不同虫态叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内捕食作用

为了明确叉角厉蝽 Eocanthecona furcellate (Wolff)对草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith)幼虫的控制作用,在实验室条件下测定了叉角厉蝽不同虫态对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的捕食能力,研究了该蝽捕食功能反应、搜寻效应以及种内干扰作用。结果表明,叉角厉蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫、成虫均可捕食草地贪夜蛾幼虫,总体呈现叉角厉蝽低龄若虫捕食草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的数量较多,高龄若虫和成虫捕食中间龄期幼虫数量较多的规律;叉角厉蝽3个虫态对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II方程和HollingⅢ型功能反应新模型;5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食效能(a/Th)最强（214.0）、日最大捕食量(1/Th)最大（256.4头）。不同虫态叉角厉蝽的搜寻效应与草地贪夜蛾密度均呈负相关。建立了叉角厉蝽成虫密度、草地贪夜蛾4龄幼虫密度对捕食作用的干扰反应方程,干扰作用发生后该蝽的平均捕食量和捕食作用率均逐渐下降。本研究结果可为田间释放叉角厉蝽防治草地贪夜蛾提供依据。     

叉角厉蝽对黄野螟幼虫的捕食功能反应

为评估叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate对黄野螟Heortia vitessoides幼虫的控制作用,观察了叉角厉蝽的捕食行为,研究了不同虫态叉角厉蝽对黄野螟3龄及5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应、自身密度效应以及空间异质性对其捕食效能的影响。结果表明:叉角厉蝽对黄野螟幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程,不同虫态叉角厉蝽对黄野螟幼虫攻击率大小顺序为:5龄若虫雌成虫3龄若虫,对3龄黄野螟幼虫理论日最大捕食量分别为21.79、15.38及12.85头。当猎物密度固定为50头/盒时,随着叉角厉蝽密度的增加,其捕食量也逐步增加,但对猎物的寻找效应则减弱,个体间存在相互干扰作用。另外,叉角厉蝽的捕食效能也因空间环境不同表现出较大的差异,空间越大,其捕食率越低。研究结果为定量评估叉角厉蝽对黄野螟的控制作用提供了基础数据,也为其田间释放应用技术提供了依据。     

不同温度条件下叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用

为探明叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff)对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)的控害潜能,本文研究了不同温度（17℃、22℃、27℃、32℃、37℃）条件下叉角厉蝽3~4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食作用,评估了其在不同温度下的生物防治效果。结果表明,在试验温度范围内叉角厉蝽3~4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应模型符合Holling II型方程,捕食效能a/Th和日均捕食量均在32℃时最大。在同一温度下,叉角厉蝽3~4龄若虫的寻找效应与草地贪夜蛾幼虫密度呈负相关,但猎物密度相同时叉角厉蝽3~4龄若虫的寻找效应与温度呈正相关。在17℃~37℃范围内,Hassell-Varley干扰反应模型能较好地反映出不同叉角厉蝽密度条件下对草地贪夜蛾的捕食情况;在相同的猎物密度条件下叉角厉蝽3~4龄若虫个体间存在种内竞争和自我干扰作用,随着自身密度增大,相互干扰作用增强,搜寻系数Q和相互干扰系数m随着温度升高而增大,在37℃时最大,分别为0.4719和0.788。本试验证实了叉角厉蝽若虫在温度为32℃、猎物密度为60（头/皿）条件下对草地贪夜蛾的日捕食量最大,但随着温度升高,若虫的捕食量趋于饱和或出现下降趋势,在37℃温度条件下种内竞争和自我干扰作用最强。     

人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽对昆虫的捕食能力评价

叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)是广泛分布于热带亚热带地区的一种重要捕食性天敌昆虫。为评估人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽的捕食能力,在实验室采用捕食功能反应的方法,以黄粉虫作为中介猎物饲养的叉角厉蝽为对照,评价了人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫以及雌成虫对黄粉虫Tenebriomolitor(L.)幼虫及斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)3龄幼虫、5龄幼虫的捕食效能。结果表明,两种饲料饲养的不同虫态叉角厉蝽的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而上升,当猎物密度增加到一定水平,捕食量趋于稳定,其捕食功能反应均符合HollingII模型。人工饲料组饲养的各虫态叉角厉蝽与对照组的对黄粉虫幼虫的捕食量没有明显差异;在饱和猎物密度条件下,人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫以及雌成虫对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为7.20、9.20、14.60头,对斜纹夜蛾5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别4.20、5.80、6.20头,均略低于对照组,但从取食猎物数量上来看,仍保持较强的捕食能力。     

叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是2019年新入侵我国的重大农业害虫,已对我国的农作物产生严重为害,筛选、利用本地天敌控制草地贪夜蛾是实现可持续控制的一个重要途径。叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)是一种广泛分布于热带、亚热带地区的捕食性天敌,是许多鳞翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目害虫的潜在生防因子。本文采用捕食功能反应方法评价了叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食效能。研究结果表明,叉角厉蝽3龄、5龄若虫以及雌、雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄及5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ方程。在饱和猎物密度条件下,叉角厉蝽各虫态对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的平均日最大捕食量依次为32.20头(5龄若虫)19.40头(雌成虫)18.20头(雄成虫)6.60头(3龄若虫),a/Th值(a为瞬时攻击率,Th为处置单头猎物时间)为82.25(5龄若虫)40.39(雌成虫)36.12(雄成虫)17.19(3龄若虫);叉角厉蝽各虫态对草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的平均日最大捕食量依次为7.80头(5龄若虫)6.40头(雌成虫)5.50头(雄成虫)4.60头(3龄若虫),a/Th值为11.36(5龄若虫)10.75(雌成虫)9.63(雄成虫)7.45(3龄若虫)。本研究表明叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具较强的捕食能力,尤其是5龄若虫、雌成虫和雄成虫。研究结果为利用叉角厉蝽防控草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据,也为其田间释放应用提供技术支撑。     

叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾的捕食功能反应

叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)是一种极具应用潜力的重要捕食性天敌。为了探明叉角厉蝽3龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith) 3龄幼虫的控害效果,在室内条件下,观察了叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食行为,研究了叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应。结果表明,叉角厉蝽以口针从草地贪夜蛾腹部或者体躯末端插入取食,被取食后的草地贪夜蛾呈干瘪状死亡。叉角厉蝽3龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应模型符合Holling II型方程,为:Na=0.6702 N/(1+0.0133 N),叉角厉蝽若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为50.25头、0.6702 d和0.0199 d。叉角厉蝽的捕食量与猎物密度正相关,寻找效应与猎物密度负相关,叉角厉蝽的捕食作用存在较强的种内干扰作用。试验证实叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的控害效果,为其田间应用释放技术提供了理论依据。     

叉角厉蝽对斜纹夜蛾的捕食功能反应

叉角厉蝽Cahtheconidea furcellata是一种重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,为了探明该虫的捕食潜能,在室内条件下研究了叉角厉蝽成虫对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fab.二龄和三龄幼虫的捕食作用和种内干扰作用。结果表明,叉角厉蝽成虫的捕食量随着斜纹夜蛾幼虫的密度增加而增大,其捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程。叉角厉蝽对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫的捕食量符合Na=0.7364N/(1+0.0118N),对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食量符合Na=0.7504N/(1+0.0005N),叉角厉蝽的捕食作用有较强的种内干扰反应,捕食率与个体间相互干扰的关系符合Hassell模型。叉角厉蝽的捕食量与害虫密度正相关,寻找效应与害虫密度负相关。     

益蝽对番茄潜叶蛾的捕食行为及捕食能力研究

为明确捕食性天敌昆虫益蝽Picromerus lewisi对番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta幼虫的生防潜能，在室内开展了益蝽对不同龄期番茄潜叶蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应以及防治潜力研究。结果表明，益蝽5龄若虫、雌雄成虫对番茄潜叶蛾4龄幼虫的捕食功能模型均符合Holling Ⅱ模型，其中，益蝽5龄若虫的捕食能力更强，表现为瞬时攻击率和控害效应最高，为1.112和48.35。且益蝽5龄若虫对番茄潜叶蛾2龄和3龄幼虫的捕食功能模型也符合Holling Ⅱ模型，其控害效应为2龄（155.67）＞3龄（79.87）＞4龄（48.35），益蝽5龄若虫对番茄潜叶蛾2~4龄幼虫的日最大捕食率均可达85%以上，搜寻效应随番茄潜叶蛾幼虫密度的增加而降低，对番茄潜叶蛾3龄幼虫的搜寻效应大于2龄和4龄幼虫。另外，益蝽5龄若虫的捕食作用受自身密度因素干扰，随着自身密度的增加，其相互干扰作用增强，单头捕食率下降。综上，益蝽4龄和5龄若虫、雌雄成虫均能捕食番茄潜叶蛾，其中益蝽5龄若虫对番茄潜叶蛾不同龄期幼虫具有较好的捕食作用，尤其是2龄幼虫，对潜叶状态的番茄潜叶蛾也具有一定防治作用，本研究可为益蝽对番茄潜叶蛾的绿色防控提供理论依据。     

环斑猛猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能分析

为探究环斑猛猎蝽Sphedanolestes impressicollis Stal对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda Smith的捕食潜能,在室内条件下研究了环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾1~3龄幼虫的捕食功能、搜寻效应以及环斑猛猎蝽自身密度对捕食草地贪夜蛾的干扰作用。结果表明：环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling II模型。环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄、2龄、3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率分别为0.900、1.229和1.259,处理时间分别为0.018 d、0.050 d和0.205 d,日最大捕食量分别为55.897头、19.853头和4.871头。环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫的搜寻效应与草地贪夜蛾密度呈负相关。环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食作用率随自身密度的增加而降低。在捕食草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫时,环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫自身密度对其捕食能力干扰最大。研究结果表明环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫有一定的捕食能力,为其田间应用释放技术提供了理论依据。     

叉角厉蝽对斜纹夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的选择捕食作用

应用二次回归通用旋转组合设计探讨了叉角厉蝽与斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫,中龄幼虫和高龄幼虫共存系统中,天敌对猎物不同年龄等级的选择捕食作用,建立了3个年龄等级的幼虫被捕食量模型。根据被捕食量模型可计算出斜纹夜蛾3个年龄等级不同密度组合下,天敌对猎物的选择捕食比率,结果表明,在3个年龄等级相同密度的组合下,叉角厉蝽倾向于捕食个体大的中高龄幼虫。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.