鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ybiH基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性

【背景】鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)是一种重要的人兽共患病原菌,能够引起多种食源性疾病。ybiH基因在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中的生物学功能尚未确定。【目的】构建鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ybiH基因的缺失株和回补株,研究ybiH基因在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中的生物学功能。【方法】采用λ-Red同源重组系统构建鼠伤寒沙门氏菌CVCC541 ybiH基因缺失株STΔybiH,同时构建该基因缺失株的回补株STΔybi H/pybiH,并对缺失株STΔybiH的生长特性、运动性、生化特性和毒力情况等生物学特性进行比较分析。【结果】与标准株和回补株相比,缺失株STΔybiH生长速率略快,而其运动性、生化特性、耐药性均无明显差别。但是,ybiH基因的缺失明显提高了鼠伤寒沙门菌对IEC-6细胞和RAW264.7细胞的黏附力和侵袭力,qRT-PCR实验结果显示,缺失株中Inv H基因的表达量明显提高,表明ybiH基因的缺失使鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的侵袭力也有所提高。此外,在胞内存活实验中,标准株与缺失株在胞内的增长率变化不明显,表明ybiH基因的缺失对沙门氏菌在RAW 264.7细胞中存活的影响不大。【结论】ybiH基因介导鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的黏附侵袭力,本文为进一步阐明ybiH基因的功能提供基础。     

微进化对阿萨希毛孢子菌与小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7相互作用的影响

目的研究微进化对阿萨希毛孢子菌(T.asahii)与巨噬细胞RAW264.7相互作用的影响。方法将微进化前后的T.asahii与RAW264.7细胞共培养,检测RAW264.7对两株菌的吞噬和杀伤能力以及两株菌对RAW264.7产生的细胞毒性的差异,同时分析RAW264.7自身细胞因子分泌情况的变化。结果巨噬细胞对原代菌株(TO)的吞噬能力以及杀伤率均明显高于微进化株(TEVO);TO菌株对巨噬细胞的细胞毒性要强于TEVO;当巨噬细胞与菌株按1∶3或1∶6共培养24 h时,与TO共培养的巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-6的分泌量要高于TEVO组,而按1∶9共培养时TEVO组细胞因子的分泌量却高于TO组。结论微进化后的TEVO菌株与巨噬细胞的相互作用明显弱于原代株TO,这也为TEVO菌株在宿主体内长期共存提供了良好的基础。     

sRNA (istR)在肠炎沙门氏菌抗活性氮氧中的作用分析

sRNA(Small non-coding RNA,sRNA)为新近发现的基因表达调控分子,转录后水平调控靶基因表达,在细菌毒力、应激及对外界环境感应方面起调控作用。沙门氏菌是一种重要的人畜共患病病原菌,可引起人类食物中毒、败血症及伤寒等。以肠炎型沙门氏菌为模型,研究sRNA(istR)在肠炎沙门氏菌抗活性氮氧中的作用,为沙门氏菌的防治提供新方向。参考已报道的沙门氏菌全基因组及istR序列,设计引物,PCR扩增istR突变用基因片段,运用Red同源重组系统对肠炎沙门氏菌(SE2472)的istR基因进行定点敲除,构建敲除菌株(SE2472△istR),比较野生株和敲除株对活性氮氧的敏感性;构建回复表达质粒pHDB3-istR,将其转入istR敲除株构建回复株SE2472△istR-comp,以回复表达istR,分析istR表达对沙门氏菌istR敲除株抵抗活性氮氧的回复作用。活性氮抑菌结果表明,SE2472在pH 5.0、NaNO2浓度为20 mmol/L的LB液体培养基中培养3 h,存活率为20.40%;培养6 h,存活率降至0.05%。同等培养条件下,SE2472△istR的存活率分别为0.70%和0,SE2472△istR-comp生长情况与SE2472类似,存活率分别为21.40%和0.08%。同时用H2O2分析istR在沙门氏菌抗活性氧中的作用,活性氧抑菌结果表明,SE2472和SE2472△istR两者对H2O2的抑菌作用无明显差异。综合上述结果,推测istR在沙门氏菌抗活性氮中起着调控作用,在抗活性氧作用中没有调控作用。     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207 SifA-突变株的构建和鉴定

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SifA^-基因突变株的特点是能进入真核细胞的胞液。利用P22噬菌体转导技术构建了鼠伤寒沙门氏菌疫苗株SL7207的SifA^-突变株SL7207,该突变株与SL7207有着相似的体外生长曲线和细胞侵袭力,SL7207。在MDCK上皮细胞中的增殖能力增强,但在RAW264．7巨噬细胞中的生存能力减弱。小鼠毒力试验显示SL7207。在BALB／c小鼠体内毒力下降。仅SL7207在体外可向RAW264．7巨噬细胞递送真核表达质粒。SL7207的构建为重组沙门氏菌疫苗载体的研制提供了一个新的选择。     

