赤狐的活动节律与产仔洞穴的选择

本文对赤狐的产仔洞穴、活动节律和巢区大小进行了研究,赤狐产仔洞穴全部为喜马拉雅旱獭的居住洞,一般洞口数较多（平均４．８个）,分布于高寒灌丛,距干扰因素较远,常位于坡中部。影响其选择的主要因素是隐蔽性和安全性,赤狐的产仔洞穴相对稳定,平均利用时间为３．３年,利用时间与长短与环境条件的稳定性有关,赤狐通常在夜间活动,主要是觅食,而白天有时成体携幼体在洞穴附近进行短时间的非觅食活动,活动的高峰期为１８０     

青海海晏县热水滩和乌兰脑滩喜马拉雅旱獭的繁殖生物学特征

研究喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)繁殖生物学特征,对阐明其种群数量变动,进行数量监测以及探索动物流行病学有着实践和理论意义。国内赵中石(1982)对天山旱獭(Marmota baibacina)有过研究,而喜马拉雅旱獭尚无报道。作者于1982-1984年对青海湖东北岸热水滩地区(下称研究区,该区于1960-1979年进行了持续地灭獭工作)进行了连续3年的调查,并与未经人群干扰的乌兰脑滩地区(下称对照区)作对比,研究了喜马拉雅旱獭繁殖生物学特征。     

喜马拉雅旱獭血液生化指标测定

本文首次测定了人工饲养条件下喜马拉雅旱獭Marmota himalayana的血液生化值。结果显示雄性喜马拉雅旱獭谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)水平显著高于雌性(P<0.05);人工喂养1年后,喜马拉雅旱獭血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和肌酐(CREA)水平降低,提示饲料中可适当增加蛋白的含量;冬眠后血清总蛋白(TP)含量明显下降,白蛋白水平略低于冬眠前。不同性别、年龄、不同饲养时间喜马拉雅旱獭其他指标差异均无统计学意义,说明建立的喜马拉雅旱獭人工饲养管理方法可保证动物血液生化指标的稳定性,所测血液生化指标值也可作为喜马拉雅旱獭饲养管理和疫病检测判断的参考依据。     

喜马拉雅旱獭种群微卫星变异及遗传多样性

为了解不同地理种群喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)的种群数量变化并探讨其内在的遗传学机制,通过构建部分基因组文库的方法筛选出8个高变异微卫星位点,根据微卫星位点的测序结果设计相应引物,PCR扩增检测了青藏高原4个地理种群(德令哈、乌兰、沱沱河、安多)喜马拉雅旱獭的遗传多态性及其种群结构.研究结果显示:8个位点在喜马拉雅旱獭种群中均为高度多态,观察等位基因数、有效等位基因数、多态信息含量分别为4.75、3.033 2、0.610 2;喜马拉雅旱獭种群总的期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别为0.670、0.699;3个喜马拉雅旱獭种群显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)偏离H-W平衡状态,且这些偏离平衡的位点均由杂合过度导致(FIS＜0);喜马拉雅旱獭种群的部分位点已经偏离了突变-漂移平衡.结论:筛选出的8个微卫星位点适合于喜马拉雅旱獭种群遗传多样性的研究,所研究的喜马拉雅旱獭种群有较高的遗传多样性,安多地理种群在近期可能经历过瓶颈效应,种群数量曾经下降.     

