保护区规划的重要优先区域。     

移地与圈养大熊猫野外放归的探讨

移地是指将生物有机体从一个区域自由释放到另一区域的移动,通常包括引入、重引入以及复壮等3 种类型。野生动物的移地有较悠久的历史。在许多国家,通过移地以维持濒危野生动物种群在野外的长期续存已成为保护生物学上的一种重要手段。影响圈养动物野外放归成功的因素主要来自物种生物学特性、自然环境、社会生物学以及放归方式等几方面,同时,放归亦给基础生态学研究带来了新的机遇与挑战。大熊猫是我国特有的珍稀兽类,分布在秦岭、岷山、邛崃山、大相岭、小相岭以及凉山等几大隔离的山系。由于部分山系栖息地的高度破碎以及隔离小种群普遍面临的来自种群及环境等随机因素的影响,单纯依靠就地保护的措施可能并不足以保证这些隔离小种群在野外长期续存。在圈养大熊猫种群数量不断增加的情况下,将圈养个体放归野外以复壮孤立小种群应是一种有效的保护手段,同时,随着大熊猫栖息地质量的逐步改善,圈养大熊猫野外放归的时机亦逐步成熟。文中尚就圈养大熊猫放归野外之前亟待解决的问题进行了讨论。     

兰渝高速公路和兰渝铁路对大熊猫活动及其栖息地保护的影响

加快公路、铁路等重大基础交通设施建设是当前扩大内需促进经济增长的一项重要举措.这些基础设施建设将可能对某些珍稀濒危物种产生负面的生态影响.通过实地样方调查和访问调查,初步分析与评价了兰渝高速公路、兰渝铁路的建设与运营对大熊猫活动及其栖息地保护的影响.虽然它们的建设与运营不会影响岷山山系的大熊猫,但将会影响到西秦岭山系青木川+曹家河栖息地的大熊猫.它们不仅由于穿越大熊猫的潜在栖息地而使其栖息地的破碎化加剧,还进一步孤立了青木川+曹家河栖息地的大熊猫种群.然而,现有的公路S206线与大团鱼河等地理障碍所造成的隔离,又使兰渝高速公路和兰渝铁路的建设与运营实际追加的对周边大熊猫种群的隔离影响并不大.由于东北侧临近大熊猫栖息地,道路建设和运营所产生的各种噪音还将可能会影响大熊猫种群在局部区域的活动与扩散.为了更好地保护大熊猫种群及其栖息地,就兰渝高速公路和兰渝铁路的建设提出了相应的管理建议.     

基于电路理论的滇金丝猴生境景观连通性分析

景观连通性对生态系统服务、动植物基因交流的保护以及景观规划等都具有重要影响作用。以滇金丝猴活动区域为研究对象,基于电路理论建立滇金丝猴栖息地的连接度模型,分析滇金丝猴栖息地间的连通性,对于连通性较好的区域,识别出了重点保护与恢复区域;对于连通性较差的区域,通过电路理论连接度模型确定了影响今后廊道建设的重点保护与恢复区域。结果表明:各区域内部猴群栖息地连通性较好,其中中部地区最优,其次是北部,最差为南部。G3和G4栖息地斑块作为对连接各区域猴群生境斑块起到关键作用的"踏脚石"斑块是今后重点保护与恢复的区域,保护和恢复南部与中部猴群栖息地间"空白区域"的植被对于整个滇金丝猴活动区域的猴群基因交流也尤为重要。方法上,相较于图论得到的单一路径,电路理论得到的多路径更具有现势性。研究方法及研究成果可为濒危物种保护和区域生态廊道设计提供重要参考价值。     

洋太公路对秦岭大熊猫栖息地景观格局的影响

洋县至太白县省级公路(洋太公路)穿越了秦岭大熊猫栖息地,可能对该地区大熊猫种群交流产生影响.以北京一号卫星遥感图像为数据源,采用分层提取法对道路建设前大熊猫栖息地景观类型进行分类,随后在GIS软件ArcMap的支持下对分类结果进行更新,模拟得到道路建设后的大熊猫栖息地景观格局,利用Fragstats软件从斑块和景观2个层次上计算了洋太公路修建前后大熊猫栖息地景观指数.结果表明:洋太公路穿越了9.4 km的林地斑块,公路建设使沿线两侧500 m范围6.9%的土地面积转化为建设用地,其中林地面积减少0.9%,各斑块类型的破碎度增加;公路建设后,Shannon多样性指数和CONTAG指数在离公路两侧300 m处变化最大,随着距离公路长度的增加逐渐趋于相同,表明公路建设对景观格局的影响随着空间尺度的增大而减弱.最后,提出了该地区大熊猫栖息地保护与管理建议.     