2007-2008陕西部分零售畜禽肉沙门氏菌血清型和基因型

【目的】研究359株在2007-2008年分离于陕西部分地区零售畜禽肉中沙门氏菌的血清型和基因型,为确保食品安全提供依据。【方法】使用WHO指定的泰国SA公司的沙门氏菌诊断血清,采用玻片凝集法测定沙门氏菌的血清型。使用美国疾病预防控制中心推荐的脉冲场凝胶电泳方法确定沙门氏菌的DNA酶切图谱,BioNumerics软件分析电泳结果,确定沙门氏菌的基因型。【结果】359株沙门氏菌共检出24个血清型,以肠炎沙门氏菌(Salmonella Enteritidis)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(S.Typhimurium)、舒卜拉沙门氏菌(S.Shubra)、印第安纳沙门氏菌(S.Indiana)和德尔卑沙门氏菌(S.Derby)等为主,不常见血清型有圣保罗沙门氏菌(Salmonella Saintpaul)、里地乌沙门氏菌(S.Rideau)、田纳西沙门氏菌(S.Tennessee)、汤卜逊沙门氏菌(S.Thompson)、加里玛沙门氏菌(S.Galiema)、卡罗尔沙门氏菌(S.Kallo)、沙门氏菌Ⅲa(S.Ⅲa)、罗森沙门氏菌(S.Rissen)和布兰卡斯特沙门氏菌(S.Brancaster)等。鸡肉中最常见血清型为肠炎沙门氏菌,猪肉和羊肉中以德尔卑沙门氏菌检出率最高,而牛肉中以里地乌沙门氏菌为主。359株沙门氏菌使用XbaⅠ酶切分型后,按照88%的基因同源性,可分为7个大簇。同一血清型的沙门氏菌分型后基本位于同一大簇之中,虽然部分沙门氏菌的血清型不同,但分型后仍表现出较高的基因同源性和相似的基因型。【结论】陕西零售肉沙门氏菌的血清型和基因型表现为多样性的特征。     

引起鱼类暴发性流行病的嗜水气单胞菌的血清型、毒力及溶血性

对分离自暴发病鱼的33株嗜水气单胞菌株的血清型、毒力和溶血性进行了研究。结果表明:按O抗原不同,大部分菌株可分为TPS-30和PBJS-76两个血清型,这两个血清型菌株分布于浙江各地及南方其它省市,可能是构成暴发病流行嗜水气单胞的主要血清型;这些菌株对健康白鲫有很强致病力,LD_(50)小于10~6,有很强的产溶血素能力,但某些菌株的毒力与其溶血效价无直接联系。     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207SifA-突变株的构建和鉴定

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SifA-基因突变株的特点是能进入真核细胞的胞液。利用P22噬菌体转导技术构建了鼠伤寒沙门氏菌疫苗株SL7207的SifA-突变株SL7207*,该突变株与SL7207有着相似的体外生长曲线和细胞侵袭力,SL7207*在MDCK上皮细胞中的增殖能力增强,但在RAW2647巨噬细胞中的生存能力减弱。小鼠毒力试验显示SL7207*在BALB/c小鼠体内毒力下降。仅SL7207*在体外可向RAW2647巨噬细胞递送真核表达质粒。SL7207*的构建为重组沙门氏菌疫苗载体的研制提供了一个新的选择。     

食源性沙门氏菌耐药性及质粒介导喹诺酮耐药基因检测

随机采集的638份食品样品中沙门氏菌总检出率为9.7%(n=62株),共检出16种不同的血清型,其中最常见的为鸭沙门氏菌。受试菌株对磺胺甲基异噁唑、复方新诺明、链霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率较高。16株耐环丙沙星沙门氏菌按GyrA和ParC喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)不同氨基酸替代组合可分为5种突变型,其中GyrA亚基发生Ser83Phe和Asp87Gly变异,同时ParC亚基发生Ser80Arg变异为最常见的突变类型。62株食源性沙门氏菌中,qnr基因阳性的菌株共7株,占受试菌株的11.3%。qnrA和qnrS基因阳性菌株分别有2株和5株,没有菌株携带qnrB、qnrC和qnrD基因。aac(6')-Ib基因阳性菌株共有8株,其中3株经确认为携带其变体基因aac(6')-Ib-cr。结果表明,新乡市食源性沙门氏菌血清型分布呈多样性,耐药状况较为严重,并且一些菌株携带质粒介导喹诺酮耐药(PMQR)基因。     