一种HBV研究的新动物模型-喜马拉雅旱獭β-actin基因的克隆及序列分析

目的 喜马拉雅旱獭对土拨鼠肝炎病毒（woodchuck hepatitis virus,WHV）高度易感,可作为HBV感染的新动物模型.本研究对喜马拉雅旱獭β肌动蛋白（β-actin）的部分cDNA序列进行了克隆和序列分析,为喜马拉雅旱獭在HBV感染研究中的应用奠定基础.方法 根据Genbank的土拨鼠β-actin cDNA的序列设计特异性引物,提取旱獭脾组织总RNA作为模板,RT-PCR扩增旱獭β-actin cDNA序列;PCR产物纯化后连接至T载体（pMD18-T）,构建重组质粒pMD18-T-mhActin.对重组质粒进行PCR初筛及酶切鉴定,选择阳性克隆测序;对所获得的序列进行同源性和种系进化分析.结果 获得的旱獭β-actin序列为349 bp（nt887～1 235）,其中编码序列为323 bp（nt-887～1209）,编码106个氨基酸,包含形成二硫键的2个丝氨酸位点（氨基酸16和氨基酸105）及与β-actin功能相关的2个ATP结合位点、6个凝溶胶蛋白结合位点和6个profilin结合位点.同源性分析发现上述序列与其它哺乳动物β-actin的同源性均高达88 %以上,与土拨鼠β-actin的同源性最高（99.69 %）,其氨基酸序列的同源性为100 %.种系进化树分析提示喜马拉雅旱獭β-actin与土拨鼠β-actin的亲缘关系最近,其次为其它啮齿类动物.结论 成功克隆了喜马拉雅旱獭β-actin的部分序列.序列分析发现喜马拉雅旱獭β-actin与土拨鼠β-actin的同源性最高.     

四川省石渠县藏狐洞穴的生态特征分析

为了解藏狐(Vulpes ferrilata)的洞穴特征,探讨洞穴结构和藏狐的生存环境适应机制之间的关系,于2001年7至8月、2002年7至8月、2003年8至11月和2004年3至4月于四川省石渠县,选定在230km2的调查区域内共设样线4条,总长度40km,采用不定宽样线法,调查藏狐洞穴结果发现:①洞口数量平均为(1·8±1·8,n=156)个,以单口穴为主(n=109,71·2%),多口穴较单口穴具有较高的坡位分布(U=1417,P<0·001);洞道细深,洞穴质地以土质洞穴为主(74·7%),而石质洞穴有显著高的坡位分布(χ2=10·227,df=2,P=0·006)。②共发现4个繁殖洞穴,均为土质多洞口洞穴,坡向分布在220~320°之间。③洞口朝向无显著聚集性(Z=0·898,n=201,P>0·05),坡向分布却显著地聚向其平均值(249·9±77·1)°(Z=7·907,n=201,P<0·05),洞口朝向和坡向之间无显著的相关性(F1,400=5·365,P<0·05);洞道的挖掘角度和坡势之间存在一致性(t=0·350,n=116,P>0·05)。     

青海省东部地区喜马拉雅旱獭种群遗传结构

本研究利用11个微卫星标记对采自青海省东部地区的13个喜马拉雅旱獭（Marmota himalayana）种群149个个体进行了基因分型,并运用种群遗传学方法对其遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析。结果显示,11个微卫星标记位点共计检测到97个等位基因,各种群的平均观测杂合度和期望杂合度范围分别为0.58~0.82和0.60~0.79,种群遗传多样性水平相对较高;遗传结构分析表明,青海省东部地区的喜马拉雅旱獭种群具有显著的遗传结构,13个地理种群形成了3个遗传聚类群,且3个遗传聚类群与湟水河和黄河上游干流所划分出的地理单元完全一致,因此我们认为湟水河和黄河上游干流是阻碍该地区喜马拉雅旱獭种群进行迁移扩散和基因交流的天然屏障。同时,STRUCTURE分析结果还显示3个遗传聚类群间仍有明显的基因流,AMOVA分析也显示3个聚类群间变异百分比为6.60%,仅略高于聚类群内种群间的变异（4.51%）,而远低于种群内变异水平（88.90%）,表明三个聚类群间的分化程度并不是很深。这说明喜马拉雅旱獭可能通过桥梁或在枯水期等穿越河流进行基因交流。以上结果为该地区的旱獭种群监控和鼠疫防控提供了科学的理论基础。     