Integrating population size analysis into habitat suitability assessment: implications for giant panda conservation in the Minshan Mountains,China

Compared to conventional approaches, the integration of population size analysis with habitat suitability assessment on a large scale can provide more evidence to explain the mechanisms of habitat isolation and fragmentation, and thus make regional conservation plans. In this paper, we analyzed the habitat suitability for giant pandas in the Minshan Mountains, China, using the ecological-niche factor analysis (ENFA) method, and then evaluated the current conservation status of this endangered species. The results showed that (1) giant pandas were distributed in a narrow altitudinal range in which vegetation cover was dominated by coniferous forest, mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest, and deciduous broadleaf forest with scattered bamboo understory, and (2) roads and human settlements had strong negative effects on the panda habitat selection. According to habitat analysis, the total habitat area of giant panda in the Minshan Mountains was 953,173 ha, which was fragmented into 12 habitat units by major roads, rivers, and human settlements. The habitat of the mid-Minshan was less fragmentized, but was seriously fragmented in the north. The panda population size estimation showed that 676 individuals inhabited the study area, and 94.53% of them were in the mid-Minshan, but small panda populations less than 30 individuals inhabited the isolated and fragmented habitat patches in the north. The nature reserves in the Minshan Mountains have formed three conservation groups, which covered 41.26% of panda habitat and protected 70.71% of panda population of the study area, but there still exists two conservation gaps, and the connectivity among these reserves is still weak. Due to habitat isolation and extensive human disturbances, giant pandas in the north (i.e., Diebu, Zhouqu, and Wudou) are facing threats of local extinction. In order to protect pandas and their habitats in this area, some effective conservation approaches, such as establishing new reserves in gap areas, creating corridors among patches, and seasonally controlling traffic flux in key roads, should be implemented in the future to link these isolated habitats together.     

基于椭圆脐点突变模型的大熊猫生存状态研究

得益于有力的保护,大熊猫受威胁等级由"濒危"降为"易危"。根据全国大熊猫调查数据,近年来,大熊猫野生种群与栖息地面积总体上均处于持续增加态势;同时,大熊猫栖息地破碎化与局域种群隔离也呈加剧的趋势。两相对比,形成悖论现象,难以正确认知当前大熊猫的生存状态。大熊猫作为高度特化的K对策大型动物,其生存高度依赖于栖息地生态系统,极易受栖息地丧失与破碎化的影响。对大熊猫生存状态的研究,不应局限于栖息地或种群等单项指标的变化,而应基于系统科学的整体视角。结合全国第三、四次大熊猫调查数据,对大熊猫野生种群数量与栖息地及潜在栖息地的面积进行复相关分析,发现大熊猫野生种群数量与栖息地、潜在栖息地的面积之间存在着高度显著正相关,表明三者之间存在着稳定而密切的耦合关系,进而建立了大熊猫种群与栖息地、潜在栖息地之间的耦合函数。突变理论作为一种成熟的系统科学理论,提供了较完备的数学方法,利用系统中少量的关键指标便可实现对系统行为的刻画。基于突变理论,以大熊猫分布区生态系统为研究对象,选取了大熊猫种群数量、栖息地与潜在栖息地的面积为系统关键指标,利用种群与栖息地、潜在栖息地之间的耦合函数,构建了"大熊猫—栖息地"系统椭圆脐点突变模型,对生态系统的稳定性进行研究。发现虽然野生种群数量、栖息地与潜在栖息地的面积均持续增长,但严峻的局域种群生存危机与栖息地的高度破碎化,从总体上削弱了系统的稳定性,大熊猫分布区生态系统的稳定性处于持续下降态势,且濒临系统临界状态,生态系统具有较大的退化压力,大熊猫的生存危机依然严峻。     

