猴/人嵌合免疫缺陷病毒应用的研究进展

猴/人类免疫缺陷病毒(SHIV)自20世纪80年代末开始构建,并被广泛应用于人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型(HIV-1)疫苗的攻毒实验和抗HIV中和抗体的活性评价.随着研究的深入,SHIV构建涉及的HIV-1病毒亚型也越来越多,如HIV-1 B、HIV-1 C、HIV-1 E等;同时,对SHIV致病性、细胞嗜性和应用的研究也有长足的进步,促进了HIV疫苗研究,并为HIV致病性研究提供了宝贵经验.     

限制性显示技术制备HIV-1B亚型基因片段的研究

目前已知引起人类艾滋病(AIDS)的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)有HIV-1和HIV-2两个型,其中在世界范围内流行的是HIV-1.该型已确定至少有A～J 11个亚型,而在我国则以B、C、E亚型为主[1].     

Ⅰ型人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)逆转录酶在大肠杆菌中的表达及其初步纯化

Ⅰ型人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)逆转录酶(RT)在抗病毒感染及AIDS治疗药物的设计中是一个重要的靶分子,并且可作为工具酶应用于逆转录PCR等分子生物学研究中。本研究将HIV-1RT基因经PCR扩增并修饰后克隆入大肠杆菌表达载体pBV220,所获重组子所表达的HIV-1RT蛋白占菌体总蛋白的8％左右,且经[~3H]dTTP掺入法证实该重组HIV-1RT具有RT聚合酶活性。用Q-Sepharose层析柱对重组HIV-1RT蛋白进行了初步纯化,所获纯化样品的RT聚合酶比活性(1.7×10~4U/mg)比纯化前的裂解上清提高612倍。     

可溶性重组CD4(rCD4)对HIV-1感染单核细胞和巨噬细胞的作用

<正>CD_4糖蛋白已被识别系人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的细胞受体。HIV与CD_4受体的结合是通过病毒表面糖蛋白gp120所介导的,该步骤不仅引发细胞水平病毒感染,而且也能导致部分HIV的细胞病变特征。尽管HIV-1分离物间具有无数的株间差异,HIV-1和HIV-2的,基因组亦存在着差异,但在感染过程中,外膜糖蛋白与CD4受体的结合却表现出高度保守的机理,这可能是医学界的一个课题。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒1型与细胞间的相互作用

自从发现人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)是引起获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)的病原体后,人们对HIV-1与人体相互作用的过程进行了深入研究.通过研究发现了HIV-1与机体相互作用的多种机制,例如HIV-1主要侵犯人体以CD4 T细胞为主的表达其结合表位(如CCR5和CXCR4)的免疫活性细胞[1].目前研究者在正常机体内发现多种物质与HIV-1致病有关.例如APOBEC蛋白(人体内主要为APOBEC3G),当HIV-1侵入机体后,该蛋白表达减少,这一过程在HIV-1的致病过程中发挥重要作用.通过对这些蛋白或分子的研究,进一步揭示了HIV-1的致病机制,为治疗HIV感染/AIDS提供了新思路.同时不同的HIV-1感染细胞模型的构建为AIDS的研究提供了多种工具.     

HIV-1辅受体及针对辅受体的艾滋病治疗策略

艾滋病(AIDS)是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)引起的严重危害人类健康的世界性传染病,目前尚无有效的预防和治疗措施.虽然近年高效抗逆转录病毒疗法(HAART)明显提高了AIDS的临床疗效,但由于HIV的高度变异性、化疗药物的毒副作用及价格昂贵等因素,多种新的抗HIV药物的开发研究仍有增无减[1].HIV-1辅受体的发现不仅有助于理解HIV-1感染靶细胞的发病机理,而且为抗HIV治疗提供了新的作用靶点.HIV-1辅受体及其抑制剂已成为目前抗HIV-1治疗研究的热点,现将有关的研究进展作一综述.     

Scirpusin A和scirpusin B体外抗人类免疫缺陷病毒1型的作用

Scirpusin A和scirpusin B是从药用植物中发现的2种天然茋类二聚体,具有一定的抗病毒效应。本研究利用人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)包膜和水疱性口炎病毒G蛋白(VSV-G)包膜的HIV假病毒及实验室适应株HIV-1ⅢB,在体外评价2种药物的抗病毒效果并初步探讨其作用机制。研究发现,scirpusin A和scirpusin B不仅能在体外有效抑制HIV假病毒感染TZM-bl细胞(一种HIV-1易感细胞),还能抑制实验室适应株HIV-1ⅢB。Scirpusin B的作用优于scirpusin A。对实验室适应株HIV-1ⅢB,scirpusin B的半数抑制浓度(IC50)为1.33μmol/L,scirpusin A的IC50为4.77μmol/L。此外,scirpusin A和scirpusin B还能抑制VSV-G包膜假病毒,提示其作用可能与病毒在细胞内的复制过程相关。Scirpusin A在病毒进入细胞后仍可发挥抑制作用,但具体机制尚待深入研究。     