植物乳杆菌培养上清对不同血清型沙门氏菌的抑制效果及作用机理

【目的】探究植物乳杆菌培养上清(Lactobacillus plantarum culture supernatant,LPC)对3种血清型沙门氏菌猪霍乱(Salmonella cholerae,SC)、肠炎(Salmonella enteritidis,SE)和鸡白痢(Salmonella pullorum, SP)的生长和致病性的抑制作用效果及机理。【方法】将2%LPC与3种沙门氏菌分别共培养后,采用比浊法及牛津杯抑菌圈试验检测沙门氏菌生长情况及LPC中的主要抑菌物质,使用实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)探究沙门氏菌致病性相关基因表达水平,最后通过结晶紫染色法检测沙门氏菌的生物被膜。【结果】2%LPC能够显著抑制3种沙门氏菌的生长,其作用效果与庆大霉素(gentamicin, GM)相近且对SE的生长抑制效果优于GM,其主要抑菌物质为有机酸;2%LPC对3株沙门氏菌SPI-1编码的主要毒力基因(InvA、InvF、SopE、SopB、SipB、HilA和SipA)、SPI-2毒...     

肠球菌溶血及非溶血菌株对小鼠巨噬细胞表达TNF-a的影响

【目的】探讨肠球菌溶血菌株及非溶血菌株对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7表达TNF-а的影响。【方法】用多粘菌素B抑制排除内毒素污染对实验的影响。肠球菌溶血菌株、非溶血菌株各11株,以菌/细胞比 30∶1 感染RAW264.7细胞1 h,加入200 mg/mL氨苄青霉素继续培养24 h,分别于感染后3、6、9、24 h,用ELISA方法检测不同观测点细胞培养液中肿瘤坏死因子TNF-a的含量,并用逆转录-聚合酶链反应方法（RT-PCR）比较肠球菌溶血、非溶血菌株感染6 h后TNF-a mRNA表达的差异。【结果】未感染的RAW264.7细胞培养液中检测不到TNF-a。肠球菌溶血株感染组细胞培养上清液中各观测点的TNF-a的平均含量 (pg/mL) 均比非溶血株性组高。经t检验,P<0.01,差别有显著性。RT-PCR法检测其mRNA的表达也有相同结果：TNF-a mRNA在肠球菌溶血株感染细胞中的相对表达量比非溶血株感染的细胞高,经t检验,P<0.05,差别有统计学意义。【结论】肠球菌溶血株比非溶血株更能促进小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7产生TNF-а炎症因子。     

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association,Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock¹. Understanding the mechanisms underlying Salmonella-host interactions are important to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of Salmonella infection. The Gentamicin protection assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in phagocytic cells was adapted to allow high-throughput screening to define the roles of deletion mutants of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in host interactions using RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Under this protocol, the variance in measurements is significantly reduced compared to the standard protocol, because wild-type and multiple mutant strains can be tested in the same culture dish and at the same time. The use of multichannel pipettes increases the throughput and enhances precision. Furthermore, concerns related to using less host cells per well in 96-well culture dish were addressed. Here, the protocol of the modified in vitro Salmonella invasion assay using phagocytic cells was successfully employed to phenotype 38 individual Salmonella deletion mutants for association, invasion and intracellular replication. The in vitro phenotypes are presented, some of which were subsequently confirmed to have in vivo phenotypes in an animal model. Thus, the modified, standardized assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in macrophages with high-throughput capacity could be utilized more broadly to study bacterial-host interactions.     

Lipopolysaccharide O-chain microheterogeneity of Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium

Variability in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the two most prevalent Salmonella serotypes causing food-borne salmonellosis was assessed using gas chromatography analysis of neutral sugars from 43 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ( S . Enteritidis) and 20 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ( S . Typhimurium) isolates . Four substantially different types of O-chain chemotypes were detected using cluster analysis of sugar compositions; these were low-molecular-mass (LMM) LPS, glucosylated LMM LPS, high-molecular-mass (HMM) LPS and glucosylated HMM LPS. Nineteen out of 20 S . Typhimurium isolates yielded glucosylated LMM . In contrast, S . Enteritidis produced a more diverse structure, which varied according to the source and history of the isolate: 45.5% of egg isolates yielded glucosylated HMM LPS; 100% of stored strains lacked glucosylation but retained chain length in some cases; and 83.3% of fresh isolates from the naturally infected house mouse Mus musculus produced glucosylated LMM LPS. A chain length determinant ( wzz ) mutant of S . Enteritidis produced a structure similar to that of S . Typhimurium and was used to define what constituted significant differences in structure using cluster analysis. Fine mapping of the S . Enteritidis chromosome by means of a two-restriction enzyme-ribotyping technique suggested that mouse isolates producing glucosylated LMM LPS were closely related to orally invasive strains obtained from eggs, and that stored strains were accumulating genetic changes that correlated with suppression of LPS O-chain glucosylation. These results suggest that the determination of LPS chemotype is a useful tool for epidemiological monitoring of S . Enteritidis , which displays an unusual degree of diversity in its LPS O-chain.     