Landscape features influence gene flow as measured by cost-distance and genetic analyses: a case study for giant pandas in the Daxiangling and Xiaoxiangling Mountains

Background

Gene flow maintains genetic diversity within a species and is influenced by individual behavior and the geographical features of the species' habitat. Here, we have characterized the geographical distribution of genetic patterns in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) living in four isolated patches of the Xiaoxiangling and Daxiangling Mountains. Three geographic distance definitions were used with the "isolation by distance theory": Euclidean distance (EUD), least-cost path distance (LCD) defined by food resources, and LCD defined by habitat suitability.

Results

A total of 136 genotypes were obtained from 192 fecal samples and one blood sample, corresponding to 53 unique genotypes. Geographical maps plotted at high resolution using smaller neighborhood radius definitions produced large cost distances, because smaller radii include a finer level of detail in considering each pixel. Mantel tests showed that most correlation indices, particularly bamboo resources defined for different sizes of raster cell, were slightly larger than the correlations calculated for the Euclidean distance, with the exception of Patch C. We found that natural barriers might have decreased gene flow between the Xiaoxiangling and Daxiangling regions.

Conclusions

Landscape features were found to partially influence gene flow in the giant panda population. This result is closely linked to the biological character and behavior of giant pandas because, as bamboo feeders, individuals spend most of their lives eating bamboo or moving within the bamboo forest. Landscape-based genetic analysis suggests that gene flow will be enhanced if the connectivity between currently fragmented bamboo forests is increased.

     

道路影响下野生动物廊道的选址——以大熊猫保护廊道为例

沿道路设置供野生动物迁徙、扩散和连接栖息地的廊道是应对道路干扰最有效的措施,科学选址则是野生动物廊道建设的前提,也是廊道研究的薄弱领域。以大熊猫廊道为例对野生动物廊道选址指标体系、方法和程序进行了探索,将栖息地特征、地形因素、植被可转化性、工程成本作为大熊猫廊道选址指标,基于Arcgis和栖息地格局、海拔、坡度、植被数据,为四川306省道椅子垭口段确定了两处大熊猫廊道位置,并用监测数据证明了所选位置具有较大的可行性和准确性。研究表明栖息地格局是廊道选址的重要基础,应侧重对地形因素的研究。研究为廊道选址方法和流程进行了示范,还对选址指标体系优化、提高选址的科学性进行了探讨,有助于推动野生动物廊道研究从理论探索走向实际应用。     

Geographic pattern of antibiotic resistance genes in the metagenomes of the giant panda

The rise in infections by antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a serious public health problem worldwide. The gut microbiome of animals is a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the correlation between the gut microbiome of wild animals and ARGs remains controversial. Here, based on the metagenomes of giant pandas (including three wild populations from the Qinling, Qionglai and Xiaoxiangling Mountains, and two major captive populations from Yaan and Chengdu), we investigated the potential correlation between the constitution of the gut microbiome and the composition of ARGs across the different geographic locations and living environments. We found that the types of ARGs were correlated with gut microbiome composition. The NMDS cluster analysis using Jaccard distance of the ARGs composition of the gut microbiome of wild giant pandas displayed a difference based on geographic location. Captivity also had an effect on the differences in ARGs composition. Furthermore, we found that the Qinling population exhibited profound dissimilarities of both gut microbiome composition and ARGs (the highest proportion of Clostridium and vancomycin resistance genes) when compared to the other wild and captive populations studies, which was supported by previous giant panda whole-genome sequencing analysis. In this study, we provide an example of a potential consensus pattern regarding host population genetics, symbiotic gut microbiome and ARGs. We revealed that habitat isolation impacts the ARG structure in the gut microbiome of mammals. Therefore, the difference in ARG composition between giant panda populations will provide some basic information for their conservation and management, especially for captive populations.     