黄鳝的繁殖生态学研究

以洞庭湖稻区黄鳝为调查研究对象 ,通过野外调查和室内实验系统研究了黄鳝的繁殖生态。对黄鳝的性腺发育周年变化、繁殖行为、自然产卵过程、产卵条件及繁殖洞穴的构造进行了观察和记录 ,产卵室是黄鳝繁殖洞穴特有的构造 ,繁殖洞穴泥土p H平均值为 6 .73± 1.0 12。亲鳝有护卵习性 ,通过对 30尾守洞亲鳝的性腺观察和切片验证 ,守洞鳝多为雄鳝 (占 6 1.3% ) ,少数为兼性偏雄性 (占 38.7% ) ,守洞鳝 1:0 0～ 2 :0 0全在外面活动 ,守洞鳝体长 L (cm)与体重 W (g)回归方程为 :W=1.2 5×10 - 2 L1 .4 2 (r=0 .76 )。人工模拟条件下 ,泡沫组受精卵的平均孵化率 (85 .2 % )极显著地高于对照组 (2 5 .4 % ) (t=8.18,t0 .0 5=2 .4 5 ) ,仔鱼平均成活率 (6 4 .0 % )显著高于对照组 (14 .0 % ) (t=3.73) ,同时对繁殖季节黄鳝为孵卵而所吐的泡沫的作用进行了分析。另外 ,证实了黄鳝产卵的最适放养密度为 2～ 3尾 / m2。为黄鳝的全人工繁殖和半人工繁殖提供了合理化的建议     

甘南草原主要草食动物的食性及其生态位特征

家畜放牧系统中草食动物食性及其生态位特征的认识对草地管理有重要的现实指导意义。本文采用粪便和胃内容物显微组织分析法,分析了甘南草原4种主要草食动物牦牛(Bos mutus)、藏羊(Ovis aries)、喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)和高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)秋季的食性及食物生态位重叠程度。结果表明,4种动物的食物资源谱存有较大差异,禾草科的发草(Deschampsia caespitosa)和莎草科的扁穗草(Brylkinia compressus)是藏羊和牦牛食物结构的主体,而喜马拉雅旱獭的食谱中绝大部分是鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)和克氏针茅(Stipa captillata),高原鼢鼠采食具有发达根茎的美丽风毛菊(Sausserua superba)、鹅绒委陵菜、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)及垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)。牦牛和藏羊的食物生态位宽度显著高于喜马拉雅旱獭和高原鼢鼠。食物生态位重叠度以藏羊和牦牛最高,其次为喜马拉雅旱獭和高原鼢鼠,重叠度最低的是藏羊和高原鼢鼠。甘南草原4种主要草食动物的食性及其生态位特征的分析可为优化当地草地管理策略提供重要依据。     

若尔盖青海沙蜥——洞穴密度与深度的生态内涵

2002年9月,采用样方法和挖掘法分别对分布在若尔盖草原荒漠(东经102°29′04.1″,北纬33°43′25.0″,海拔3 464 m)上的青海沙蜥(Phrynocephalus vlangalii)的洞穴密度及深度进行了研究.结果表明①青海沙蜥的洞穴密度随植被盖度的升高而下降(r=-0.81,P<0.01),这说明青海沙蜥的生境选择是偏向于植被盖度较低的荒漠,因此可以把该物种作为草地荒漠化的一种指示生物.②青海沙蜥居住洞穴深度大于74 cm,在冻土层之下.青海沙蜥选择深度达到最大冻土之下的洞穴居住是它抵御低温的一种行为机制,而深度小于74 cm的洞穴则可能是用于逃避敌害的临时隐蔽所.     

呼伦贝尔草原沙狐洞穴的结构

沙狐（Vulpes corsac）又名东沙狐,属食肉目犬科,主要分布在亚洲中部的草原、荒漠和半荒漠地带,在我国主要分布在内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏和新疆部分地区。由于沙狐主要以鼠类为食,因此沙狐在调节鼠类数量和控制鼠害方面起着重要的作用（马逸清等,1986）。《中国物种红色名录》（汪松和解焱,2004）将沙狐列为“易危”,指出其“数据缺乏”。     

Den distribution and den use by the red foxVulpes vulpes japonica in Kyushu

The distribution of dens and den use by the red fox was studied in Kumamoto Prefecture between 1968 and 1982. A total of 80 dens were classified into natal, residential, and temporarily-visited dens. Natal dens comprised 12.4% of all dens. Relative proportions were quite stable for a long period. This indicates a constant number of reproducing females in the area for a considerable length of time. Seasonally the utilization of den showed three peaks in February, May and October. The peaks coincided well with the peaks of reproductive activity of female foxes. The results of multiple regression analysis of distribution of dens with respect to selected environmental parameters around densites indicated that the fox selectively utilize open land, rather than densely vegetated areas. The persistence of dens, the selective utilization by foxes of open land and the sizes of dens were all related to the breeding activities of female foxes inhabiting the area. Reproductive females usually used plural dens (“den group”) in one reproductive season. The numbers of those females occuring in the area were maintained at a steady level for fairy long periods. These indicate that the existence of a stable social relationship between females mediated through occupancy of “den groups.”     