Complete genomic sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage SE2

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis has remained a major food-borne pathogen in humans. We isolated a virulent S. enterica serovar Enteritidis bacteriophage, SE2, which belongs to the family Siphoviridae. Phage SE2 could lyse S. enterica serovar Enteritidis PT-4, and its virulence was maintained even at ambient temperature. The genomic sequence of phage SE2 was composed of 43,221 bp with close similarity to those of Salmonella phage SETP3 and Salmonella phage SS3e. The strong and stable lytic activity of this phage might enable its use as a therapeutic or biocontrol agent against S. enterica serovar Enteritidis.     

Restriction enzyme analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA amplicons of Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis PT4 and Typhimurium DT104

Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis PT4 and Typhimurium DT104 isolates were characterized using a random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) protocol found previously to be highly discriminatory for isolates of Salmonella . Profiles generated with a single primer 1254, and independently 1283, successfully characterized an outbreak strain of Enteritidis PT4 but could not differentiate epidemiologically unrelated strains of Enteritidis PT4 from the outbreak strains. Primer 1254 differentiated one strain, and 1283 two strains of Typhimurium DT104 previously undifferentiated on the basis of biochemical and physical properties. Subsequent analysis using a combination of RAPD and restriction enzyme analysis could not provide additional differentiation of Enteritidis PT4 and Typhimurium DT104 isolates but did, however, exhibit the potential to be a useful combination of molecular techniques.     

Detection and characterisation of integrons in Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis

Integrons have been widely described among the Enterobacteriaceae including strains of multi-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104; however, information with respect to the presence of integrons among S. enterica serotype Enteritidis strains is limited. Multi-resistant isolates of Enteritidis were screened for the presence of integrons using a PCR protocol. One integron was detected in all isolates that were resistant to sulfonamide and streptomycin. Characterisation of these isolates indicated an integron which ranged in size between 1000 and 2000 bp and which harboured a gene cassette encoding the ant(3")-Ia gene specifying streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance. Further studies revealed the integrons to be located on large conjugative plasmids. This appears to be the first report of plasmid-borne integrons in Enteritidis.     

Divergent roles of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 and metabolic traits during interaction of S. enterica serovar typhimurium with host cells

The molecular mechanisms of virulence of the gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica are commonly studied using cell culture models of infection. In this work, we performed a direct comparison of the interaction of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) with the non-polarized epithelial cell line HeLa, the polarized cell lines CaCo2, T84 and MDCK, and macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. The ability of S. Typhimurium wild-type and previously characterized auxotrophic mutant strains to enter host cells, survive and proliferate within mammalian cells and deploy the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2-encoded type III secretion system (SPI2-T3SS) was quantified. We found that the entry of S. Typhimurium into polarized cells was much more efficient than entry into non-polarized cells or phagocytic uptake. While SPI2-T3SS dependent intracellular proliferation was observed in HeLa and RAW cells, the intracellular replication in polarized cells was highly restricted and not affected by defective SPI2-T3SS. The contribution of aromatic amino acid metabolism and purine biosynthesis to intracellular proliferation was distinct in the various cell lines investigated. These observations indicate that the virulence phenotypes of S. Typhimurium are significantly affected by the cell culture model applied.     