分子生物学方法在HIV-1病毒检测中的应用

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）是获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）的病原体。根据血清学反应和核酸序列测定将HIV分为HIV-1和HIV-2两型,本研究就HIV-1基因的分子特征、HIV基因分型分类、HIV基因分型常用的方法、HIV-1病毒载量的分子生物学检测方法等方面进行讨论。     

《自然-生物技术》:科学家成功让无效HIV抗体重新产生作用

<正>《自然-生物技术》上的一项报告介绍了一种可重新激活已被HIV产生抗药性的治疗抗体的方法。除了介绍改造抗体以使其重新对大批HIV-1病毒株有效的改进方法外,报告作者还认为这种改进方法对其他治疗抗体也会有用。此次研究涉及到的抗体名为ibalizumab,通过阻断HIV-1为进入细胞而使用的一种受体的方式发挥作用。但是,某些病人体内的HIV-1病毒株在受到ibalizumab作用时,会发生一些特殊突变从而对抗体产生抵抗性。结构性研究显示,这些突变会通过在病毒与抗体之间引入空隙的方式     

HIV-1耐药性相关研究进展

随着高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(highly active anti-retroviral therapy,HAART)的应用和推广,人免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)耐药性的问题日益突出。目前,HIV-1型病毒(HIV-1)耐药现象普遍存在,且其耐药率处于较高水平,已成为影响艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)防治工作的突出难题。鉴于HIV-1耐药问题的重要影响,现就HIV-1耐药的产生和进化、耐药现状及其耐药机制作一概述。     

Interaction of ganoderic acid on HIV related target: molecular docking studies

Finding the ultimate HIV cure remain a challenging tasks for decades. Various active compounds have been tested against various components of the virus in the effort to halt the virus development in infected host. The idea of finding cure from known pharmacologically active natural occurring compounds is intriguing and practical. Ganoderma lucidum (Ling-Zhi or Reishi) is one of the most productive and pharmacologically active compounds found in Asian countries. It has been used traditionally for many years throughout different cultures. More than a decade ago, el-Mekkawy and co-workers (1998) have tested several active compounds found in this plant. They have successfully identified several active compounds with reasonable inhibitory activity against HIV protease however; no further studies were done on these compounds. This study aimed to elucidate interactions for one of the active compounds of Ganoderma lucidum namely ganoderic acid with HIV-1 protease using molecular docking simulation. This study revealed four hydrogen bonds formed between model34 of ganoderic acid B and 1HVR. Hydrogen bonds in 1HVR-Model34 complex were formed through ILE50, ILE50', ASP29 and ASP30 residues. Interestingly similar interactions were also observed in the native ligand in 1HVR. Furthermore, interactions involving ILE50 and ILE50' residues have been previously identified to play central roles in HIV-1 protease-ligand interactions.These observed interactions not only suggested HIV-1 protease in general is a suitable target for ganoderic acid B, they also indicated a huge potential for HIV drug discovery based on this compound.     

A fast and robust 19F NMR-based method for finding new HIV-1 protease inhibitors

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which encodes, among other indispensable enzymes, an aspartic protease that is essential for viral maturation and replication. Numerous inhibitors of the protease have been developed. However, the eventual resistance of HIV-1 to these drugs implies a continuous battle to develop new inhibitors. Proposed herein is a robust, fast, and reliable method employing (19)F NMR for the evaluation of the inhibitory activity of new compounds against HIV-1 protease.     

Human retroviral infections in The Gambia: prevalence and clinical features

The prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1) is lower in west Africa than in other parts of Africa. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV 2) has been isolated from west African patients and may be transmitted by heterosexual contact. The prevalence of antibodies to HIV 1 and HIV 2 was studied by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) among various groups of subjects in The Gambia, west Africa—namely, prostitutes, blood donors, patients with suspected infection with HIV, patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases, and patients with tuberculosis. Four cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) due to infection with HIV 1 were detected, of which three had been acquired abroad. No other subject was found to be positive for antibodies to HIV 1. The prevalence of antibodies to HIV 2 among the patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases was found to have increased from 0/117 in 1984 to 10/185 (5%) in the last six months of 1986. One out of 278 blood donors was positive for antibodies to HIV 2 as were 10 out of 80 patients with suspected AIDS.HIV 2 seems to be transmitted sexually, and, although it has been present for only a short time, it seems to be endemic in The Gambia and is pathogenic.     

Discovery of novel benzothiazolesulfonamides as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been shown to be the causative agent for AIDS. The HIV virus encodes for a unique aspartyl protease that is essential for the production of enzymes and proteins in the final stages of maturation. Protease inhibitors have been useful in combating the disease. The inhibitors incorporate a variety of isosteres including the hydroxyethylurea at the protease cleavage site. We have shown that the replacement of t-butylurea moiety by benzothiazolesulfonamide provided inhibitors with improved potency and antiviral activities. Some of the compounds have shown good oral bioavailability and half-life in rats. The synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives led us to explore other heterocycles. During the course of our studies, we also developed an efficient synthesis of benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid via a two-step procedure starting from sulfanilamide.     