小相岭大熊猫与放牧家畜的生境选择

利用 Forage Ratio指数对小相岭山系大熊猫与放牧牲畜的生境选择进行了比较研究 ,研究涉及 1 1种生境因子。研究结果表明 ,大熊猫喜欢选择在山体的脊部和中部的凸坡 ,坡向南坡 ,喜欢选择 0～ 2 4 %的灌木盖度 ,喜欢竹子盖度大于 5 0 %的原始针叶林 ,对坡度、乔木高度、乔木郁闭度、灌木高度不存在选择性 ,都为随机利用。放牧牲畜喜欢选择利用复合坡、山体的下部、坡度小于 2 0°的山坡 ;喜欢利用的生境类型是草坡和灌丛 ;选择的森林起源是次生林 ;所利用生境的乔木高度为 5～ 9m,对坡向、乔木郁闭度、灌木高度、灌木盖度、竹子盖度都随机利用。放牧家畜与大熊猫在对生境因子的利用上有许多共同点 ,对许多因子类型大多都是随机利用 ,因而 ,在对一些生境因子的利用上 ,放牧对大熊猫的活动会产生一定的影响。同时 ,它们在生境选择上也存在一定的差异 ,特别是在对植被类型和森林起源的选择上差异较大 ,只要合理的规划和控制放牧活动 ,也就可能达到大熊猫保护与社区经济协调发展的目的     

Does one size fit all? A multispecies approach to regional landscape corridor planning

Aim

The practical value of the single‐species approach to conserve biodiversity could be minimal or negligible when sympatric species are limited by factors that are not relevant to the proposed umbrella species. In this study, we quantitatively evaluated as follows: (1) habitat suitability and potential movement corridors of a single umbrella species, giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca); (2) habitat suitability of sympatric mammals; and (3) the potential effectiveness of the single‐species corridor planning to preserve suitable habitat and its connectivity of other focal species.

Location

Qinling Mountains, central part of China (15,000 km²).

Methods

We collected species distribution, environmental and anthropogenic data and conducted species occupancy modelling for giant panda and six other sympatric species (i.e., takin Budorcas taxicolor, tufted deer Elaphodus cephalophus, Chinese goral Naemorhedus griseus, Reeve's muntjac Muntiacus reevesi, leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis and yellow‐throated marten Martes flavigula). We then conducted circuit models to identify potential corridors for each species and evaluated the effectiveness of giant panda corridors to restore the habitat connectivity for these sympatric mammals.

Results

Occupancy modelling revealed that each species had a unique set of environmental variables associated with its distribution in the Qinling Mountains. We found that giant panda and all other focal species had some degree of fragmentation to their suitable habitat that required restoring habitat connectivity. Among the eight potential giant panda corridors, conservation efforts to reduce anthropogenic impacts would significantly improve the effectiveness of six corridors, while the other two corridors would require altering the vegetation. Five proposed giant panda corridors had remarkable overlap with corridors proposed for other species. We suggest two giant panda corridors as a priority due to their potential to maximize the benefits to both giant panda and a broader suite of mammals.

Main conclusions

Corridor planning in this region of China will likely continue using the single‐species policy, but our results highlight that not all potential giant panda corridors have equal effectiveness for other wildlife species. When offered multiple alternative actions, conservation planners can prioritize corridor development based on a multispecies perspective without loss of connectivity for the priority species. This approach has strong implications to the conservation of wildlife communities in China, and elsewhere, where conservation plans developed for a single‐species garner most available funding and institutional support.

     

野生大熊猫现状、面临的挑战及展望

截至2003年底,我国野生大熊猫种群数量达1596只,分布在陕西、四川和甘肃3省的45个县境内,总栖息地面积达2304991hm^2。与第2次大熊猫调查相比,野生大熊猫生存状况已得到改善,分布范围扩大、栖息地面积增加、种群数量进一步增长。本文在第3次大熊猫调查的基础上,就野生大熊猫种群及栖息地现状进行了分析,指出未来保护大熊猫所面临的3个方面的挑战,即来自物种自身生物学特性的挑战、栖息地破碎化及隔离小种群未来命运的挑战以及大熊猫保护与社区经济发展需求相冲突的挑战。作者还就我国大熊猫保护前景进行了展望,即自然保护区数量将进一步增加,栖息地状况将进一步改善;种群数量在总体保持稳定的基础上将逐步增长,但局部小种群灭绝风险将加剧;圈养种群将形成能自我维持的种群,圈养个体通过培训将逐步放归到隔离野生小种群中以改变其命运。