Reactive oxygen species are the major antibacterials against Salmonella Typhimurium purine auxotrophs in the phagosome of RAW 264.7 cells

Intramacrophage survival appears to be a pathogenic trait common to Salmonellae and definition of the metabolic requirements of Salmonella within macrophages might provide opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. We show that loss of PurG function in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 leads to death of the bacterium in RAW264.7 cells, which was due to unavailability of purine nucleotides but not thiamine in the phagosome of RAW264.7 cells. Phagosomal escape of purG mutant restored growth, suggesting that the phagosomal environment, but not the cytosol, is toxic to Salmonella purine auxotrophs. NADPH oxidase inhibition restored the growth of purG mutant in RAW264.7 cells, implying that the Salmonella -containing vacuole acquires reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are lethal to purine auxotrophs. Under purine limiting conditions, purG mutant was unable to repair the damage caused by hydrogen peroxide or UV irradiation, suggesting that ROS-mediated DNA damage may have been responsible for the attenuated phenotype of purG mutant in RAW264.7 cells and in mice. These studies highlight the possibility of utilizing the Salmonella purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway as a prospective therapeutic target and also underline the importance of metabolic pathways in assembling a comprehensive understanding of the host–pathogen interactions inside phagocytic cells.     

Arginase modulates Salmonella induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages and is required for Salmonella pathogenesis in mice model of infection

Arginine is a common substrate for both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase. The competition between iNOS and arginase for arginine contributes to the outcome of several parasitic and bacterial infections. Salmonella infection in macrophage cell line RAW264.7 induces iNOS. Because the availability of l-arginine is a major determinant for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, we hypothesize that in the Salmonella infected macrophages NO production may be regulated by arginase. Here we report for the first time that Salmonella up-regulates arginase II but not arginase I isoform in RAW264.7 macrophages. Blocking arginase increases the substrate l-arginine availability to iNOS for production of more nitric oxide and perhaps peroxynitrite molecules in the infected cells allowing better killing of virulent Salmonella in a NO dependent manner. RAW264.7 macrophages treated with iNOS inhibitor Aminoguanidine reverts the attenuation in arginase-blocked condition. Further, the NO block created by Salmonella was removed by increasing concentration of l-arginine. The whole-mice system arginase I, although constitutive, is much more abundant than the inducible arginase II isoform. Inhibition of arginase activity in mice during the course of Salmonella infection reduces the bacterial burden and delays the disease outcome in a NO dependent manner.     

Macrophages inhibit Salmonella typhimurium replication through MEK/ERK kinase and phagocyte NADPH oxidase activities

Host responses during the later stages of Salmonella-macrophage interactions are critical to controlling infection but have not been well characterized. After 24 h of infection, nearly half of interferon-gamma-primed murine RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells infected by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium contained filamentous bacteria. Bacterial filamentation indicates a defect in completing replication and has been previously observed in bacteria responding to a variety of stresses. To understand whether macrophage gene expression was responsible for this effect on Salmonella Typhimurium replication, we used gene arrays to profile interferon-gamma-primed RAW 264.7 cell gene expression following infection. We observed an increase in MEK1 kinase mRNA at 8 h, an increase in MEK protein at 24 h, and measured phosphorylation of MEK's downstream target kinase, ERK1/2, throughout the 24-h infection period. Treatment of cells with MEK kinase inhibitors significantly reduced numbers of filamentous bacteria observed within macrophages after 24 h and increased the number of intracellular colony-forming units. Phagocyte NADPH oxidase inhibitors and antioxidants also significantly reduced bacterial filamentation. Either MEK kinase or phagocyte oxidase inhibitors could be added 4-8 h after infection and still significantly decrease bacterial filamentation. Oxidase activity appears to mediate bacterial filamentation in parallel to MEK kinase signaling, while inducible nitric-oxide synthase inhibitors had no significant effect on bacterial morphology. In summary, Salmonella Typhimurium infection of interferon-gamma-primed macrophages triggers a MEK kinase cascade at later infection times, and both MEK kinase and phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity impair bacterial replication. These two signaling pathways mediate a host bacteriostatic pathway and may play an important role in innate host defense against intracellular pathogens.     

The presence of major world-wide clones for phage type 4 and 8 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and the evaluation of their virulence levels by invasiveness assays in vitro and in vivo

Seventy-seven animal isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) obtained from the United States were analyzed by phage typing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Thirty-nine strains were found with phage types (PT) 4, 8, and 13a. When the chromosomal DNA of these 39 isolated strains with PT4, 8, and 13a were digested with XbaI, SpeI and NotI, followed by PFGE analysis, 28 strains were found with a pattern combination of X4S4N4, which was the major subtype. When PFGE patterns of the US isolates with PT 4 and 8 were compared with those of the Taiwanese and German isolates, pattern X3S3N3 was confirmed to be the world-wide subtype shared by PT 4 isolates, as previously reported, while pattern X4S4N4 was newly found to be the most common subtype shared by PT 8 strains. The presence of such major world-wide clones, however, does not necessarily mean that these clones are highly virulent, at least not according to the results of invasiveness assays using cultured human intestinal epithelium cell line Int-407 and living BALB/mice.