青海荒漠猫的一些生物学资料

本文对荒漠猫(Felis bieti)的形态、野外栖息环境、洞穴和捕食活动、食性等作了实地调查,同时结合西宁人民公园人工饲养荒漠猫的行为观察,综合整理的生物学初步观察资料。     

Sleeping sites of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Baima Snow Mountain, China

Data on sleeping sites of a group of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti (Colobinae, Primates) were collected between April–July and September–December 2001 to try to determine the factors affecting site selection at Nanren (99°04'E, 28°34'N, Baima Snow Mountain, China). Sleeping trees were tall emergents (27.5±3.2 m) with large diameter at breast height (57.9±16.9 cm) and broad crown diameters (6.3±1.4 m), and significantly larger than other trees. The use of large sleeping trees could provide effective shelters from attacks of terrestrial and aerial predators, heavy snow and rain. Sleeping sites were changed nightly and located at significantly lower altitudes in winter months than in other seasons, which might be a thermoregulatory adaptation or related to snow covering. Such sites tended to be at the middle of sun-oriented slopes, possibly trading off predator avoidance and foraging efficiency.     

Longevity and reuse of black bear dens in managed forests of coastal British Columbia

We evaluated longevity and reuse of denning structures by American black bears (Ursus americanus) in coastal temperate rainforests of British Columbia from 1992 to 2010 to assess potential impacts of forest management on these critical habitat features over time. We identified 67 dens during a 4-yr intensive radio-telemetry study (1992–1995): 40 dens of 21 radio-collared black bears and 27 dens found incidentally. Dens occurred in or beneath large diameter trees or wooden structures derived from trees (i.e., logs, root boles, and stumps; = 143 cm diameter, SD = 49 cm). Longevity of dens varied by type, tree species that formed the den, and forest management that occurred at or near the den. Twenty-four of 28 dens of radio-collared bears that were monitored were still usable in 2010, whereas only 5 of 14 dens found incidentally were still usable in 2010. We assessed reuse of bear dens 3 times following initial identification: during the radio-telemetry study, again in 2000, and finally in 2010. Radio-collared bears reused dens from previous years on 7 of 25 potential occasions during the course of the radio-telemetry study. Upon assessment in 2000 and 2010, 17 of 24 (71%) available dens first used by radio-collared bears were reused at least once between 1993 and 2010. The high rate of reuse may indicate low availability of den structures in our study area. Because black bears in coastal British Columbia only used trees or structures derived from trees for winter dens and forest harvesting reduces the supply of these necessary structures, conservation and recruitment of suitable den trees is necessary if maintaining black bear populations is a management goal in these areas. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

喜马拉雅旱獭线粒体DNA控制区遗传多样性及系统发育

喜马拉雅旱獭是青藏高原的优势种,数量多、分布广,全面了解其遗传背景对该地区旱獭资源的保护与合理利用具有重要的意义。本研究以青藏高原云南、西藏和青海三省区共13个地理种群计258只旱獭为研究对象,PCR扩增获得线粒体DNA控制区基因部分序列(887 bp),并运用种群遗传学方法进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示:258份样品共发现了84个变异位点(9.40%),定义了68种单倍型,其单倍型多样性(h)平均值为0.968±0.003、核苷酸多样性(π)平均值为0.017 25±0.016 37,种群总体遗传多样性较高。AMOVA方差分析显示13个地理种群间存在着明显的遗传分化(Fst=0.620 67,P<0.001),种群间基因交流多数较低(Nm<1)。基于单倍型构建的系统发育树中13个地理种群的喜马拉雅旱獭聚为两支,其中来自青藏高原西南地区(西藏安多、青海格尔木、青海囊谦、云南迪庆)的18个单倍型聚成一个大的分支(A支),其余50个单倍型聚为一个大的分支(B支),在NETWORK网络图中也可见到相似网络拓扑结构。研究结果显示青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭种群以唐古拉山脉为界分为两个大的种群,说明地理隔离是影响喜马拉雅旱獭种群动态变化的主要因素。     