Identification of phytoconstituents from Albizia lebbeck as potential therapeutics against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase associated with infective endocarditis: In silico and in vitro approaches

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an unadorned disease affected via the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which has become the most infectious diseases worldwide. HIV-1 RT has been shown to be present in the cardiac tissue of patients with HIV-associated infective endocarditis, and to be associated with the development of valvular lesions and other cardiac abnormalities. The use of anti-retroviral therapies has helped to control the virus and reduce the incidence of HIV-1 associated infective endocarditis. Though, these treatments have several adjacent effects, and the improvement of drug-resistant stresses of the virus has become a significant challenge in HIV treatment. This study is to identify A. lebbeck phytoconstituents with HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity for potential therapeutic use against HIV-1 RT associated with infective endocarditis. We performed in silico and in vitro screening of natural cardiovascular phytoconstituents from Albizia lebbeck, a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used for the management of numerous diseases. The in silico results showed that all three compounds (geraldone, luteolin, and isookanin) exhibited affinities of solid binidng to the active amino acids of HIV-1 RT's DNA-polymerase (DNA-p) and Ribonuclease-H (RNA-H) active positions, suggesting their potential as HIV-1 RT inhibitors. In vitro assessment of the three compounds at a concentration of 1 mg/mL revealed that Geraldone exhibited the most effective inhibitory consequence on HIV-1 RT activity (83.45%), followed by Isookanin (75.88%) and Luteolin (66.36%). These findings suggest that these compounds have the potential to inhibit HIV-1 RT associated with infective endocarditis and could assist as main compounds for emerging unique anti-HIV-1 agents. Further studies are needed to confirm the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of these molecules and assess their safety and efficiency as anti-HIV-1 drugs.     

The cell cycle independence of HIV infections is not determined by known karyophilic viral elements

Human immunodeficiency virus and other lentiviruses infect cells independent of cell cycle progression, but gammaretroviruses, such as the murine leukemia virus (MLV) require passage of cells through mitosis. This property is thought to be important for the ability of HIV to infect resting CD4+ T cells and terminally differentiated macrophages. Multiple and independent redundant nuclear localization signals encoded by HIV have been hypothesized to facilitate migration of viral genomes into the nucleus. The integrase (IN) protein of HIV is one of the HIV elements that targets to the nucleus; however, its role in nuclear entry of virus genomes has been difficult to describe because mutations in IN are pleiotropic. To investigate the importance of the HIV IN protein for infection of non-dividing cells, and to investigate whether or not IN was redundant with other viral signals for cell cycle-independent nuclear entry, we constructed an HIV-based chimeric virus in which the entire IN protein of HIV was replaced by that of MLV. This chimeric virus with a heterologous IN was infectious at a low level, and was able to integrate in an IN-dependent manner. Furthermore, this virus infected non-dividing cells as well as it infected dividing cells. Moreover, we used the chimeric HIV with MLV IN to further eliminate all of the other described nuclear localization signals from an HIV genome--matrix, IN, Viral Protein R, and the central polypurine tract--and show that no combination of the virally encoded NLS is essential for the ability of HIV to infect non-dividing cells.     

精液源性病毒感染增强因子SEVI-HIV性传播中的重要因素

精液源性病毒增强因子(Semen-derived enhancer of viral infection,SEVI)是前列腺酸性磷酸酶(Prostatic acidphosphatase,PAP)位于PAP248-286的多肽片段,可增强人免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)的感染性。SEVI促进HIV感染的作用机制包括:①富含阳离子氨基酸残基的SEVI能通过静电作用降低HIV病毒颗粒与靶细胞之间的静电排斥;②SEVI在人体液中呈无序状态,利于病毒与靶细胞膜相互作用;③SEVI直接捕获HIV颗粒,提高病毒在靶细胞表面沉降速度,促进病毒与靶细胞的吸附和融合。目前已发现能抑制SEVI活性的物质包括:绿茶来源的EGCG(没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯)、氨基喹啉类小分子化合物Surfen、ThT类似物BTA-EG6等,能通过阻断HIV与SEVI结合或阻止其淀粉样纤维的形成,降低SEVI的病毒感染增强作用。研究SEVI的生物学特性及作用机制对防治HIV感染具有较为重要的指导意义。     

Dicaffeoyl- or digalloyl pyrrolidine and furan derivatives as HIV integrase inhibitors.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase (IN) catalyzes the integration of HIV DNA copy into the host cell DNA. Such integration is essential for the production of progeny viruses, and therefore therapeutic agents that can inhibit this process should be effective anti-HIV agents. We have previously reported the inhibitory activity of dicaffeoylglucosides against HIV IN. In the present study, we have synthesized and tested dicaffeoyl or digalloyl compounds joined through a five-membered heterocyclic ring as HIV IN inhibitors to explore the SARs of this family of compounds. The starting heterocyclic diols were prepared from L-tartaric acid, diethyl L-tartarate or D-(+)-ribonic gamma-lactone. We found that the HIV IN inhibitory activities of dicaffeoyl derivatives were comparable to that of L-chicoric acid (IC(50)=24.9 microM). On the other hand, digalloyl derivatives were more potent than L-chicoric acid with IC(50) values of 4.7--15.6 microM.