国家基本药物制度对中西部基层医疗机构合理用药的影响

??????? 目的 探讨国家基本药物制度的实施对中西部农村基层医疗机构合理用药产生的影响。方法 对中西部3省市6区县15家基层医疗机构进行处方抽样,用统计学方法分析抽取的2 630张处方,比较国家基本药物制度实施前后次均处方金额、处方药品品种数量均数以及使用抗生素、激素、注射剂处方的比例等指标的差异。结果 国家基本药物制度实施后,次均处方金额、处方药品品种数量均数、使用激素处方比例以及使用注射剂处方比例等指标均出现不同程度的下降,但使用抗生素处方比例未出现明显下降,甚至有所上升。结论 国家基本药物制度的实施能有效降低门诊处方费用,能有效促进基层医疗机构的合理用药,但促进作用具有一定的局限性;国家基本药物制度促进合理用药效果在我国存在地区差异。     

上海市高血压门诊处方用药合理性研究

目的 调查上海市各级医疗机构的高血压门诊用药合理性情况。方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法选取上海市8家医疗机构,对选定医疗机构2014年5月和11月的高血压门诊处方的合理用药相关指标进行统计分析。结果 平均药品种数为2.24种,基本药物使用率86.43%,平均每张处方基本药物种数1.94种,基药处方占比77.66%,注射剂使用率2.43%,平均药费198.54元。结论 上海市高血压门诊处方总体情况较为合理,二三级医疗机构需注重基本药物的使用,控制高血压门诊处方药费。     

基层医疗卫生机构基本药物制度实施现况调查分析

目的 对某县基层医疗卫生机构基本药物制度实施现况进行调查研究,为基本药物制度的推进提供借鉴。方法 对某县19家基层医疗卫生机构进行问卷调查,并对相关负责人进行非结构式访谈。结果 基本药物制度实施后药品销售额下降、门急诊人次增加,次均门诊费、次均住院费等下降,政府对机构的补偿逐渐加大。结论 基本药物制度实施后,基层医疗卫生机构要加大对国家基本药物的配备和使用,医生要转变用药观念,政府要制定出一套对机构合理补偿的措施。

     

国家基本药物制度对基层医疗卫生机构合理用药影响分析

目的 了解在实施国家基本药物制度之后,基层医疗卫生机构在合理用药方面的变化情况。方法 采用定量分析与定性研究相结合的研究方法,选取黑龙江已开展基本药物制度工作的四个县市在实施基本药物制度前后的共1630张处方进行定量分析,并对关键人物进行定性访谈。结果 对比2008年与2013年实施基本药物制度前后,每处方用药种数由3.04种下降到1.57种,抗生素使用率由53.29%下降到38.62%,其他指标也均呈下降趋势,差异具有统计学意义。结论 基本药物制度对改善合理用药具有一定的促进作用,但抗生素与注射剂不合理使用现象仍然存在。     

药品可及性视角下国家基本药物制度实施效果评价

目的 研究基本药物制度对我国基层医疗卫生机构药品可及性的影响。方法 选取上海、江西、四川和重庆共24家基层医疗机构进行问卷调查和小组访谈。结果 基本药物制度实施后,基层医疗卫生机构药品的配备率、招标采购、配送时间以及患者药品负担得到了明显改善,药品零差率销售补偿机制不断完善。结论 我国基层医疗卫生机构基本药物的可及性不断提高,但是在目录遴选、招标采购、药品配送、人才队伍建设和补偿机构方面仍然存在着诸多问题。     

基本药物制度实施与乡镇卫生院补偿机制转变

目的 了解乡镇卫生院各项收支及药品补偿状况,探讨基本药物制度实施后,取消药品加成对乡镇卫生院的影响。方法 收集华东三省49家乡镇卫生院财务及药品收支数据,对定量资料进行统计分析。结果 乡镇卫生院主要的补偿渠道依然是药品收入,乡镇卫生院收入增长主要归因于增加药品收入。在财政补助收入大幅增加的情况下,乡镇卫生院对药品收入的依赖程度有所降低。结论 基本药物制度的实施对乡镇卫生院的平稳运行有影响,可采取加强财政补助、建立综合补偿机制、遏制药品价格虚高等措施保证乡镇卫生院在改革中的平稳运行。     

湖北省居民门诊卫生服务利用状况调查与分析

目的 了解湖北省居民门诊卫生服务利用状况,为制定卫生政策提供数据支持和理论依据。方法 运用多阶段分层整群抽样方法抽取湖北省34 144名居民为调查对象,采用国家第五次卫生服务调查表进行面对面入户调查。结果 7 047例两周患病者回答了就诊状况,两周内就诊量为3 354人次,两周就诊率为9.8%（3 354/34 144）,其中城市9.6%,农村10.0%;两周患病首诊在基层医疗机构的比例为78.1%,就诊比例随着医疗机构等级提高而降低;两周患病未就诊率为21.3%（1 498/7 047）,未治疗比例为8.2%（576/7 047）,未就诊和未治疗的主要原因为“自感病轻”“无有效措施”和“经济困难”。结论 湖北省居民门诊医疗服务利用增加,以基层医疗机构就诊为主;经济困难对居民就诊行为的影响降低。     

城市基层医疗机构管理者激情、组织创新与绩效

目的 探讨城市基层医疗机构管理者的工作激情对组织创新与组织绩效的影响。方法 采用问卷调查法在城市社区卫生服务机构收集数据,采用多元阶层线性回归分析法检验变量之间的关系及中介效应。结果 城市基层医疗机构管理者激情对组织创新（β=0.452,P＜0.01）和组织绩效（β=0.546,P＜0.01）具有积极显著影响,组织创新扮演了主要的中介作用（β=0. 358,P＜0.01）。结论 从三个理论视角诠释了充满激情的城市基层医疗机构管理者提升组织绩效的作用机制,为城市基层医疗组织理论与实践提供科学参考。     

军队医院在基层部队中实施多元化健康教育效果分析

目的 调查军队医院在基层部队实施多元化健康教育效果,为实施健康教育提供依据。方法 自2009年1月开始,解放军第181医院对体系部队官兵实施多元化的健康教育,分析部队官兵健康素养,对比2008年和2009年相关医疗数据（年发病率、运动伤发生率、门诊率和住院率）的变化。结果 通过实施多元化的健康教育,部队官兵健康素养得到提高,健康状况改善。结论 加强军队医院在基层部队中实施多元化健康教育,对维护官兵健康具有重要意义。     

浙江省县级公立医院改革试点医院收支状况分析

目的 分析浙江省县级公立医院综合改革的施行对县级公立医院收支状况的影响。 方法 收集浙江省2011年12月启动改革的5个县（市）22家医院2011-2013年上半年的收入和支出数据,对定量资料采用描述性统计分析。结果 县级公立医院综合改革实施后,医院收入结构变化明显,一方面政府财政[1]补助额度逐年提高,财政补助占医院总收入的比例上升;另一方面,药品收入占医疗收入的比例逐年下降,药品收支结余对医院的补偿能力逐步减弱。结论 浙江省县级公立医院在改革实施后,依托合理的医疗服务调价手段和政府财政的有力支持,县级公立医院改革平稳推进。
     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。