Den sharing behaviour of captive brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)

Abstract

Den sharing among wild brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) has important implications for disease transmission. This study investigated den sharing in captive possums, and measured interactions between possums sharing dens. Thirty‐four sexually mature possums (16 female, 18 male) were housed in single‐sex or mixed‐sex pairs in large enclosures that contained two dens. Daily patterns of den sharing were recorded for each pair over a 69 day period in the breeding or non‐breeding season. Social behaviour within shared dens was sampled using miniature infrared cameras. Male pairs rarely shared dens in the breeding or non‐breeding seasons (4% and 1% of days respectively) and usually engaged in ‘threats’ and ‘fights’ associated with den defence. Pairs of female possums (in both seasons) and mixed‐sex pairs housed together in the breeding season shared dens most frequently (between 84% and 91% of days), and also spent the most time together in dens each night. While sharing dens, affiliative interactions were frequent, including long periods of ‘touching’, and also ‘food sharing’ and ‘allogrooming’. The preference for den sharing and close contact shown by captive possums highlights the importance of den sharing as a potential route for disease transmission.     

贵州野钟保护区黑叶猴种群数量、分布及夜宿洞穴调查

正黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)是国家一级重点保护野生动物,也是少数仅分布在喀斯特石山地区的灵长类动物(Rowe,1996),曾在我国南部分布广泛,数量较多,在20世纪以前,野生种群数量约有3 500只(张荣祖等,2002),其中广西的种群数量约为2 200-2 500只(刘万福和韦振逸,1995),贵州数量估计为946-1 094只(李明     

内蒙古东部草原沙狐春季洞穴选择

通过对内蒙古东部草原64个沙狐洞穴的观测,采用主成分分析法,对沙狐洞穴选择作了初步的定量研究。分析结果表明：影响沙狐春季洞穴选择的主要生态因子有7种,依次为：坡位因子（随坡度,坡高的变化而变化）,水源因子,植被因子,微气候因子,食物因子,人为干扰因子和微生境因子,而坡向,洞口朝向及洞道口倾角等影响不明显。     

Genetic characterization of four wild species of Chinese marmots using microsatellite markers

Marmots are large ground squirrels, and 14 species have been reported in the world, including four species of marmots (Himalayan marmot, Tarbagan marmot, gray marmot and long-tailed marmot) living in China. Although these biological resources are abundant in China, information regarding their genetic features is lacking, hampering further study regarding them. The aims of this research were to evaluate genetic variations of four species of Chinese wild marmots, and analyzed kinship of these marmot populations. In the current study, we collected samples of four species of Chinese wild marmot and analyzed the effective allele number, gene diversity, the Shannon index, and polymorphism information to evaluate genetic variations using 13 microsatellite loci. Based on Nei’s genetic distance using the unweighted pair group method, we constructed a dendrogram to analyze the population kinship. We determined that all four Chinese marmot species had high genetic polymorphisms and departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The Chinese marmots to be divided into two large groups: Himalayan marmot was independent group. Tarbagan marmot, gray marmot and long-tailed marmot were others; Tarbagan marmot and gray marmot showed a close kinship with each other, but long-tailed marmot did not have a close relationship with the other species. The high polymorphisms and the kinship of Chinese marmot populations were correlated with geographical terrain of their habitat. Himalayan marmot was characterized as living in unique alpine meadows in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and was affected by terrain; however, Tarbagan marmot, gray marmot and long-tailed marmot were characterized as living in grassland or alpine grassland and were not affected by terrain. Genetic features of Chinese wild marmots were investigated in this study. This may give using information regarding protection of Chinese wild marmot resource and further application of biomedical research.